Test: Class 6 Polity NCERT Based-1 (UPSC Level) - UPSC MCQ

Statement-I correctly highlights the democratic process in India where elections are held every five years, and the government is chosen through the people's votes. This aligns with the democratic principles discussed in the text.
Statement-II accurately describes the struggle led by Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress against the apartheid system in South Africa, resulting in the country's transition to a democratic nation in 1994. While both statements are factually correct, they address different contexts and events without one explaining the other. Therefore, the correct option is (b), indicating that both statements are correct but not interrelated in terms of explanation.

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Advocated for the inclusion of the Santhali language in the Constitution of India: Incorrect. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a key figure in drafting the Indian Constitution and advocated for social justice and equality, particularly concerning the eradication of untouchability and the empowerment of marginalized communities. However, he is not specifically known for advocating for the inclusion of the Santhali language in the Constitution. The demand for the inclusion of the Santhali language was made by minority communities and Adivasis.

2. Nelson Mandela - Led the struggle against apartheid in South Africa: Correct. Nelson Mandela was a prominent leader in the fight against apartheid, a system of racial segregation in South Africa. He played a crucial role in transitioning the country towards democracy and became its first black president in 1994.

3. Bhartiya Kisan Union - A social movement that protested against power shortages during the paddy transplantation season: Correct. The Bhartiya Kisan Union is known for organizing protests and campaigns related to farmers' rights and issues, such as the protest against power shortages during critical agricultural periods like the paddy transplantation season.

4. Apartheid - A system of governance in India based on caste separation: Incorrect. Apartheid refers to a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race, which was implemented in South Africa. It does not refer to a system in India. The Indian context relates to caste-based discrimination, but that is not termed as apartheid.

Thus, only pairs 2 and 3 are correctly matched.

Statement-I correctly defines the caste system in India, highlighting its key features. Statement-II accurately mentions the role of the Indian Constitution post-independence, emphasizing the establishment of laws for equality among all citizens. The Constitution indeed aimed to eliminate discriminatory practices, including those perpetuated by the caste system, thereby justifying the selection of Option A.

- Statement 1: This statement is correct. Prejudice is indeed an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without adequate knowledge, thought, or reason. It involves making judgments about individuals or groups without sufficient information, often leading to negative attitudes.

- Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. Stereotypes are not accurate representations; they are oversimplified generalizations about a person or group of people. Stereotypes reduce individuals to a set of perceived characteristics and ignore their complexity and individuality.

- Statement 3: This statement is correct. Discrimination is the behavior or actions, often negative, towards an individual or group of people based on prejudiced beliefs or stereotypes. When people act on their prejudices or stereotypes, it results in unfair treatment of others.

Thus, only statements 1 and 3 are correct. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: 1 and 3 Only.

1. Ladakh - Surrounded by Karakoram and the Great Himalayas: This pair is correctly matched. Ladakh is indeed surrounded by the Karakoram Range in the North and the Great Himalayas in the South, making it a region with dramatic landscapes.

2. Kerala - Located in the North-Eastern part of India: This pair is incorrectly matched. Kerala is located in the South-Western part of India, not the North-Eastern part.

3. Diversity - Lack of uniformity and sense of variety: This pair is correctly matched. Diversity refers to the variety and differences in traits, looks, behavior, culture, religion, language, and abilities among people.

4. Inequality - Differences due to resources and opportunities: This pair is correctly matched. Inequality arises from differences in access to resources and opportunities, often influenced by factors like caste, religion, and financial status.

Thus, three pairs are correctly matched.

Statement-I correctly defines democracy as a form of government where elected representatives hold decision-making power, and it accurately mentions the origin of the term 'democracy' from Greek roots. Statement-II provides a valid explanation of monarchy, distinguishing between absolute and constitutional monarchy. Therefore, both statements are correct, and Statement-II effectively explains Statement-I.

Statement 1 is correct. Ladakh, a region known for its stunning landscapes, is indeed surrounded by the Karakoram mountain range to the north and the Great Himalayas to the south. This geographic feature significantly influences the region's climate and culture.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Kerala is not entirely surrounded by the sea on all sides. It is located in the southwestern part of India, bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east. Hence, it is not surrounded by the sea on all sides.

