Technical Mock Test CE (SSC JE)- 17

Just as Needle is a part/component of the Clock, similarly Blade is a part/component of Fan.

Thus the related word pair is Fan : Blade.

Just as Apple is a Fruit, similarly Microscope is an Instrument.

Thus Microscope is related to Instrument.

Just as Watt is the unit of Power, similarly Knot is the unit of Speed.

Thus Knot is related to Speed.

Adding the alphabetical positions of each letter from left,

FLIP : ZAGK ⇒ 43 : 45 ⇒ 45 - 43 = 2 ⇒ Difference is 2

ZEAL : WPBE ⇒ 44 : 46 ⇒ 44 - 46 = 2 ⇒ Difference is 2.

Hence correct answer is WPBE.

In UNIT : AIOO

U + 6 = A

N - 5 = I

I + 6 = O

T - 5 = O

Similarly,

S + 6 = Y

T - 5 = O

A + 6 = G

R - 5 = M

Thus STAR is related to YOGM

Considering the alphabetical positions of the letters.

NW : KT ∷ XS : ?

(14 - 23) : (11 - 20) ∷ (24 - 19) : ?

9 : 9 ∷ 5 : ?

OJ → 15 - 10 ⇒ 5

Hence XS is related to OJ.

(3 × 7) : (7 - 1) × 12 ∷ (3 × 9) : (9 - 1) × 12

⇒ 21 : 72 ∷ 27 : 96

Thus, 27 is related to 96..

In 16 : 258

16 × 16 = 256; 256 + 2 = 258

Similarly,

18 × 18 = 324, 324 + 2 = 326

Hence 18 is related to 326.

8² : (8² + 9) ∷ 9² : (9² + 10)

⇒ 64 : 73 ∷ 81 : 91

Hence, 81 is related to 91

Cheetah, Leopard and Puma belong to Cat family whereas Jackal belongs to Dog family.

Thus Jackal is the odd word.

Tramway, Metro rail, and Monorail are all types of Train whereas Bus is different.

Therefore, “Bus” is the odd word among given alternatives.

N - 6 = H; H - 4 = D

P - 6 = J; J - 4 = F

V - 6 = P; P - 4 = L

J - 7 = C; C - 4 = Y

Hence “JCY” is the odd letters from the given alternatives.

With reference to English alphabet,

1) M is 13^th alphabet from the left and N is 13^th alphabet from the right.

2) G is 7^th alphabet from the left and T is 7^th alphabet from the right.

3) K is 11^th alphabet from the left and P is 11^th alphabet from the right.

4) D is 4^th alphabet from the left but V is 5^th alphabet from the right.

Hence “DV” is the odd letters from the given alternatives.

Y - 5 = T; T - 5 = O; O - 5 = J

N - 5 = I; I - 6 = C; C - 5 = X

W - 5 = R; R - 5 = M; M - 5 = H

F - 5 = A; A - 5 = V; V - 5 = Q

Hence “NICX" is the odd letters from the given alternatives.

11 - (11² + 2) ⇒ 121 + 2 = 123

14 - (14² + 2) ⇒ 196 + 2 = 198

22 - (22² + 2) ⇒ 484 + 2 = 486

27 - (27² - 2) ⇒ 729 - 2 = 727

Hence “27 - 727” is the odd number from the given alternatives.

113, 137 and 127 are prime numbers but 153 is not a prime number. (It is divisible by 3, 9, 17, 51)

12 - 28 ⇒ The difference is 16.

18 - 36 ⇒ The difference is 18.

14 - 30 ⇒ The difference is 16.

16 - 32 ⇒ The difference is 16.

Hence “18 - 36” is the odd number pair from the given alternatives.

According to dictionary order, words will be arranged as follows,

2) Gelatin

3) Gender

1) General

5) Gentle

4) Gesture

Hence, Gender would come in the second position.

The dictionary order arrangement would be:-

3) Mocking

2) Monitor

1) Morning

4) Mosaic

Hence, "Mosaic" would come at last.

