Test: General Studies Engineering Aptitude - 2 - Electrical Engineering (EE) MCQ

• Animal Waste like Urea, Uric acid and Death of vegetation add nitrogen in the form of nitrates directly into the soil.
• Coal combustion adds nitrogen to the atmosphere not to soil directly, and from there it falls back to earth in the form of acid rain and acid rain adds nitrogen to the soil.

• Sulfur dioxide is released if the fuel contains sulfur compounds. This gas contributes to acid rain.
• Lichens can be used as air pollution indicators, especially of sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
• Lichens are plants that grow in exposed places such as rocks or tree bark.

• Tiger reserves are areas that are notified for the protection of the tiger and its prey and are governed by Project Tiger which was launched in the country in 1973.
• Initially, 9 tiger reserves were covered under the project and have currently increased to 42, falling in 17 States (tiger reserve States). • The State Government shall, on the recommendation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, notify an area as a tiger reserve.

It occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere.

This important gas shields the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major sources of ground-level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to cold and pneumonia.

Hurricanes and typhoons are fueled by warm ocean waters. The evaporation of warm water provides the energy required for the formation and intensification of these tropical cyclones.

Most of India’s crude oil reserves are located in the western coast (Mumbai High) and the northeastern parts of the country, although considerable undeveloped reserves are also located in the offshore Bay of Bengal and the state of Rajasthan.

• Raniganj Coalfield is primarily located in the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Tata Steel has captive coal mines at Jharia & West Bokaro, in the state of Jharkhand, located within 200km from Jamshedpur.
• Bishrampur coal mines are located in Chhattisgarh. Adilabad district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the gateway district to South India.
• Adilabad is the administrative seat of the district. The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Global warming, fueled by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, results in a rise in Earth's average temperature. This warming effect has significant implications on the world's climate systems, leading to more intense and frequent heat waves, droughts, and storms. One of the most visible and alarming impacts is the melting of ice caps and glaciers, particularly in polar regions. As this ice melts, it adds more water to the world's oceans, causing sea levels to rise. This rise in sea level poses a serious threat to coastal communities and ecosystems, with potential for increased flooding and erosion.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that evaluates the potential effects of a proposed project or development on the natural environment. It considers not just the tangible factors such as the number of trees cut down or waste produced, but also the overall impact on the local ecosystem. This includes assessing effects on air, water, soil, biodiversity, human health, and socio-economic conditions. The EIA process is crucial in sustainable development, as it aids decision-makers in understanding the environmental implications of their actions before the commencement of any project. It ensures that environmental considerations are integrated into project planning and decision-making.

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, environment and social justice. It is incorrect to say that Industrialization and Innovation are not included in the SDGs. In fact, the ninth goal is explicitly dedicated to Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. It aims to promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. Therefore, the SDGs are comprehensive in their coverage of key aspects of sustainable development, including economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Crashing is the method for shortening the project duration by reducing the time of one or more critical activities to less than their normal time. In crashing if cost increases then time decreases.

The special-purpose material handling equipment is used in the line layout. Line layout is also known as product layout.

Process Layout:

The process layout is recommended for batch production. All machines performing a similar type of operation are grouped at one location in the process layout e.g., all lathes, milling machines, etc. are grouped in the shop will be clustered in like groups.

Process layout is normally used when the production volume is not sufficient to justify a product layout.

Product Layout:

It is also known as line layout. In implies that various operations on raw material are performed in a sequence and the machines are placed along the product flow line i.e. machines are arranged in the sequence in which the raw material will be operated upon.

This type of layout is preferred for continuous production i.e. involving a continuous flow of in-process material towards the finished product stage.

Given:

Market price per share = Rs 125, Dividend per share = Rs 12, Rate = 8 % = 0.08

Now,

∴ Cost of equity = 0.096 + 0.08 = 0.176

Thus, the cost of equity = 17.6%

Forecasting: 

Forecasting is the prediction of future sales or demand for a particular product in the market. Forecasts can be made by using the past data of a product.

It can be done in two ways

(i) Qualitative Technique: This approach is used for new product and used for long term forecasting. In this approach, there is no need for any data.

