UGC NET Paper 2 Sociology Mock Test - 5 - UGC NET MCQ

Peer group is not an example of the institution. The peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence a person's beliefs and behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patterns of behaviour.

Jajmani system or Yajman system was an economic system most notably found in villages of India in which lower castes performed various functions for upper castes (Functional interdependence of castes) and received grain or other goods in return. It was an occupational division of labour involving a system of role-relationships that enabled Village social structure to be mostly self-sufficient.

Survey research is the most common example of a ‘macro’ method to gather data. A survey is probably the best-known sociological method, one that is now so much a part of modern public life that it has become commonplace.

A survey is an attempt to provide an overview. It is a comprehensive or wide-ranging perspective on some subject based on information obtained from a carefully chosen representative set of people. Such people are usually referred to as ‘respondents’ — they respond to questions asked of them by the researchers.

The survey’s main advantage as a social scientific method is that it allows us to generalise results for a large population while actually studying only a small portion of this population.

The correct answer is Particularism, Collectivism, Patriarchy.

Key Points

• Development is the process of taking a series of actions to enhance a society's social, political, and economic well-being and to enhance the standard of living for a country, region, local community, or individual per specific aims and objectives.
• According to Parsons, traditional beliefs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America operate as roadblocks to development and encompass the following:
  • Particularism
  • Collectivism
  • Patriarchy
  • Ascriptive values – Ascribed status and Fatalism

Additional Information

• For many years, Talcott Parsons (1902–82) ranked among the top sociologists in the world and was the best-known in the country. He developed a broad theoretical framework for a societal study known as structural functionalism.
• The majority of Parsons' analysis was formed in his significant writings, which include:
  • The Structure of Social Action (1937),
  • The Social System (1951),
  • Structure and Process in Modern Societies (1960),
  • Sociological Theory and Modern Society (1968),
  • Politics and Social Structure (1969).

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• A democratic wave is "a group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes that occur within a specified period of time and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite directions during that period of time," according to Huntington's definition in his 1991 book The Third Wave. 
• A process called "democratisation" aims to introduce, institutionalise, and consolidate democracy in non-democratic nations. The tremendous growth of democracy beginning in the middle of the 20th century drastically altered the global political landscape.
• The "wave of democratisation" that swept the world in the middle of the 1970s, on the other hand, compelled a fundamental rethink of this conventional understanding of "democratisation."
  • Free and fair elections were a goal in certain nations where it was thought that the "conditions" for democracy did not exist, such as in many developing nations.
  • In these nations, civil liberties and political rights that had previously been forbidden or curtailed were progressively granted. In other words, this wave of democratisation transformed the idea of "democracy" from being a "state of society" that can only be achieved by nations that have historically evolved particular conditions, to being an "institution" that was made up of people. A prime example is India.

    • When the focus of discussion was on the prerequisites for creating a "democratic society," as opposed to a "democracy," it was once thought that these conditions included things like the presence of a sizable middle class, along with a certain level of wealth and education, as well as a civil and political culture that was characterised by tolerance and moderation.

    • According to this logic, "democratisation" denotes the accomplishment of certain requirements in a particular society. If true, then only a select group of societies—i.e., developed nations—have the chance to undergo the economic and social structure transition known as modernity and have attained a specific level of affluence.

The correct answer is the 73rd constitutional amendment.

Key Points

• The main objective of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
  • To provide constitutional status to the panchayats.
  • It aimed at democratic decentralization of power and resources among the central government and local bodies.
• Article 40 of the Indian Constitution obligated the state governments to constitute panchayats and provide them such powers and functions so that they can work as a unit of self-government.​

Additional Information

• Important committees that were constituted for the establishment of the Panchayati raj system:
• Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1957: 
  • Constituted to monitor the functioning of the Community Development Program, 1952.
  • The committee suggested democratic decentralization that came to be known as the “Panchayati Raj System."
  • The committee also suggested a three-tier system at the village, block, and district levels.
• Sadiq Ali Committee, 1964: 
• Constituted to report on the working of gram sabha in Rajasthan.
• The Committee reported the following weaknesses: 
  • The main problem was the illiteracy of villagers. 
  • Poor representation of women.
  • Avoidance of meetings by the Sarpanch to escape questions.
  • Meetings are not being properly publicized.
• G.L. Vyas Committee, 1973:
  • Constituted in order to rectify the dysfunction in the system recommended compulsory attendance of Sarpanch in every meeting.
  • Statutory recognition of gram sabha.
  • Meetings should be in May-June and January-December, with compulsory attendance of patwari.
• Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977: 
  • The Committee recommended a two-tier system in panchayats.
  •  Regular social audits.
  •  Regular elections.
  •  Reservation of SCs and STs.
• G.V.K. Rao Committee, 1985: 
  • ​This Committee was the first committee to recommend providing constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• L. M. Singhvi Committee, 1986: 
  • This Committee recommended the establishment of Nyaya panchayats, enhancing the financial resources of panchayats.
  • The Committee also recommended the establishment of a separate judicial tribunal to deal with the cases regarding elections or any other matters of panchayats.

