Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 6 - Software Development MCQ

Cognitive development aims to study a child's development, especially information processing, conceptual processing, perceptual skills, language learning, and other aspects related to brain development. The process of striking a balance between adjustment and assimilation. Whereas on the other hand adaptation (a relatively stable structure) occurs when the child strikes a balance between the two processes while trying to internalize the perceived processes.

This is an example of an open-ended question as it allows the students to answer in their own words and express their own preferences.

The active participation and involvement of children play a very vital role in learning and shaping the personality of a child. 

A child-centered method is one that gives primacy to children's experiences and needs and provides ample opportunities for the children.

• While investigating problems, it is often found that children break the problem into parts and analyze it, then they try solving the parts logically, this critical thinking shapes the child to be Scientific Investigators.
• When a child is encouraged to be self-dependent, it helps in developing thoughts and rationality in them and they try multiple ways to find a solution, and doing this multiple times helps them evolve as Problem Solvers.
• Children are Active Explorers of the environment as they are excited to learn about what is this, why it is here, how it is working, etc. They ask many questions about objects and situations in their surroundings.

Hence, the statements about children emphasizing being Scientific Investigators, Problem Solvers, and Active Explorers of the environment are correct.

If the teacher comes to know that a student is absent in the class, in such a case, instead of expelling/punishing/preventing him/her from attending the class, the teacher should know the reason for his/her negligence and find out the appropriate remedy.

Improving Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management

• Provide teacher candidates with instructional approaches for classroom management through coursework and guided practice with feedback, and
• Address the challenges facing teacher candidates and new teachers in creating a positive classroom context

Major aim of teaching-learning poetry is enjoyment and appreciation.

Poetry has tremendous appeal for children and it is the best way of exciting their love of the language. It lays the foundation for the appreciation of the beauty of the language. It enables students to enjoy recitation in individual and chorus.

Speaking short sentences and riding a three-wheeled bicycle, this work is done in infancy. From the birth of a child to the age of 6 years is called infancy or infancy. In this stage the child is completely dependent. Of course, he is completely dependent on the other. Parents and family member have to depend for his developmental care.

An 'authentic text' is an original of the text from context.

Authentic text may be thought of an any text that was written and published for the public. Journal articles, blog posts and novels are just a few examples. Authentic texts are written for 'real world' purposes and audiences: to entertain, inform, explain, guide, document or convince.

Interaction analysis based on practice teaching training in teaching skills using micro-teaching approach and simulated teaching exercise are some of innovative technologies through which effective training program can be transacted. The present mode also pointed out each one of these technologies, its major emphasis on the use of micro-teaching in Indian situation for developing the required skills of teaching at the mastery level.

Political factor is not a factor affecting language development of a child. The four  factors which affects the language of a child are:

Social - a child’s development directly depends on its social interactions with its parents, siblings, peers and caretakers the socio economic conditions also affects the language development of a child, poor socio-economic background speak much lesser number of words than children from professional families. 

Emotional: Emotional development means how children start to understand who they are, what they are feeling and what to expect when interacting with others. It is the development of being able to: Form and sustain positive relationships. Experience, manage and express emotions.

Educational: Language development is boosted by correct exposure to reading and listening to correct language being spoken. Attending school exposes a child to a variety of learning experiences. 

Biological: Some children are slow in language and speech development is due to a biological problem like autism (mental defect making communication slow), cleft lip/palate (from birth), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD- a brain defect), brain injury during birth etc.

Language strategies and activities ensure the growth of learners' knowledge and assess their level of understanding. It is an authentic source to determine that the classroom teaching is resulting in actual knowledge enhancement of the learners.

• The above-mentioned type of activity is known as Experiential activity as these activities promote experiential learning that refers to the process of learning through experience, and it is also defined as "learning through reflection on doing".
• Here, the learners will write their own endings based on their experience which will promote conceptual understanding and will provide direct experience to the learners through their active involvement.
• They provide a useful channel to utilize the surplus energy of the students. Besides, these contribute immensely to the normal academic growth and development of students.
• Experiential activities fulfill many psychological needs of the students and consequently facilitate learning.

So, it is clear that the above-mentioned type of activity is known as Experiential activity.

Educational psychology helps the teacher when it gives the teacher a scientific approach to the rules and processes of learning.

Apart from this, educational psychology helps the teacher in many ways. These are as follows:

• Helpful in gaining knowledge of innate nature
• Helpful in knowing the needs and problems of the child
• Helpful in acquiring knowledge of child development
• Helpful in knowing individual differences
• character building aids
• Helpful in all round development of students
• Helpful in choosing teaching method
• Helpful in making time table
• Helpful in establishing self-discipline

The situation given in the above question shows the trend of the organization

• Two Basic Inclinations and Tendencies in Thinking: According to Piaget's research on biology, humans have two basic tendencies. The first is inclined towards organization which deals with the arrangement, recombination and rearrangement of behavior and thought into a coherent system.
• Organization: This concept assumes that people have a tendency to organize their thinking processes into psychological structures. For example, very young children can either look at an object or hold it when their hands contract .
• Adaptation: As the term suggests this concept refers to the adjustment of man to the new environment. It can be defined as "changing one's cognitive structure or one's environment (or to some extent both) in order to better understand one's environment".

Presenting problems that require search for innovative solutions by a teacher that require finding innovative solutions will encourage creative thinking among students.

