Test: Connective Tissue (Only in NEET, Not in NCERT) - NEET MCQ

Areolar connective tissue is a loosely arranged connective tissue that is widely distributed in the Body and contains collagen fibres, reticular fibres and a few elastic fibres embedded in a thin, almost fluid-like ground substance.
Fibroblast - responsible for synthesizing (creating) the collagen, elastin, and reticular fibres of the tissue.

Topic in NCERT: Connective tissue

Line in NCERT: "fibroblast is the principal cell of areolar connective tissue and secretes maximum amount of matrix."

Answer: B. Areolar tissue

Explanation:

- Striated muscle: This type of muscle is mainly found in skeletal muscles, and its primary function is to facilitate movement. It contains a limited amount of extracellular material as it is composed mainly of muscle fibers and is packed densely.

- Areolar tissue: This is a type of loose connective tissue that is found between various organs and tissues in the body. It is characterized by a large amount of extracellular material, which includes fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic) and ground substance. This tissue helps to provide support, flexibility, and cushioning to the surrounding structures, making it the correct answer.

- Stratified epithelium: This is a type of epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers of cells, which functions mainly as a protective barrier. It contains very little extracellular material, as the cells are tightly packed together.

- Myelinated nerve fibers: These are nerve fibers surrounded by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that insulates the fibers and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses. The extracellular material in this case is limited to the small spaces between the fibers.

In summary, areolar tissue contains the largest quantity of extracellular material among the given options, as it serves to provide support and flexibility to various organs and tissues in the body.

Topic in NCERT: Tissue

Line in NCERT: A tissue is defined as group of cells along with intercellular substances performing one or more functions in the body.

Answer: C. Areolar tissue

Explanation:
- Mast cells are immune cells that are found in various tissues throughout the body, particularly in connective tissues.
- Areolar tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that is composed of various cells, fibers, and ground substance. It is found in various parts of the body, such as beneath the skin, around blood vessels, and surrounding organs.
- Mast cells are abundant in areolar tissue as they play a crucial role in the body's immune response by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators during an allergic reaction or in response to injury or infection.
- Other tissues mentioned in the options, such as adipose tissue, yellow fibrous tissue, and white fibrous tissue, do not have a high concentration of mast cells compared to areolar tissue.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Explanation: Areolar tissue, also known as loose connective tissue, serves a variety of functions in the body. One of its primary functions is to connect, support, and cushion various structures. In this context, the correct answer is: - C: The skin with muscles Areolar tissue is found beneath the skin, connecting the epidermis and dermis layers with the underlying muscles. This connection allows for flexibility, movement, and protection of the body's organs and tissues. Additionally, areolar tissue plays a role in: - Providing structural support to blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels - Supplying nutrients and oxygen to surrounding cells - Assisting in the immune response by housing immune cells, such as macrophages and mast cells The other options listed are not the primary functions of areolar tissue: - A: Muscles with muscles - This is typically the role of fascia or connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers. - B: Bone with muscles - This connection is primarily made through tendons, which attach muscles to bones. - D: Bone with bone - This is the role of ligaments, which connect bones to other bones at joints.

Topic in NCERT: Tissue

Line in NCERT: "the word tissue refers to a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances performing a specific function."

Heparin, Histamine, and Serotonin Secretion

• These substances are secreted by mast cells.
• Mast cells are immune cells that play a crucial role in inflammation and allergic reactions.
• They are found in connective tissues, particularly near blood vessels and nerves, and are involved in the body's defense against pathogens.
• Heparin is an anticoagulant, which prevents blood clot formation and promotes the smooth flow of blood.
• Histamine is involved in immune responses, particularly in the dilation of blood vessels and the stimulation of gastric acid secretion. It also contributes to the symptoms of allergic reactions, such as itching, redness, and swelling.
• Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates various physiological functions, such as mood, appetite, and sleep. In mast cells, it contributes to inflammatory responses and modulates pain perception.

In summary, heparin, histamine, and serotonin are secreted by mast cells, which play a pivotal role in immune responses and inflammation.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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The type A gelatin is produced by boiling collagen in an acidic solution while type B gelatin is produced by boiling it into an alkaline solution. Mostly animal parts are used for making gelatin which comes from cattle and pigs or sometimes leftover from meat and leather processing.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Answer: D. All of these

Connective tissue is composed of various fibres that provide support, flexibility, and strength to the tissues and organs in the body. The three main types of fibres present in connective tissue are:

• Composed of thin, branched collagen fibres coated with glycoproteins.
• Create a supportive mesh-like network within the connective tissue.
• Found in organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

• Composed of the protein elastin, which allows for stretch and recoil.
• Provide elasticity to tissues, enabling them to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed.
• Found in structures that require flexibility, such as the skin, blood vessels, and lungs.

• Composed of the protein collagen, which provides strength and support.
• Arranged in parallel bundles, providing tensile strength to tissues.
• Found in various connective tissues, including tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin.