The dictionary order arrangement would be:-

1) Lucent

3) Lucky

4) Luggage

2) Lunar

5) Luxury

Hence, “13425” is the correct order as they will occur in the dictionar

The pattern followed here is,

M - 7 = F; F - 7 = Y; Y - 7 = R; R - 7 = K

M - 6 = G; G - 6 = A; A - 6 = U; U - 6 = O

F - 5 = A; A - 5 = V; V - 5 = Q; Q - 5 = L

Hence, KOL is the correct answer.

The pattern followed here is,

S + 2 = U; U + 2 = W; W + 2 = Y; Y + 2 = A

G + 3 = J; J + 3 = M; M + 3 = P; P + 3 = S

B - 2 = Z; Z - 2 = X; X - 2 = V; V - 2 = T

Thus correct answer is AST

Therefore, the wrong term is N58X.

The pattern followed here is,

L + 6 = R; R + 6 = X; X + 6 = D; D + 6 = J

P + 5 = U; U + 5 = Z; Z + 5 = E; E + 5 = J

N + 4 = R; R + 4 = V; V + 4 = Z; Z + 4 = D

Thus correct answer is JJD.

The pattern followed here is,

26 + 2² = 30

30 + 3² = 39

39 + 4² = 55

55 + 5² = 80

80 + 6² = 116

Thus the correct answer is 116.

The pattern followed here is,

39 + 15 = 54

15 + 54 = 69

54 + 69 = 123

69 + 123 = 192

Thus the next number will be 192.

The patter followed here is,

(11 × 3) + 5 = 38

(38 × 2) + 4 = 80

(80 × 3) + 3 = 243

(243 × 2) + 2 = 488

(488 × 3) + 1 = 1465

Thus the answer is 1465.

R is between S and P.

⇒ S/P > R > P/S

T is immediately ahead of Q and P is immediately ahead of T.

⇒ S > R > P > T > Q

Thus second last in the line is T.

C’s mother’s mother ⇒ C’s grandmother.

D is grandson of C’s mother’s mother ⇒ D is grandson of C’s grandmother.

Since C’s mother has no siblings so C and D are children of C''s mother.

Thus, D brother will be the brother of C.

The word ‘Sugar’ cannot be formed using the letters of the word ‘DEPASTURES’ because the letter ‘g’ is not present in ‘DEPASTURES’.

O + 2 = Q

R - 2 = Q

G + 2 = I

A - 2 = Y

N + 2 = P

I - 2 = G

S + 2 = U

E - 2 = C

D + 2 = F

Similarly,

S + 2 = U

U - 2 = S

M + 2 = O

Thus correct answer is USO

It is given that,

Mango, lemon and melon are fruits → 4 3 9 5 1 6

Mango and melon are yellow → 0 4 5 1 6

Melon is green → 8 5 7

Here Melon is common in all three sentences and 5 is common in all three coded numbers,

So 5 is the code for Melon.

Given equation ⇒ 78 × 3 + 12 - 18 ÷ 10 = ?

After Interchange,

⇒ 78 ÷ 3 - 12 × 18 + 10

⇒ 26 - 216 + 10

⇒ -180

82 $ 95 = 10

⇒ (8 - 2) + (9 - 5)

⇒ 6 + 4 = 10

72 $ 74 = 8

⇒ (7 - 2) + (7 - 4)

⇒ 5 + 3 = 8

92 $ 63 = 10

⇒ (9 - 2) + (6 - 3)

⇒ 7 + 3 = 10

Similarly,

84 $ 52

⇒ (8 - 4) + (5 - 2)

⇒ 4 + 3 = 7

P $ Q ⋆ R # S ⇒ P is daughter of Q, Q is father of R, R is brother of S.

⇒ P, R and S are siblings and P is a girl and R is a boy

⇒ P is sister of S.

First column + second column + 2 = third column

9 + 7 + 2 = 18

12 + 5 + 2 = 19

Similarly,

7 + 13 + 2 = 22

According to the sequence, B and C are shifting one position ahead of its previous position at every step.

Thus next term would be AAACAABAA.

The diagram below shows the route of the race,

Clearly we can see that the end point is 4.5km in north direction from his starting point.

In the morning sun rises in the east.

So the shadow will fall toward the west.

Since the shadow is towards his right, it means he is facing towards South.

Hence, south is the correct answer. 