Opinion survey:

In this method, opinions are collected from the customer, retailer and distributor regarding the demand pattern of the product.
Market trial:

It is applied for new product and in this case, a product is introduced between a limited population in the form of a free sample.
It is applied for low-cost products like toothpaste, chocolate, coldrinks etc.
Market research:

In this method, the work of survey is assigned to an external marketing agency and the purpose of the research is to collect information regarding the demand of a product and the various factors which influence the demand like customer income, location, quality, quantity etc are required to get the forecast.
Delphi technique:

This technique is used to make more realistic judgemental methods by minimizing bias.
In this method, a panel of experts is asked sequential questions. 
It is the step by step procedure and the final forecast is obtained by the common opinion of all the experts

ii) Quantitative Technique: This is used to forecast the demand for the existing product for short term

Here some previous data are given and based on that forecasting is done.

• Simple Moving Average Method
• Weighted Moving Average Method
• Simple Exponential Smoothing Method
• Trend Line Estimate or Linear Regression Method 

Six phases of project management

1. Dividing a project into phases makes it possible to lead it in the best possible direction. Through this organisation into phases, the total work load of a project is divided into smaller components, thus making it easier to monitor. The following paragraphs describe a phasing model that has been useful in practice. It includes six phases:
2. Initiation phase
3. Definition phase
4. Design phase
5. Development phase
6. Implementation phase
7. Follow-up phase

Initiation phase 

• The initiation phase is the beginning of the project. In this phase, the idea for the project is explored and elaborated.
• The goal of this phase is to examine the feasibility of the project. 
• In this phase, the current or prospective project leader writes a proposal, which contains a description of the above-mentioned matters.
• Examples of this type of project proposal include business plans and grant applications.
• The prospective sponsors of the project evaluate the proposal and, upon approval, provide the necessary financing.
• The project officially begins at the time of approval.
• Questions to be answered in the initiation phase include the following:
  • Why this project?
  • Is it feasible?
  • Who are possible partners in this project?
  • What should the results be?
  • What are the boundaries of this project?

Definition phase

• After the project plan (which was developed in the initiation phase) has been approved, the project enters the second phase: the definition phase. In this phase, the requirements that are associated with a project result are specified as clearly as possible. This involves identifying the expectations that all of the involved parties have with regard to the project result.
• It is important to identify the requirements as early in the process as possible.
• Wijnen (2004) distinguishes several categories of project requirements that can serve as a memory aid:
  • Preconditions
  • Functional requirements
  • Operational requirements
  • Design limitations

Design phase

• The list of requirements that are developed in the definition phase can be used to make design choices.
• In the design phase, one or more designs are developed, with which the project result can apparently be achieved.
• Depending on the subject of the project, the products of the design phase can include dioramas, sketches, flow charts, site trees, HTML screen designs, prototypes, photo impressions, and UML schemas. 
• The project supervisors use these designs to choose the definitive design that will be produced in the project.
• This is followed by the development phase.
• As in the definition phase, once the design has been chosen, it cannot be changed in a later stage of the project.

Development phase

• During the development phase, everything that will be needed to implement the project is arranged.
• Potential suppliers or subcontractors are brought in, a schedule is made, materials and tools are ordered, instructions are given to the personnel, and so forth.
• The development phase is complete when implementation is ready to start.
• All matters must be clear for the parties that will carry out the implementation.
• In some projects, particularly smaller ones, a formal development phase is probably not necessary.
• The important point is that it must be clear what must be done in the implementation phase, by whom and when.

Implementation phase

• The project takes shape during the implementation phase.
• This phase involves the construction of the actual project result.
• Programmers are occupied with encoding, designers are involved in developing graphic material, contractors are building, the actual reorganization takes place.
• It is during this phase that the project becomes visible to outsiders, to whom it may appear that the project has just begun.
• The implementation phase is the ‘doing’ phase, and it is important to maintain momentum. 
• At the end of the implementation phase, the result is evaluated according to the list of requirements that was created in the definition phase.
• It is also evaluated according to the designs.