In summary, all three types of fibres - reticular, elastin, and collagen - are present in connective tissue, contributing to its structure, strength, and flexibility.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Newborn Baby's Cold Resistance

A new born baby has the cold resisting device due to:

• Brown fat: Brown adipose tissue, also known as brown fat, is a special type of fat that plays a crucial role in maintaining a newborn baby's body temperature. Brown fat generates heat by burning calories when the baby is exposed to cold environments. It is rich in mitochondria, which produce energy and give the fat its brown color. This type of fat is unique to newborns and gradually decreases as they grow older and develop other mechanisms for maintaining body temperature.

Other options such as adipose fat and fat rich in reticular tissue do not provide the same level of cold resistance as brown fat. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Brown fat.

Topic in NCERT: Structural organisation in animals

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Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones are called sutures. Such immovable joints are also referred to as synarthroses.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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The nucleus pulposus (NP) is a rounded region located within the center of the Intervertebral Disc. The NP is thickest from superior to inferior in the lumbar region, followed in thickness by the cervical region; it is the thinnest in the thoracic region.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable. Ligaments can be found connecting most of the bones in the body. The function of a ligament is to provide a passive limit to amount of movement between your bones.

Topic in NCERT: Organ and organ system

Line in NCERT: "cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split up the work in a way that ensures the survival of the body as a whole and exhibit division of labour."

Explanation: A sprain is caused by the excessive pulling of ligaments, in which some fibers of the supporting ligaments are ruptured. This occurs when a joint is subjected to sudden force or impact, resulting in the stretching or tearing of ligaments that help to stabilize and support the joint. Key points:

• A sprain occurs when there is excessive pulling or stretching of ligaments.
• Ligaments are the fibrous tissues that connect bones to other bones and help to stabilize joints.
• Sprains are common in joints such as the ankle, knee, and wrist.
• The severity of a sprain can range from mild (a few torn fibers) to severe (complete rupture of the ligament).

In contrast, excessive pulling of tendons and muscles can lead to strains, which are injuries to the muscles or tendons that connect muscles to bones.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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The correct answer is A: Ligament. Explanation: - Ligaments are connective tissues that consist mainly of yellow elastic fibers. They play an important role in binding bones together, providing stability and support to joints. - They are composed of collagen fibers, which provide strength and flexibility, and elastin fibers, which allow for elasticity and shock absorption. - Ligaments help to maintain the structural integrity of joints, prevent excessive movement or dislocation, and facilitate controlled movement between bones. On the other hand: - Tendons are also connective tissues, but they connect muscles to bones, allowing for the transfer of force and movement. - Reticular fibers are a type of fiber found in connective tissue, but they primarily form a supportive network within organs and tissues, rather than connecting bones together.

Topic in NCERT: Organ and organ system

Line in NCERT: "cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split up the work in a way that ensures the survival of the body as a whole and exhibit division of labour."

The statement "Hyaline cartilage is lacking fibers and is present in sternum, hyoid and ribs" is incorrect:

• Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that contains a considerable amount of collagen and is found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea. It is the most common type of cartilage in the human body. 

Here are some other types of cartilage and where they are found in the body: 

• Fibrocartilage: Found in the intervertebral discs, joint capsules, and ligaments. It is a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue. 
• Elastic cartilage: Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and larynx. It is a resilient cartilage that provides flexibility and is resistant to pressure. 
• White fibrous cartilage: Occurs in the intervertebral discs. 

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body and is found in various locations. The correct answer is "b" because hyaline cartilage is found in: - Larynx: It forms the framework of the larynx and provides structural support. - Nasal septum: It provides support and shape to the nose. - Tracheal rings: It gives support and maintains the shape of the trachea for proper airflow. - Ribs: It is present at the costal cartilages that connect the ribs to the sternum, allowing flexibility and movement. Other locations where hyaline cartilage can be found include the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints and the growth plates of long bones.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Osteoclasts are large cells which dissolve the bones. They come from bone marrow whereas Osteoblasts help in formation of bones. They make a small bone called 'osteoid' made by some proteins nd collagen.

Topic in NCERT: Bone formation and osteoblasts

Line in NCERT: "osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells which secrete ossein protein."

Bone consist of living cells embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. This matrix consists of organic components, mainly type I collagen- organic referring to materials produced as a result of the human body and inorganic components, primarily hydroxyapatite and other salts of sodium and phosphate.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Protein Found in Cartilage:

The correct answer is B: Chondrin.

• Chondrin is a protein found in cartilage, which is a connective tissue present in various parts of the body, such as joints, ears, and nose.
• Cartilage is a flexible and strong tissue that provides support, cushioning, and protection to various structures in the body.
• Chondrin is an essential component of the extracellular matrix in cartilage, and it helps maintain the structural integrity and functioning of cartilage tissue.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

Line in NCERT: "chondrin is a protein found in cartilage."

Calcium phosphate predominates in the bone matrix.
Bone has 60% organic component of calcium phosphate while rest 40% inorganic component of bone is collagen fibre and a protein called ossein.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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HCl is hydrochloric acid, strong acid. Bone is made of minerals, and the most prominent mineral is calcium. When a bone is dropped in the HCl medium, the calcium of bone slowly starts dissolve due to the action of the strong acid. HCl + Ca --> CaCl₂ + H₂. Afterward, the bone is depleted of calcium but it does not "melt" because there are other minerals that make up the bone such as potassium, vitamins, and collagen. Since calcium is the main mineral in the bone, the bone becomes brittle and more susceptible to breakage. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Topic in NCERT: Morphology

Line in NCERT: "body is covered by skin. mucous glands are present in the skin which is highly vascularised and helps in respiration in water and on land."