Drawing a Venn diagram of given statement,

Conclusions:

I. Some blue are green → not follows (as there is possibility but nothing is definite about it)

II. Some blue are not green → not follows (as there is possibility but nothing is definite about it)

Here conclusion I and II form a complimentary as either conclusion I or II follows.

Therefore, either conclusion I or II follows.

Consider the following least possible Venn diagram,

Conclusions:

I. Some Toy are Green → False (It is possible but not definite).

II. No Green is a Blue → False (It is possible but not definite).

III. No Toy is Pen → True (as all toy are blue and no blue is pen).

Hence, only conclusion III follows.

Thus, the correct answer is option 3).

Hence figures in option 1 can be combined to form the question figure.

Hence, the correct answer is “ABC”.

Some teachers are male and truck is a vehicles which cannot have any relation with male or teacher.

Hence diagram at option 3 correctly represents the relationship among the given classes.

Hence, option 2 completes the pattern in the question figure.

Hence option 1 has the given figure embedded in it.

Hence, answer is option 1

Hence, the correct answer is option ‘2’.

1) 67, 99, 75, 23 ⇒ X U R L

2) 89, 56, 41, 34 ⇒ X U D M

3) 87, 97, 42, 12 ⇒ Y T C L

4) 97, 56, 75, 24 ⇒ T U R F

Thus 97, 56, 75, 24 is set of number that represent word “TURF”.

• Xhoihobote Dhemalite is a film released in the Assamese language.
• Bidyut Kotoky is the director of this film.
• The film gets eight nominations in US film festival.
• The film is based on the true story of the Children who went through the psychological trauma during Assam agitation in 1980.
• The film achieved the 'Best Foreign Film Award' in the Hollywood International CineFest in 2017.
• The film also achieved the three top awards at the third Love International Film Festival held in Los Angeles.

• Pakistan’s human rights activist and lawyer Asma Jahangir has been posthumously awarded the UN Prize along with three other winners.
• Rebeca Gyumi of Tanzania, Brazil’s first indigenous lawyer Joenia Wapichana and Ireland’s human rights organisation Front Line Defenders are the other winners of the prize.
• The Prize is an honorary award given for outstanding achievement in human rights.

• The BRICS nations have signed a declaration to accelerate creative and sustainable cultural cooperation on 31 October 2018.
• The declaration will see Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) cooperating in fashion, culture and animation.
• South Africa hosted an inaugural BRICS Fashion Show and Fashion Business Forum on 24 October 2018.

• The Delhi government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the railways to cater to pilgrims availing the 'Mukhyamantri Tirth Yatra Yojana' on 1 November 2018.
• per the agreement, Railways will provide separate coaches to pilgrims who are selected under the Yojana.
• The scheme will enable 1,100 senior citizens of Delhi every year to undertake free pilgrimage.

'The Tall Man Biju Patnaik' is a book authored by Sundar Ganesan. The book was released on January 27, 2018.

Abiotic component of environment include water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere and soil.

Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme launched in 1973 by the Government of India during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's tenure.

The project aims at ensuring

1) a viable population of Bengal Tigers in their natural habitats,

2) protecting them from extinction,

3) preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage

‘Shelterbelts’ is the method of soil conservation in the coastal and dry regions where rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover.

In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and the French President François Hollande jointly laid the foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters and inaugurated the interim Secretariat at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gwalpahari, Gurugram, India.

• The Finance Ministry has issued the notification for setting up Sessions Courts in all states and union territories.
• The Session court will act as Special Courts for the trial of offences under the benami transaction law.
• Benami transaction refers to transactions made in a fictitious name, or the owner is not aware of the ownership of the property.

In 2022, Senegal will host the fourth summer youth Olympic games. Senegal has thus become the first African country to host an Olympic event. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) unanimously made the decision in Buenos Aires. The 2022 Youth Olympics will take place in Senegal between May and June.

Roger Federer wins Mercedes Cup 2018 in Stuttgart by beating Milos Raonic of Canada. He had already secured number one in the world ranking by defeating Nick Kyrgios in the semi-final and this is his 98^th tour title. He will be competing at Halle Open in June 2018

The royal symbol of the Gupta Empire was Garuda, the mythic eagle.​

The Parthian dynasty was established after the Parthian ruler Gondophares I defeated and conquered the Shakas. They ruled northwestern India during the 1st century AD. They originally belonged to Iran and moved to India later. They occupied only a little portion of north-western India as compared to the Greeks and Shakas. 