The socialization of a child is determind by sociometry techniques. Sociometric techniques are methods that qualitatively measure aspects of social interactions, such as social acceptance (i.e., how well a person is liked by peers) and social status (i.e., a child's social status compared to peers). 

Parents should play a forward-looking role in the learning process of their children and encourage them to do better. As preschoolers grow into school-age children, parents become their children's learning coaches. Through guidance and reminders, parents help their children organize their time and support their desire to learn new things in and out of school.

Dyslexia is a reading disorder among children.

The whole activity could be described as scaffolding. It refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding. Teachers provide successive levels of temporary support that help students reach higher levels of comprehension.

Students are likely to experience the emotion of pride when they attribute internal factors to explain their success at a task.

An internal attribution (also known as a dispositional attribution) is when an individual uses a personal reason as the cause for a situation or event instead of an external (or environmental) attribution. For example, a person gets a bad grade on a test. They question themselves as to why they got such a bad grade.

G. Miller theory of information processing the word ‘comprehensive’ in the scheme of continuous and comprehensive evaluation. 

Emotions and cognition are inter-woven with each other.

In assimilation, new information is incorporated in the existing ideas. Our mentally guided behaviors or schemas, are modified as we take in more new information or experiences. 

Assimilation is a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge.

Constructivist pedagogy places the child at the centre of the learning, and can also be referred to as ‘invisible pedagogy’. It is an approach to learning in which learners are provided the opportunity to construct their own sense of what is being learned by building internal connection or relationship among the ideas and facts being taught.” 

Misconceptions are common in learning and are often the result of students constructing their own "naive" theories to explain a concept. These misconceptions can be an important part of the learning process because they represent the student's current understanding of the concept. So, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Secondary or social rewards such as praise, smile, or money: A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus to which we have learned to respond because of past learning by the association of the stimulus with a primary reinforcer. An example is money, as it is associated with primary reinforcers like it is used to get food when we are hungry.​

Hence, we can conclude that after the occurrence of desirable behavior, the teacher says 'very good to the child. She has used secondary reinforcers as she had praised the child. 

Students should be motivated to frame mastery oriented goals.

The child first starts getting attracted towards the light. Child development refers to the biological and intellectual changes that occur in humans from birth to the end of adolescence, when they gradually move from dependence to more autonomy. Since these developmental changes can be largely influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are typically included as part of the study of child development.

The above activity is known as role play. It can be effectively used in the classroom to motivate and engage students. It provides in real-world situations (negotiation, debate and teamwork).

Role-playing is defined as pretending to be someone else or pretending to be in a specific situation that you are not actually in at the time. An example of role-playing is when you pretend that your friend is your boss and you have a practice conversation in which you ask for a raise.

Eight Intellectual Levels or Eight Conditions of Learning:

• Signal learning: The learner makes a general response to a signal.
• Stimulus-response learning: The learner makes a precise response to a signal.
• Chaining: The connection of a set of individual stimulus and responses in a sequence.
• Verbal association: The learner makes associations using verbal connections.
• Discrimination Learning: The learner makes different responses to different stimuli that are somewhat alike.
• Concept learning: The learner develops the ability to make a generalized response based on a class of stimuli.
• Rule learning: A rule is a chain of concepts linked to demonstrated behaviour.
• Problem-solving: The learner discovers a combination of previously learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that proper prerequisites are not a type of learning according to Gagne’s Theory of Learning.

The "5E Model" is based on the constructivist theory of learning, which suggests that people construct their knowledge and meaning from their experiences.

• Students construct their new knowledge with previous ideas. The 5 E method is a constructivist model of learning.
• It includes five stages: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate.

Helping students to elaborate on a recently learned concept teacher should follow these steps: 

• Engage: In this stage, students are interested, and get them personally involved in the lesson, while pre-assessing prior understanding.
• Explore: In this stage, students get involved in the topic, providing them with a chance to build their own understanding. They create examples and non-examples of the concept. 
• Explain: In this stage, students with an opportunity to communicate what they have learned so far and figure out what it means. 
• Elaborate: In this stage, students allow to use their new knowledge and continue to explore its implications. They find out the relations between various sub-concepts.
• Evaluate: In this stage, both students and teachers determine how much learning and understanding has taken place and apply the acquired information to new problems. ​

While helping students to elaborate on a recently learned concept teacher should avoid writing on board and asking students to copy the same without understanding. He should not focus on rote learning.

The teacher should construct students' knowledge by using various methods like giving examples and non-example in class and using students' previous knowledge to create new concepts.

So, we can conclude that writing on board and asking students to copy the same without understanding should be avoided while helping students to elaborate on a recently learned concept.

Inferential Questions:

• The term 'inference' means something derived by reasoning-something, that is not directly stated but only suggested in the text.
• Inferential questions require answers that require contextual clues. Inferential questions are difficult to answer because they can have more than one correct answer.
• In teaching comprehension, the answers to inferential questions are not found in the text but are supported by evidence in the text. The answers to the fundamental questions shed light on why and how.

Examples of Inferential Questions:

• a) Why was Hazratganj not noisy?
• b) Why Lucknow is called a city of Nawabs?
• c) Why salt is a cause for melting the snow?

So, from the above points, we can conclude that the Inferential questions are more appropriate to define the nature of these questions a & b.