Volkmann’s canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum (a dense layer of vascular connective tissue) into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian canals (minute tubes which form a network in bone and contains blood vessels). The perforating canals provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons (cylindrical structures that contain mineral matrix and osteocytes which transport blood).

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Answer: B. Volksman canal Explanation: - Mammalian bones have a unique structure that allows them to provide support and protection to the body. - Haversian canals are small, tube-like structures that run longitudinally through compact bone. They contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that help to nourish and maintain the bone tissue. - These Haversian canals are interconnected by transverse canals known as Volksman canals. - Volksman canals are perpendicular to the Haversian canals and are essential for connecting the blood supply and nerve network within the bone tissue. - In summary, the interconnected network of Haversian canals and Volksman canals ensures proper nourishment, waste removal, and communication within the bone tissue, contributing to the overall health and function of mammalian bones.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

Line in NCERT: "canaliculi"

Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Answer: B. Elastic Cartilage

The mammalian pinna, also known as the external ear or auricle, is supported by elastic cartilage. Here are the reasons why:

• Elastic cartilage: This type of cartilage is flexible and resilient, allowing the pinna to maintain its shape while also being able to bend and move without damage. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, which provide the necessary flexibility for the pinna to perform its functions.
• Hyaline cartilage: While hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body, it is not found in the pinna. Hyaline cartilage is found in areas such as the nose, trachea, and articular surfaces of joints, but it is not as flexible as elastic cartilage and would not provide the necessary support for the pinna.
• Calcified cartilage: Calcified cartilage is a type of cartilage that has become hardened due to the deposition of calcium salts within its matrix. This type of cartilage is found in areas such as the growth plates of bones, but it would be too rigid to support the flexible structure of the pinna.
• White fibrous connective tissue: This type of tissue is composed mainly of collagen fibers, providing strength and support to various structures within the body. However, it is not the primary supportive tissue in the pinna, as it does not have the same level of flexibility as elastic cartilage.

In summary, the mammalian pinna is supported by elastic cartilage, which provides the flexibility and resilience necessary for the pinna's functions in hearing and sound localization.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Explanation: A: Increase in RBC count is polycythemia - This statement is correct because polycythemia refers to an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, which can lead to increased blood viscosity and the possibility of blood clots. B: Decrease in leucocyte count is called as leucopenia - This statement is also correct. Leucopenia refers to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucocytes) in the blood, which can make a person more susceptible to infections. C: Decrease in Thrombocyte count is called as Thrombocytopenia - This statement is correct as well. Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which can lead to issues with blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding. D: Purpura a group of bleeding disorders is due to increase in platelet count - This statement is incorrect. Purpura is a group of bleeding disorders characterized by the appearance of purple or red spots on the skin due to bleeding underneath the skin. However, purpura is not caused by an increase in platelet count; rather, it is usually caused by a decrease in platelet count (thrombocytopenia), issues with blood clotting factors, or damage to blood vessels.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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The anticoagulants K3EDTA, potassium oxalate or sodium heparin to prevent the blood from clotting. The citrate or citric acid buffer reduces the pH value in the sample immediately after blood collection leading to an instant stabilization of glucose.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Erythropoiesis is the process of formation of erythrocytes. It occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early foetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver. After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. 

Topic in NCERT: Structural organisation in animals

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Anaemia is defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells or the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. There are three main types of anaemia - due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and due to increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding among others. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow among others. Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria and some autoimmune diseases among others. Folate-deficiency anaemia is a decrease in red blood cells due to a lack of folate. Folate is a type of B vitamin.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Answer: A. Polycythemia Explanation:

Polycythemia is an abnormal increase in red blood cell (RBC) count, which can occur during exercise and at high altitudes. This increase in RBC count is the body's way of adapting to the increased oxygen demand during these situations.

• Exercise: During physical activity, the body's demand for oxygen increases. To meet this demand, the body produces more red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs. This temporary increase in RBC count helps enhance the delivery of oxygen to the body's working muscles, allowing them to function more efficiently.


• High Altitude: At higher altitudes, the air pressure is lower, resulting in a reduced oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. To compensate for this decreased oxygen availability, the body increases the production of red blood cells. This allows for greater oxygen-carrying capacity and helps the body to function more effectively in low-oxygen environments.

In contrast to polycythemia, thrombosis (B) is the formation of blood clots, leukemia (C) is a type of blood cancer affecting white blood cells, and angina pectoris (D) is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Citrate is essentially a regional extracorporeal anticoagulant, with a short systemic half-life of around 5 min, metabolized predominantly by mitochondria in the liver, skeletal muscle and the kidney. Hirudin is the anticoagulant component of the saliva of medicinal leech and inhibits thrombin by formation of irreversible complexes through binding of its active site.
Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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