Test: Other Core Acts - CLAT PG MCQ

The main aim of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is to prevent and control water pollution while restoring the quality of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater. This comprehensive law was India's first significant step towards addressing environmental pollution, establishing a framework for the creation of Pollution Control Boards to enforce regulations and standards, thus ensuring the safety and health of water resources critical for life and ecosystems. Interestingly, this law paved the way for future environmental legislation in India, reflecting a growing awareness of the need for sustainable development.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the advisory body that assists the Central Government in setting standards for water quality and pollution control under the Water Act. It plays a critical role in coordinating efforts with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to monitor and enforce regulations effectively. This centralization ensures that there is consistency and adherence to national standards across different states, thereby enhancing the overall efficacy of pollution control efforts.

The Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. Union of India case introduced the Polluter Pays Principle, which mandates that those who pollute the environment should bear the costs associated with the damage they cause. This principle has become a cornerstone in environmental law, ensuring that industries take responsibility for their environmental impact. It reflects a shift towards holding polluters accountable and encourages the adoption of cleaner technologies and practices to prevent pollution.

All industries emitting pollutants are required to obtain both Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. This requirement ensures that industries adhere to environmental standards from the outset and maintain compliance throughout their operation, thereby promoting public health and environmental sustainability. The regulatory framework aims to reduce emissions and protect air quality, which is vital for the well-being of the community.

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 primarily aims to conserve forests and prevent their diversion for non-forest uses without prior approval from the Central Government. This legislation recognizes the ecological importance of forests and seeks to balance development needs with conservation efforts. By regulating the use of forest land and mandating compensatory afforestation, the Act contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and the ecological health of forest ecosystems.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 categorizes species into schedules that determine the level of protection they receive. For instance, Schedule I includes species like tigers and elephants that receive the highest protection, while other schedules provide varying degrees of regulation. This classification helps prioritize conservation efforts and implement protective measures tailored to the vulnerability of different species, thereby supporting biodiversity and wildlife conservation initiatives.

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) plays a crucial role in regulating access to biological resources and ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use. This includes monitoring compliance with the Act and approving research and commercial activities involving biodiversity. By recognizing the contributions of local communities and traditional knowledge, the NBA aims to prevent biopiracy and promote sustainable use of biological resources, aligning with global biodiversity conservation efforts.

The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 imposes a No-Fault Liability on industries handling hazardous substances, meaning that victims of industrial accidents are entitled to compensation without needing to prove negligence on the part of the industry. This approach simplifies the compensation process and ensures that victims receive timely financial relief. It reflects a commitment to protecting public health and safety, particularly in the wake of industrial disasters, such as the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which catalyzed the Act's establishment.

The Environment Relief Fund (ERF) is established under the Public Liability Insurance Act to provide additional financial relief to victims of accidents involving hazardous substances. Industries contribute to this fund, which ensures that there are resources available for compensating victims promptly. This mechanism is crucial for minimizing the financial and social impact of industrial accidents on affected communities, thereby reinforcing the accountability of industries in managing hazardous materials.

The MC Mehta v. Union of India (1987) case established the Absolute Liability Principle, holding industries fully and unconditionally liable for any harm caused by their operations, particularly when handling hazardous substances. This principle signifies a shift towards a more stringent liability framework in environmental law, ensuring that industries cannot evade responsibility for environmental or human harm. It reflects a growing recognition of the need for rigorous safety standards and accountability in industrial practices, thereby enhancing environmental protection and public health.