Statement 3 is correct. "Unity in Diversity" is a well-recognized phrase that encapsulates India's ability to maintain unity despite its vast cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity. This concept has been a hallmark of Indian society and reflects the country's inclusivity and harmonious coexistence.

Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 3, making the correct answer Option C: 1 and 3 Only.

1. Stereotype - Incorrectly matched. The definition given for stereotype is actually more aligned with prejudice. A stereotype is a generalization about a person or group, often leading to prejudiced attitudes.

2. Prejudice - Correctly matched. Prejudice is indeed a tendency to judge others negatively or consider them inferior.

3. Caste - Correctly matched. Caste is accurately described as a system of social stratification based on hereditary status.

4. Constitution - Correctly matched. The Constitution is indeed a document laying out the rules for national governance. It sets the fundamental principles and establishes the framework for governance.

Thus, pairs 2, 3, and 4 are correctly matched.

Diversity in India encompasses differences in language, festivals, and cuisine among its people. This variety is a result of individuals and groups from diverse demographic and philosophical backgrounds coming together in a country known for its rich cultural tapestry. Celebrations, languages spoken, and culinary traditions vary widely across different regions, reflecting the vibrant diversity that defines India.

Statement-I highlights the diversity in India, encompassing linguistic, cultural, and culinary variations among its people. Statement-II complements this by emphasizing the concept of Unity in Diversity, showcasing how despite differences, Indians coexist harmoniously under this unifying principle. Therefore, both statements are correct, with Statement-II elaborating on the essence of Statement-I, making option (a) the correct choice.

Nelson Mandela's leadership role in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa was primarily focused on fighting for equality and the elimination of apartheid. He tirelessly worked towards dismantling the apartheid system that enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the country. Mandela's efforts and sacrifices ultimately led to the end of apartheid in South Africa and the establishment of a democratic and inclusive society.

1. National Level: Manages local issues like water supply and sanitation - Incorrect. The national level of government deals with issues of national importance such as defense, international relations, and national taxation, not local issues like water supply and sanitation, which are typically managed by local governments.

2. State Level: Oversees education and police in the state - Correct. State governments in India are responsible for sectors like education and policing within their respective states.

3. Local Level: Handles international trade and defense - Incorrect. Local governments (like Panchayats and Municipalities) manage local community needs such as water supply, sanitation, and local roads, not international trade and defense, which are under the purview of the national government.

4. Democracy: A government run by elected representatives - Correct. In a democracy, especially a representative democracy, the government is run by officials elected by the people, which is consistent with the definition provided.

Thus, only pairs 2 and 4 are correctly matched.

Monarchy is a form of government where a king or queen serves as the hereditary head of state. It can be classified into two main types: absolute monarchy, where the monarch has complete authority, and constitutional monarchy, where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or laws. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler holds ultimate power, while in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's role is often ceremonial or symbolic, with actual governance carried out by elected officials or a parliament.

In the context of diversity and discrimination, the term "stereotype" refers to creating a rigid image of individuals or groups based on generalizations. Stereotypes can be limiting and fail to recognize the complexity and uniqueness of individuals. They often overlook the diverse attributes and characteristics that make each person distinct. It is important to be aware of stereotypes and strive to see individuals beyond these oversimplified perceptions.

- Statement 1 is correct. In India, a democratic government is elected for a period of five years. This tenure allows for regular elections and the opportunity for the people to choose their representatives periodically.

- Statement 2 is correct. Apartheid was indeed a system of racial segregation that was practiced in South Africa. This system created a division among races, with severe discrimination against non-whites. The struggle against apartheid was led by figures such as Nelson Mandela, and it officially ended in 1994 when South Africa became a democratic country.

- Statement 3 is incorrect. A fundamental principle of democracy is that all communities, including minority groups, are allowed and encouraged to participate in the decision-making process. Democracies are characterized by the inclusion of diverse voices, not just the majority community, to ensure equality and representation for all citizens.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: 1 and 2 Only.