Sant Gora Kumbhar was a Hindu saint associated with the Bhakti movement and the Varkari sect of Maharashtra. This sect attached least importance to the position/status of person in society.

Sangam literature is one of the main sources used for documenting the early history of the ancient Tamil country. The ancient Sangam poems mention numerous kings and princes, the existence of some of whom have been confirmed through archaeological evidence.

Part XV of Indian Constitution deals with Elections.

• Part XV of Indian Constitution consists of Articles 324-329, which deals exclusively with Indian electoral system.

The following changes were made in the 11^th amendment:

• Changed the procedure of election of the Vice-President by providing for an electoral college instead of a joint meeting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Provided that the election of the Vice-President cannot be challenged on the ground of any vacancy in the appropriate electoral college.

Born in 1723, Adam Smith is regarded as the Father of Economics due to his immense contribution to the subject. Amongst his many books, the most famous is Wealth of Nations (1776) which is regarded as the first work in modern economics. Smith influenced many later thinkers such as Karl Marx, Joseph Schumpeter, David Ricardo and many more.

• The new Rs 50 currency note has the dimension of 135 mm × 66 mm.
• The colour of the currency note is Fluorescent Blue.
• This new currency note was issued by the RBI in August 2017. 

• NABARD stands for National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.
• It is headquartered in Mumbai and was established on 12th July 1982 on the recommendations of B. Sivaraman Committee.
• It was established during the Sixth Five Year Plan, which was from the year 1980-85.

The software industry won't be affected by seasonal employment as seasonal employment refers to unemployment faced by people who work in industries that face seasonal demand. The software industry works throughout the year and thus will not face such type of unemployment.

The theory that says the level of population at which per capita income is maximum is the Theory of optimum population. The optimum theory of population was propounded by Edwin Cannan. 

• As per the Census 2011, 16.5 percent of the total population lives in Uttar Pradesh. 
• Uttar Pradesh occupies 6.88 percent of the land surface area of India and is the most populous state in India with an estimated population of 199, 581, 477.

The Earth moves 15° in an hour.

In 24hrs, the Earth completes one rotation of 360° along its axis.

In 1hr = 360/24 = 15°

The Atacama Desertis the driest desert in the world, as well as the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts. It is a plateau in South America (primarily in Chile).

• Hatti is a gold mine situated in Raichur District of Karnataka. Kolar is also a gold mine situated in Karnataka.
• Digboi is an oil field in Assam. Singhbhum is rich in iron ore, situated in Jharkhand.

Bamboo and Sandalwood are commonly found in tropical deciduous forests, these forests are found on the foothills of Himalayas, north-eastern states, Jharkhand, West Orissa, Chhattisgarh and eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. The trees shed their leaves seasonally in the dry season. They can be further classified into moist and dry deciduous forests.

The combined water stream of Ganga and Brahmaputra is known as Meghna.

• The tributaries of the Meghna river originate in the mountains of eastern India and flows southwest and join.
• The headstream of Meghna, the Barak, rises in the hills of Manipur.
• After flowing into Bangladesh, the Ganges, Brahmaputra (also known as Jamuna) and Meghna rivers join (near Bhairab Bazar, Bangladesh) and flow into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna river.

The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It is the national river of Russia. It originates in the Valday Hills northwest of Moscow and discharges into the Caspian Sea. Out of 20 largest cities of Russia, 11 are located in river’s drainage basin.

The epiglottis is a thin blade like structure which closes the larynx during food intake so that food cannot enter the respiratory system. This is also why you should not try to talk while eating food so the epiglottis does not have to open while eating.

The outer part of coconut is made up of the sclerenchyma tissue. The cells of this tissue are dead. They are rigid, contain thick and lignified secondary walls. Their main function is to provide strength and support to parts of the plant.

The chemical name of Vitamin B₂ is Riboflavin.

