UGC NET Paper 2 Political Science Full Test - 5 - UGC NET MCQ

Defects in the Regulating Act 1773:
The act rendered the Governor General powerless before his colleagues because he had no veto power. This brought difficult times for Warren Hastings.

ADVANTAGES:

• The local self government solves the problems of the people at the grass-root level. The various needs such as construction and maintenance of roads, availability of water, construction of schools etc. are taken care of by the local self-government.
• The local people gets more decision making opportunities for their own problems in local self government.
• The local people have best ideas on how and where to spend money for their development.
• Any problem or issue in a particular area can be best attended by the local government.

DISADVANTAGES :

• One of the main problems of local self government is the scarcity of funds.
• Critics comment that the local leaders neglect to value the state or national issues.
• The Panchayat or the Municipality is not always able to cope up with the people's demand.
• It is expensive
• It promotes disharmony

It is usually believed about freedom of speech that There should be some reasonable restrictions on it.

In 1786, Lord Cornwallis was appointed as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. He is known for having instituted land , judiciary and administrative reforms and reorganized the British army and administration. He had a demand that powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act of 1786 was enacted to give him the power of working as Both Governor General & Commander in Chief. Thus via act of 1786, Cornwallis became the first effective ruler of British India under the authority of Board of Control and the Court of Directors.

India is a federal (or quasi-federal) democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government largely based on the UK model. India's federal legislative branch consists of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) as the upper house, and the Lok Sabha (House of the People) as the lower house.

Of a good free press it is expected that it should Give fair picture of national progress.

Social equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and services.

Most of the principles of cabinet government took permanent form by the end of the eighteenth century.

It should devote attention both to the government and opposition viewpoint

Bureaucracy consisting of all civil servants,
A civil servant can be defined as a bureaucrat hired by the government to work for the public sector. 
Public servant, on the other hand, is an elected or appointed member of the government for social or public services.

Freedom of speech is a feature of Democratic Constitutions.

It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950.

A good bureaucracy is expected to implement laws in a spirit
A bureaucracy is a way of administratively organizing large numbers of people who need to work together. Organizations in the public and private sector, including universities and governments, rely on bureaucracies to function.
The federal bureaucracy performs three primary tasks in government: implementation, administration, and regulation. When Congress passes a law, it sets down guidelines to carry out the new policies.

Professor Samuel Edward Finer said that 'Every constitution is the product of accumulated material and spiritual circumstances of its times'
Professor Samuel Edward Finer was a political scientist and historian who was instrumental in advancing political studies as an academic subject in the United Kingdom, pioneering the study of UK political institutions.

These are the countries with unwritten or Uncodified Constitutions: Israel. UK. New Zealand.

Freedom of press is implied from the Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. Thus the press is subject to the restrictions that are provided under the Article 19(2) of the Constitution. Before Independence, there was no constitutional or statutory provision to protect the freedom of press.

Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution of India states that, “all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression”. The philosophy behind this Article lies in the Preamble of the Constitution, where a solemn resolve is made to secure to all its citizen, liberty of thought and expression.

These help in maintaining link between the people and the representatives

The Regulating Act was passed by the British parliament in 1773 to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. Its main object was to bring the company under the control of the British parliament.

The president is the head of the cabinet, it is listed incorrectly

other option are correct.

India is no committed judiciary, The Supreme Court of India could not remain aloof to this idea of committed judiciary.
Committed Judiciary refers to the judiciary which is committed to uphold the policies of the government in power by interpreting the laws and the Constitution in a way palatable to the Government in power.

Federalism is a compromise meant to eliminate the disadvantages of both systems. In a federal system, power is shared by the national and state governments. The Constitution designates certain powers to be the domain of a central government, and others are specifically reserved to the state governments.

The advantage of rigid constitution is that It guarantees permanence and stability
A rigid constitution protects the fundamental rights of the individual.  
A rigid constitution is good for a federal system, because neither the centre the federal units can easily change it to their advantage.

Freedom of speech was first of all granted by the First Amendment of the U.S.Constitution

The best-known power of the Supreme Court is judicial review, or the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution, is not found within the text of the Constitution itself. The Court established this doctrine in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Bureaucracies have four key characteristics that make their resemblance to beehives all the more apparent.

• A clear hierarchy - Bureaucracies have a firm chain of command. Every worker has his or her own place in the chain, and everyone's work is overseen by someone on the next level up. Power flows down from the top of the hierarchy and diminishes as it approaches the bottom. Just think of the beehive. The queen bee stands at the top, and each worker bee or drone has its own place in the hive's chain of command.
• Specialization - Everyone in a bureaucracy has a specific job to do and often becomes an expert at it. Bees have specific jobs, too, collecting pollen, making honey, or populating the hive.
• A division of labor - In a bureaucracy, nearly every task is broken down into its component parts, and different people work on different parts of the task. Together they get the job done, just like bees in a hive who divide their labor for maximum efficiency.
• A set of formal rules - These so-called standard operating procedures are the clear, written instructions for each specialized job at every level of the hierarchy. Workers who follow them can be sure that they are on the same page as their colleagues and are doing their jobs properly. According to beekeepers, bees, too, have a sophisticated system of communication that keeps their hives running smoothly.

Cumulative constitution is one which it is the result of gradual evolution

• Cumulative: The constitution is based on the collection of established customs, traditions, court actions, etc. over some period of time.
• Conventional: The constitution is created from the process of debate & deliberation intended to codify the founding ideals of a given society. An example of this would be the US Constitution.

A common modern definition of a republic is a government having a head of state who is not a monarch. Democracy is based on the concept of popular sovereignty. ... Parliamentary sovereignty refers to a representative democracy where the parliament is ultimately sovereign and not the executive power nor the judiciary.

Actual Executive Head as President of the government:not a member of the legislature
A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state, which is called president.
In presidential countries, the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature, which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. Such dismissal is possible, however, in uncommon cases, often through impeachment.

You cannot understand the difference between these two words without paying attention to their usage. The main difference between Ability and Capability is that ability is the skill to do something whereas capability is the extent of ability.