Follow-up phase

• Although it is extremely important, the follow-up phase is often neglected.
• During this phase, everything is arranged that is necessary to bring the project to successful completion.
• Examples of activities in the follow-up phase include writing handbooks, providing instruction and training for users, setting up a help desk, maintaining the result, evaluating the project itself, writing the project report, holding a party to celebrate the result that has been achieved, transferring to the directors and dismantling the project team.

Phase to Phase Relationship:

Sequential Relationship:

• In sequential relationship next phase can start if and only if previous phase is complete.
• Traditionally construction projects generally use sequential relationship.
• Step by step nature of this approach reduces uncertainty but also eliminates options for shortening the schedule.

Overlapping Relationship:

• In overlapping phase relationship next phase can begin before the completion of previous phase.
• This technique allows schedule compression called fast tracking.
• This technique can lead to increase in risk and may result in rework if a subsequent phase progress before accurate information is available from previous phase.

Thus statement 1 and 3 are the correct answer.

Critical Path method (CPM) is a method used in project management. CPM is based on the activity oriented method. CPM is used for planning, scheduling and controlling the project activities.

PERT is also used in project management for the  planning, scheduling and controlling the project activities but PERT is useful for research based activities and it is event oriented.

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): EOQ is a mathematical tool that companies use to manage inventory and minimize the holding cost. EOQ represents their ideal size of holding the inventory without much investment on inventory.

ABC analysis: ABC analysis is a technique of inventory management which represents the inventory items based on their importance. In ABC analysis ranking of items is done based on their demand, cost and risk to holding it.

Inventory control and management:  With the help of Inventory control process controlling of inventory cost is minimized. Inventory control and management is used to manage inventory for the holding of it such that neither any extra nor any shortage of inventory will occur. Inventory control and management is the task of daily work management of inventory.

Gantt chart method: Gantt chart is a project management tool. With the help of Gantt chart project planning is carried out.

Optimizing strategy is the process to optimize the business strategies which improves the efficiency and reduces the total cost. Optimization can be done by using efficient resources.

Optimization strategy can be used to find and optimize the new parameters for the maximization of the similar values

Optimization strategy is the strategy of choosing the best possible solution considering all parameters

Project audit

• The project audit is the means to provide that assurance and enables the sponsor to have confidence that the governance is working and that the project is being managed as intended.
• There is currently a considerable amount of information relating to the assurance of projects and programs, and why it is important.
• This guide seeks to demonstrate how to plan and undertake a comprehensive audit of a project, thereby providing that assurance.
• The guide seeks to explain the role of an audit, how it could be planned and undertaken, the degrees of assurance that can be given, and how project audits can be aligned to organizational governance.
• Although the guide acknowledges the need for project audits to be integrated with the works of other assurance providers (particularly technical and quality audits) a project audit is a stand-alone process aimed at the three main roles involved in a project.
• The three main roles involved in project audits are:
• Organisation board/audit committee/ sponsor/other stakeholders = Those who schedule the project audit and receive the audit findings
• Project team = Those whose project is being audited, with whom the auditors interact
• Project auditor(s) = Those who undertake the audit, and report its findings and make recommendations

Principles of project audit

• A Guide to Integrated Assurance identifies the principles governing project audits, which are those established for the provision of assurance generally.
• Project audit should be:
• independent, and supported in this by the organization board;
• accountable within a governance and reporting system;
• planned and coordinated as part of the organization’s management system;
• proportionate to risk potential and the assurance needs of stakeholders;
• risk-based, against an independent risk evaluation;
• able to allow the impact of identified weaknesses to be reported and addressed, by follow-up and escalation.

Detailed Project Report (DPR)

• Once the projects are appraised and the investment decisions are made a Detailed Project Report (DPR) is prepared.
• It provides all the relevant details including design drawings, specifications, detailed cost estimates, etc. and this would act as a blueprint for project implementation.
• Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) are the outputs of the planning and design phase of a project.
• DPR is a very detailed and elaborate plan for a project indicating the overall program, different roles, and responsibilities, activities, and resources required for the project. 
• The DPR should also highlight the nature of inherent risks in the project & potential external risks that will influence the outcome of the project.
• Also, the DPR should give the measures for risk management and risk mitigation.