Guttation is the process by which plant loose water in form of water drops. It happens in certain plants that have vascular systems such as grass, wheat, barley, tomatoes, strawberries, and other small plants.

• Soft Iron has very high relative permeability i.e. it can magnetise itself very quickly when current is pass around the core and demagnetised when current is stopped.
• Electromagnet is basically used for different electrical or mechanical devices like picking iron or calling bell where this quick transformation property is very important.
• So, soft iron is the ideal material for this operation.

Real images formed by mirrors or lens are always inverted images. Virtual images formed by lens or mirrors are always erect.

The plane mirror, the convex mirror and the concave lens always form virtual and erect image, no matter where the object is placed. This can be verified by making ray diagrams for these mirrors and lens.

The zig zag line on the periodic table separates the metals from the non-metals.

• Iodine is a lustrous non-metal.
• The atomic number of Iodine is 53 and its symbol is I.

Nuclear fission is the process of chain reaction in which neutrons get split into smaller parts. This process emits a large amount of energy which is used to utilize in many fields. But it should be a controlled reaction otherwise it can prove fatal accident.

The frequency remains constant when a sound travels from air to water as the frequency is not determined by the source. Wavelength and speed changes.

Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate or detect. The sonar hydrophones may be towed behind the ship or submarine in order to reduce the effect of noise generated by the watercraft itself.

Given, Speed = 1600 m/s

            time = 4s 

Distance = Speed × Time

               = 1600 × 4 = 6400 m.

Now according to the question statement, These waves are reflected back by the ocean floor in 4 seconds. But this is the total distance traveled by sound. So the depth of the ocean floor is half of the total distance i.e 6400/2 = 3200m

Jupiter which is the largest planet in the solar system is also the heaviest mass revolving around the Sun.

A barcode reader is an electronic device that can read barcodes and converts them into electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A barcode reader scans the barcode, and the CPU handle the barcode, turn them into information that we can read and it sends the data to the scanner's output port.

• A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
• Fourth-generation query languages, such as SQL, are used to interact with a database.

Modi launched the digital platform the “Pro Active and Responsive facilitation by interactive and Virtuous Environment Single window Hub” (Parivesh). It is an initiative of the Environment Ministry. Through this portal, environmental clearances for forest and climate-related issues will be done easily. He also gave clearance to the first project which is being built in Odisha via Parivesh.

Dispersed Structure: In the case of dispersed structure, the particles will have face to face contact. This type of formation is due to net electrical forces between adjacent soil particles at the time of deposition being repulsive in nature. This type of structure is common in fresh water deposits.

Flocculated Structure: In the case of flocculated structure there will be edge to edge and edge to face contact between the particles. This type of formation is due to the net electrical forces between the adjacent particles at the time of deposition being attractive in nature.

Honeycomb Structure: This type of structure is associated with silt deposits. When silt particles settle out of suspension, in addition to gravitational forces the surface forces also play a significant role.

When particles approach the lower region of suspension they will be attracted by particles deposited as well as the neighbouring particles leading to the formation of arches.

Single grained: This type of structure will be found in the case of coarse grained soil deposits. When such soils settle out of suspension in water, the particles settle independently of each other.

The major force causing their deposition is gravitational and surface forces are too small to produce any effect.

There will be particle-to-particle contact in the deposit.

Permeability is defined as the property of a porous material which permits the passage or seepage of water through its interconnecting voids.

Usually, the finer the soil texture, the slower the permeability.

The decreasing order of permeability is:

Gravel > Coarse sand > Sand mixture > Clay

Clay is impermeable, or at least it has a very low permeability. The grains in clay are so fine that the spaces between the grains are extremely small. This makes it difficult for water to squeeze through, so water is more likely to simply run off.

Using the relation,

Se = wG

Where,

S = degree of saturation = 1

e = void ratio = 0.78

w = water content

G = specific gravity of soil solids = 2.60

1 × 0.78 = w × 2.60

w = 30 %

For determination of Liquid Limit-By Casagrande Appratus is laid down in IS: 2720 (Part 5) 1985.

