Test: Law of Variable Proportions and Returns to Scale - UGC NET MCQ

The Law of Variable Proportions explains how the output of a product changes when one factor of production, such as labor, is increased while other factors, like land, remain constant. This law illustrates that there are different stages of production, such as increasing returns, diminishing returns, and negative returns, depending on the ratio of inputs. An interesting fact is that this principle is crucial for understanding how businesses can optimize their production processes and make effective decisions regarding resource allocation.

Statement 1 is correct. Diminishing returns to scale refer to a situation in production where increasing the quantity of inputs results in a less than proportional increase in output. This means that as more labor and capital are added, the additional output generated from these inputs decreases.

Statement 2 is also correct. Constant returns to scale means that if all inputs are increased by a certain proportion (e.g., doubled), the output will also increase by that same proportion (e.g., doubled).

Since both statements accurately describe concepts related to production and returns to scale, the correct answer is Option C: Both 1 and 2.

The total product curve reaches its maximum at point G, where the number of laborers employed is 7 units. At this point, the marginal product becomes zero, indicating that adding more laborers does not increase the total output. This concept is crucial in understanding production efficiency; once maximum output is achieved, any additional labor can lead to diminishing returns. An interesting fact is that the point where marginal product equals zero is often a critical decision point for businesses, as it informs them when they should stop hiring more labor to maintain efficiency.

When the ratio of workers to land becomes inefficient, both average and marginal products begin to decline. This occurs because the additional workers are not effectively utilizing the fixed amount of land, leading to underutilization and diminishing returns. As more labor is added, the productivity per worker decreases, which is a key aspect of the law of variable proportions. Interestingly, this phenomenon illustrates the importance of balancing inputs in production to maximize efficiency and output.

The Law of Variable Proportions states that when one resource is increased while other resources are held constant, total output will increase, but this increase will slow down after a certain point. This concept is crucial in understanding production efficiency, as it illustrates that simply adding more of a single factor does not guarantee proportional increases in output. An interesting fact is that this principle is foundational in economics, affecting how businesses allocate resources for maximum productivity.

• The Assertion is true: Increasing returns to scale indeed occur when a proportional increase in all inputs results in a more than proportional increase in output.
• The Reason is also true: External economies of scale can enhance productivity by reducing costs as production increases, thus contributing to increasing returns to scale.
• The Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion: External economies of scale explain why productivity increases more than proportionally when inputs are increased.

- The Assertion (A) is true because, in Stage I, the increasing average product indicates that the efficiency of the variable factor is indeed increasing.

- The Reason (R) is also true, as Stage III does show that the marginal product becomes negative, which indicates decreasing efficiency for both factors.

- However, the Reason does not explain the Assertion. The increasing efficiency in Stage I does not relate to the negative MP in Stage III; they pertain to different stages of production.

Thus, the correct answer is Option B: both statements are true, but the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.

Both statements are correct.

Statement 1 accurately describes the concept of diminishing returns to scale, which occurs when the proportional increase in output is less than the proportional increase in inputs.

Statement 2 provides a specific numerical example that illustrates this concept, where a 20% increase in inputs (labor and capital) leads to only a 10% increase in output, confirming the principle of diminishing returns.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Both 1 and 2.

- The Assertion is true because increasing returns to scale is defined as a situation where output increases more than the proportional increase in inputs.

- The Reason is also true since larger operations can lead to efficiencies and lower average costs, supporting the concept of increasing returns to scale.

- The Reason correctly explains the Assertion, as the efficiencies gained from increased production directly contribute to the phenomenon described in the Assertion.

• The Assertion is true: In the second stage of production, the total product indeed increases but at a diminishing rate.
• The Reason is also true: In the third stage of production, the marginal product does become negative, indicating the Law of Diminishing Returns.
• However, the Reason does not explain the Assertion because while the total product increases at a diminishing rate in the second stage, the marginal product only becoming negative in the third stage does not provide a direct explanation for the behavior observed in the second stage.