Test: Class 7 History NCERT Based- 2

• Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.

• The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people. He also sometimes used cryptic language, which is difficult to follow.

• Akbar ordered one of his close friends and courtiers, Abul Fazl, to write a history of his reign.

• Abul Fazl wrote a three-volume history of Akbar’s reign titled, Akbar Nama.

• The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is Ain-I-Akbari.

• It deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and geography of his empire. It also provides rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the Ain-i Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

Eventually, the Puranas also laid down that devotees could receive the grace of God regardless of their caste status.

• The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with.

• Bakshi, Faujdar, Sadr, Kotwal were the officers who supported subedars in carrying out the functions during Mughal Emperor Akbar’s rule. Bakshi was a paymaster, Sadr was the minister in-charge of religious and charitable patronage, faujdar was a military commander and kotwal was the town police commander. All these were discussed by Abul Fazl in his book, the Akbarnama.  

• Statement B is incorrect as they were sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jainas. So they had no regards for their traditions. They believed in the broad-based social partition as their members came from all castes including those considered “untouchable” like the Pulaiyar and the Panars.

• Nayanars (saints devoted to Shiva) and Alvars (saints devoted to Vishnu). They drew upon the ideals of love and heroism as found in the Sangam literature (the earliest example of Tamil literature, composed during the early centuries of the Common Era) and blended them with the values of bhakti.

• Kansaris were bell metalworkers. Many of the modest brick and terracotta temples in Bengal were built with the support of several “low” social groups, such as the Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansaris. Regional states were emerging relationships with rich bankers and merchants.

• The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial prosperity.

• International travellers described it as the fabled land of wealth. A mere 5.6 per cent of the total number of mansabdars – received 61.5 per cent of the total estimated revenue of the empire as salaries for themselves and their troopers. This shows that Income inequality was very high in that period.

• These people lent money to revenue farmers, received land as security and collected taxes from these lands through their agents. Throughout India, the richest merchants and bankers were gaining a stake in the new political order.

• Lilatilakam is a 14th-century Sanskrit-language treatise on the grammar and poetics of the Manipravalam language form, a precursor of the modern Malayalam language spoken in the Kerala state of India.

• It has no connection with Rajputs. The Ijaradari system was associated with the collection of revenue.

According to this the right to collect revenue was given to the highest bidder.

• By Aurangzeb’s reign, the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars which meant a long wait before they received a jagir. These and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs.

The term mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix (1) rank, (2) salary and (3) military responsibilities. Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called zat.

• A and C are part of dvaita philosophy but Shankara advocated Advaita philosophy.

• He was an advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality.

• He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any attributes. He considered the world around us to be an illusion or Maya and preached renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

• The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate. Instead, they followed the Mughal and Timurid custom of coparcenary inheritance or a division of the inheritance amongst all the sons.

• The Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Once defeated, however, they were honourably treated by the Mughals, given their lands (Watan) back as assignments (Watan jagir).

• The Sisodias were the last Rajput dynasty to ally with the Mughals, and unlike other Rajput clans, never intermarried with the Mughal imperial family.

• In 1606, Guru Arjan was tortured and killed by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, for refusing to convert to Islam. His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.

• After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, his son Guru Hargobind at age eleven became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs and Sikhism dramatically evolved to become a political movement in addition to being religious.

• So we can conclude that Policies of Mughals was the immediate reason for the politicisation of Sikhs. Gurmukhi was developed by Guru Angad.

• Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mal, carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices and areas cultivated for ten years, 1570-1580.

• Based on this data, the tax was fixed on each crop in cash.

• Each province was divided into revenue circles with its schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was known as zabt.