Sample preparation:

• Take representative soil sample of approximately 120gms passing through 425 micron IS sieve and mix thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish to a uniform paste.
• The paste shall have a consistency that will require 30 to 35 drops of the cup to cause the required closure of the standard groove.
• Leave the soil paste to stand for 24 hours to ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil mass.
• Remix the soil thoroughly before the test

In Soil classification system,

Silt is represented by M

Sand is represented by S

Clay is represented by C

Gravel is represented by G

For silty sand:

This implies the soil has more sand and less silt. So it is represented as “SM”.

For clayey sand:

This implies the soil has more sand and less clay. So, it is represented as “SC”.

• In both standard proctor test and modified proctor test, it is clearly seen that the dry density decreases after OMC.
• 
• In a well graded soil there is all size particles present in soil so voids formed by larger particles get filled by a smaller size particles so it attains better arrangement of particles and poses firm compacted surface, that’s why Well-graded coarse grained soil can be compacted to a very high density as compared to fine grained soil
• Consolidation is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. This implies the soil is in fully saturated state.

S = 67.89%

η_a + S = 100%

η_a = air content

η_a = 100 - 67.89 = 32.11%

The flow net is drawn for a transformed section by shortening the horizontal dimension by 

Where Kz = Co-efficient of permeability in Z direction

Kx = Co-efficient of permeability in x direction

Settlement of soil under compressive load takes place due to expulsion of air (initial compaction), expulsion of water from pores (Consolidation settelement) and due to plastic readjustment of particles (secondary consolidation).

Co−efficient of permeability,K

Where C = A shape factor,

μ = dynamic viscosity of liquid

e = void ratio

D₁₀ = effective size of particle

Factors affecting coefficient of permeability –

i. Shape and size of the particle

ii. Fluid properties

iii. Specific surface area, degree of saturation and adsorbed water

iv. Temperature

So hydraulic gradient has no effect on  coefficient of permeability o

Geodimeter is an instrument which works based on the propagation of modulated light waves,

It was developed by E. Bergestand of the Swedish Geological Survey in collaboration with the manufacturer M/s AGA of Swedish.

The instrument is more suitable for night time observations and requires a prism system at the end of the line for reflecting the waves.

The standard measurement of the Geodimeter 510 is ±5.1mm

• Whenever there is any station affected by local attraction, then the difference between the fore bearing and back bearing is not equal to 180°.
• A freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic needle is expected to show magnetic meridian. However, local objects like electric wires and objects of steel attract magnetic needle towards themselves.
• Thus, needle is forced to show slightly different direction. This disturbance is called local attraction.
• For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line. If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local attraction.
• If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.

Optical plummet: A device on some transits and theodolites used to centre the instrument over a point, in place of a plumb bob, which moves in a strong wind.

Optical Square: a small hand instrument used by surveyors for laying off a right angle by means of two mirrors set at an angle of 45 degrees.

Cross staff: The cross-staff is an instrument used to measure angles and altitudes, consisting of a trigonometrically graduated staff and one or more perpendicular vanes moving over it.

Azimuth test: Make the line of sight perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

Cross-hair ring test: Make the vertical cross-hair lie in a plane perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

Spire test: Make the horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

Vertical arc test: Make the vertical circle indicate zero when the line of sight is perpendicular to the vertical axis.

What will be the shift of transition curve, if the length of transition curve is 80 m and radius of the curve is 300 m?

R = radius of the curve

L_s = Length of the curve

Horizontal distance is given by:

D = ks + c

Where,

k = Multiplying constant

c = Additive constant

For inclined sights:

D = ks cos²θ + c cos θ

By comparing the above two equations it is clear that tacheometric formula for horizontal distances using horizontal sights can also suitably employed for inclined sights through θ by multiplying the multiplying constant by cos² θ and additive constant by cos θ.

Height of rise should be:

H = 0.0673 D²

D = Distance in kms

H = 0.0673 × 40²

H = 107.68 m

Radius of gyration is given by:

I = Moment of inertia about C.G

A = Area of the x-section

A = BD

Let the length of rubber band be “L”

Length of rubber band after elongation is “2L”

Change in length of the rubber band = 2L – L = L

True strain (Δ) = Change in length / Original Length

Δ = L/L = 1.

Ordinary materials expand when heated and contract when cooled, hence , an increase in temperature produce a positive thermal strain.