Concept:

• Gantt charts are mainly used to allocate resources to activities.
• The resources allocated to activities include staff, hardware, and software. Gantt charts are useful for resource planning.
• A Gantt chart is a special type of bar chart where each bar represents an activity. 
• This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis.
• The bars are drawn along a timeline. The length of each bar is proportional to the duration of time planned for the corresponding activity.
• With the use of this chart, we can check the progress of project with
  • A visual display of the whole project,
  • Timelines and deadlines of all tasks,
  • Relationships and dependencies between the various activities,
  • Project phases

• Stainless steels contain typically 10 - 30% chromium besides other elements like C, Mn, Si, S etc. 
• Chromium imparts corrosion resistance to steel. 
• Varying amounts of other alloying elements like Ni, Mo, V, Ti, Ni, etc. may be added to obtain certain specific properties.
• It exhibits extraordinary corrosion resistance due to the formation of a very thin layer of Cr2O3 on the surface.
• One important type of stainless steel is often described as 18/8 steel where chromium and nickel percentages are 18 and 8 respectively.
• Chromium is one of the important metals which is used to improve the following characteristics of a material.
• To increase the abrasion resistance
• To provide the better hardness
• To improve the corrosion and the oxidation resistance
• To improve the temperature resistance
• With high C resists wear and abrasion

When ferromagnetic material heated beyond curie temperature,  turns into paramagnetic material, as the ferromagnetic domains become random.

Curie temperature:

Curie temperature is the temperature at which the magnetic properties of a material change.

When the temperature is greater than the Curie temperature, ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic material. Here, X as (magnetic susceptibility) vs. T (temperature)

If the atoms or atom groups in the solid are represented by points and the points are connected, the resulting lattice will consist of an orderly stacking of blocks or unit cells.

• The orthorhombic unit cell is distinguished by three lines called axes of twofold symmetry about which the cell can be rotated by 180° without changing its appearance.
• This characteristic requires that the angles between any two edges of the unit cell be right angles but the edges may be any length.

Important Point:

• Ships are made of iron and a part of them remains underwater.
• On the part above water also water drops keep clinging to the ship’s outer surface.
• Moreover, the water of the sea contains many salts.
  • The saltwater makes the process of rust formation faster. 
• ​Therefore, ships suffer a lot of damage from rusting in spite of being painted.
• Stainless steel is made by mixing iron with carbon and metals like chromium, nickel, and manganese.
  • It does not rust.

In nanotechnology, the size of the material is reduced to the size of the nano-domain (1 to 100 mm). This dimension is comparable to the wavelength of the photon.

[Statement-I is correct]

Due to the quantum mechanical effect, the motion of randomly moving electrons gets confined to specific energy levels.

It affects the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of nanomaterials.

[Statement-II is also correct]

Both are independent correct statement

So option (B) is correct.

The characteristics of material like resistivity and conductivity vary according to the temperature.

Where, p₀ is the resistivity of metal conductor at T = 0K

Observations:

• In a metal conductor, the resistivity of material increases when temperature increases, and since the resistance is directly proportional to the resistivity, the resistance of the material is also increased.
• Also, metals have a positive temperature coefficient, So for a higher value of temperature, resistance will be higher. So statement 1 is correct.
• At the critical temperature, the resistivity of the superconductor increased drastically and below the critical temperature resistivity is zero. So it’s resistance will also zero. So statement 3 is correct.
• Tungsten can be used as a resistance wire because it has high resistance, but also allows the flow of current to produce heating effect. So Statement 2 is also Correct.

A binary number system is a numerical system in a computer wherein each digit stands for a power of two. The binary system uses only two symbols, 0 and 1, to represent values.

• The values in a binary system—the 0’s and 1’s— are called binary digits or bits.
• Binary digit is a digit within the binary number system.
• A bit is the smallest unit of information held in a computer and usually composed of 8 bits.

Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other

Network topologies describe the methods in which all the elements of a network are mapped. There are two approaches to network topology: physical and logical.

1. Physical network topology, as the name suggests, refers to the physical connections and interconnections between nodes and the network—the wires, cables, and so forth.
2. Logical network topology is a little more abstract and strategic, referring to the conceptual understanding of how and why the network is arranged the way it is, and how data moves through it.

Types of physical network topology:

• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Tree Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology

Hence Chain is not a Network topology.