Change in Length, δ_L = α L ΔT

Strain = δ_L /L = αLΔT/L = αΔT

Stress =  strain x E = α.ΔT.E

Where a = coefficient of linear expansion for the material,  L = original Length, ΔT = temp. change

E = 2G (1 + μ) = 2 × 80 (1 + 0.25) = 200 N/mm² = 200 MPa

The maximum load at which the column tends to have lateral displacement or tends to buckle is known as buckling or crippling load. Load columns can be analysed with the Euler’s column formulas can be given as

• For both end hinged, n=1
• For one end fixed and other free, n=1/2
• For both end fixed, n=2
• For one end fixed and other hinged, n=√2

Effective length:

So, buckling load will be maximum for both end fixed/clamped.

There are two types of strains.

1. Normal strain (Tensile, compressive)

2. Shear strain

3. Volumetric strain

Strain rosette can be defined as the arrangement strain gauge oriented at different angles. It only measures strain in one direction, to get principal strains, it is necessary to use a strain rosette.

Depending on the arrangement of strain gauges, strain rosettes are classified in to:-

1. Rectangular strain gauge rosette

2. Delta strain gauge rosette

3. Star strain gauge rosette

As the support A is simply supported, the moment at A will be zero

As the nature of moment produced by W and R_b is different, the maximum moment could be possible at B only.

Bm at B, M_B = W_a

BM at A, M_A = W (L + a) – R_b × L

= 0

∴ the bending moment diagram will be.

From the BM diagram if is clear that the maximum moment will be at B.

In conjugate beam – hinged at A, internal hinge at B and fixed at C.

The Muller-Breslau principle states: The influence line for a function (reaction, shear, moment) is to the same scale as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted on by the function. To draw the deflected shape properly, the ability of the beam to resist the applied function must be removed.

The following items of earthwork is not measured separately:

• Clearance of site
• Setting out of work
• Steps in deep excavations

Floor area: Floor area of a building is the total area of the floor in between walls and consists of floor of all rooms, verandahs, passages, corridors, staircase room, entrance halls, kitchen, stores, bath and latrine etc.

Sills of doors and windows are not included in the floor area.

Circulation area: Circulation area is the floor area of verandahs, passages, corridors, balconies, entrance hall, porches, stair case etc which are used for movements of persons using the building.

It shall comprise of:

• Verandahs and balconies
• Passages and corridors
• Entrance halls
• Stair case and mumties
• Shafts for lift

• Culverts are usually included in the road estimate on the basis of cost per running meter of span.
• Total length of all culverts in the kilometre length should be added and cost may be worked out at suitable rate per running meter of the span.

Elemental bill method: This estimate requires more information other than floor areas. To use this method, drawings with enough information are required i.e. wall elevations, structural frame, roof structure, ceilings, foundation cross sections, floor construction, external works, wall and floor finishes.

The document contains detailed information broken down into Building Elements.

Cubic method of Estimating: The cube method estimating is a single rate method of estimating based on the cubic content of a building.

Cost per cubic metre method is specific for building projects and aims to overcome the current criticism floor area method that does not take into account possible variations of the storey height.

The building volume method became very popular in some European countries like in Germany and Switzerland, where building costs are often expressed in cubic meter prices. The total cost of the project will be given by:

Estimate = Volume X Unit Cost (Cost/m³)

Square meter method of estimation: The superficial floor area also known as the square metre method of estimating is one of the quickest methods of calculating the cost of a building/construction project.

It is the first estimate that will be prepared by a Quantity Surveyor when initial sketch drawings are produced by the architect.

The square metre method involves measuring the internal gross floor area of a building and multiplying by the cost per m2, to get the total cost of building.

Service unit method: The unit method estimating consists of choosing a standard unit of accommodation and multiplying an approximate cost per unit. Estimate the building cost depends on the population unit.

The unit cost method of estimation is used for project design estimates and bid estimates.

Unit Method Estimate = Standard units of accommodation x Cost/Unit

Plinth area = 2000 m²

Rate per m² = Rs. 3800

Total cost of plinth area = 3800 × 2000 = Rs. 7600000

15% Electric installation = Rs. 1140000

7% Miscellaneous = Rs. 532000

Final cost of the building = Rs. 7600000 + Rs. 1140000 + Rs. 532000

= Rs. 9272000

Length of the wall = 800 cm = 8 m

Breadth of the wall = 500 cm = 5 m

Height of the wall = 50 cm = 0.5 m

Volume of brickwork = L × B × H

V = 8 × 5 × 0.5 = 20 m³

Rate of Brickwork = Rs. 320 per m³

Total cost of brickwork = 320 × 20 = Rs. 6400

An estimate is the probable coast of a work and is usually prepared before the construction.

Chezy’s constant is given by:

f = friction factor

So,

Chezy’s constant is inversely proportional to the square root of friction factor.

For accurate measurement of small pressure differences by an ordinary u-tube manometer, it is essential that the ratio ρ_m/ρ_w should be close to unity.

This is not possible if the working fluid is a gas, also having a manometric liquid of density very close to that of the working liquid and giving at the same time a well-defined meniscus at the interface is not always possible. So, for this purpose, an inclined tube manometer is used.

For low velocity gas flow, inclined manometers are best suitable for precise measurement of small pressure.

Flow separation occurs when the boundary layer travels far enough against an adverse pressure gradient that the speed of the boundary layer relative to the object falls almost to zero.

It has been observed that the flow is reversed at the vicinity of the wall under certain conditions.

A favourable pressure gradient is one in which the pressure decreases in the flow direction (i.e., dp/dx < 0). It tends to overcome the slowing of fluid particles caused by friction in the boundary layer.

This pressure gradient arises when the freestream velocity U is increasing with x, for example, in the converging flow field in a nozzle.

On the other hand, an adverse pressure gradient is one in which pressure increases in the flow direction (i.e., dp/dx > 0). It will cause fluid particles in the boundary-layer to slow down at a greater rate than that due to boundary-layer friction alone.

If the adverse pressure gradient is severe enough, the fluid particles in the boundary layer will actually be brought to rest. When this occurs, the particles will be forced away from the body surface (a phenomenon called flow separation) as they make room for following particles, ultimately leading to a wake in which flow is turbulent.

Coefficient of discharge (C_d) is given by:

C_d = C_c × C_v

Where,

C_c = Coefficient of contraction

C_v = Coefficient of velocity

Total Energy at any section in a flow is given by:

Where,

Z = Datum head

h_L = head loss

Due to sudden contraction, the loss of head occurs due to sudden contraction of pipe, therefore total energy decreases.

As due to contraction, area of pipe decreases due to which velocity increases, thereby velocity head increases.

As the increase in velocity head will lead to decrease in Pressure head or we can say that conversion of velocity head to pressure head occurs.

Most economical section is the one whose wetted perimeter is minimum for the given value of discharge.

For Traingular section,

m = tanθ

For most economical section, θ = 45^o

m = tan 45^o

m = 1

Hydraullic mean depth = 

For economical section, its perimeter should be minimum.

A=b×y+1/2×y×y

A = 1.914 y²

Centrifugal Pumps are classified into many types as:

1. Based on number of impellers in the pump:

• Single stage pump
• Two stage pump
• Multi-stage pump

2. Based on type of impeller design

• Single suction pump
• Double suction pump

3. Based on type of volute

• Single volute pump
• Double volute pump

4. Based on shaft orientation

• Horizontal Pump
• Vertical Pump

As the Reynold’s number is greater than 2000, it implies flow is turbulent.

Friction factor for the smooth pipe is given by:

R_e = 100000

f = 0.0178

f = 0.018

Furrow Irrigation: In this type of irrigation, only one-fifth to one-half of the land surface is wetted by water. It therefore results in less evaporation, less pudding of soil and permits cultivation sooner after irrigation.

When crops like potatoes, corn, sorghum and sugar beets are grown, it is usually best to irrigate by the furrow method.

Check flooding: Check flooding is similar to ordinary flooding except that the water is controlled by surrounding the check area with low and flat leeves.

Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is the latest field irrigation technique which is meant for adoption at places where there exists acute scarcity of irrigation water and other salt problems. Water is slowly and directly applied to the root zone of the plants, thereby minimising the losses by evaporation and percolation.