The correct answer is 2 and 4.

Key Points

• Democracy means rule by law.
• The word comes from the ancient word 'demos' meaning people and 'kratos' meaning to rule.
• A democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by people.
• A democratic government has a system of government in which the people have the power to participate in decision-making.
• The characteristics of democratic government in a diverse society are:
  • Freedom of speech
  • Periodic elections
  • Equality
  • Justice
  • Elected representatives
  • Rule of law

Additional Information

• Elections help people choose their representatives.
  • Elections are fundamental and the primary requirement of democracy.
  • It is an election where people use their power to elect or change their leaders.
  • Elected representatives serve the people, lead them, and make the rules.

 Thus, we can say that periodic elections and equality and justice are characteristics of a democratic government in a diverse society.

Peasant movements in rural India can be termed as an example of 'old' social movements.Important Points 

• Peasant movement is a social movement involving agricultural policy & peasants rights. 
• Peasant Atrocities, Massive Losses for Indian Industries & Unfavorable Policies are causes of Peasant Movements.

Additional Information 

• Ethnic movements are enacted with the intention of promoting or resisting social change. They are organized by groups who differ in origin, culture, language, religion, territory or phenotype.
• Regional Autonomy Movements deals with a right, authority, and obligation of an autonomous region to administer and organize itself the local government and public affairs in accordance with provisions of laws and regulations.
• Environmental movement include conservation and green politics, is a diverse philosophical, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.

The correct answer is the Gender Inequality Index (GII). ​

Key Points The Gender Inequality Index (GII) was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This replaced the previously used Gender Development Index (GDI).

The aim of the GII is to measure the loss of achievement within a country due to gender inequality, and it uses three dimensions to do so: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic status.

• Reproductive health is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates.
• Empowerment is assessed through two other indicators: the proportion of parliamentary seats held by each sex and the percentage of the population with at least some secondary education, divided by sex.
• Lastly, the economic status is measured through labor market participation rates, again divided by sex.
  • The outcome is an index that ranges from 0 to 1 with higher values representing higher inequality.
• The introduction of the GII represented an attempt to develop a more comprehensive understanding of gender inequality, moving beyond merely assessing women's participation in education and work (as the GDI did) to include considerations of health-related inequalities and empowerment.

​In the late nineteenth century, Modern liberalism is a type of social liberalism.

Key Points

​Minimal state:

• A state with the least possible amount of powers.
• It is a term used in political philosophy where the state's duties are so minimal that they cannot be reduced much further.
• The minimal state is a notion found within a particular variant of the limited-government variety of libertarianism.
• In the conception offered here, it was introduced by Robert Nozick, whose Anarchy, State, and Utopia is the most influential work supporting libertarianism by an American philosopher.
• Although Nozick criticized individualist anarchism, he did hold that the minimal state was the form of government that was morally justifiable.

Additional Information

• Positive liberalism is another name for modern liberalism.
• It blends beliefs in equality and civil liberties with a checked-and-validated market economy and advocacy for social justice.
• Modem Modern liberalism does embrace state interference as a cure-all for all the issues that society faces.
• Modern Liberalism is different from classical liberalism in terms of state interference in the life of individuals.

Therefore, the Minimal state is an aspect that does Modern Liberalism NOT believe in.

The correct answer is knowledge.

Key Points

• According to Michel Foucault, the purest form of power is "knowledge." In his view, power is not just held by those in positions of authority or by the state, but is dispersed throughout society and embedded in our everyday interactions and practices. Knowledge, therefore, is not neutral but is a form of power that is used to control and regulate individuals and groups. Foucault's theory of power emphasizes that power is not just repressive, but also productive, as it creates and shapes social norms, institutions, and subjectivities.

Additional Information

• Position refers to a particular place or role in a social hierarchy or organization. According to Foucault, power is not just held by those in positions of authority or by the state, but is dispersed throughout society and embedded in our everyday interactions and practices. While individuals in positions of authority may have power, power also operates in more subtle and pervasive ways in everyday life. ​
• Social status refers to the relative position or rank of an individual in a social hierarchy. According to Foucault, power is not just a matter of social status or rank, but is embedded in social practices and relationships. Social status may confer certain privileges or advantages, but power also operates in more subtle and pervasive ways in everyday life.
• Office refers to a formal position or role within an organization or institution, such as a government agency or a corporation. While individuals in formal positions of authority may have power, Foucault emphasizes that power is not just held by those in positions of authority or by the state, but is dispersed throughout society and embedded in our everyday interactions and practices.

The correct answer is the Mandal commission.Key Points

• The Mandal Commission or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of India.
• The commission developed 11 criteria to identify the backward classes who were called “Other Backward Classes” or OBCs. The criteria are classified as social, economic, and educational.
• The Commission reported that 52% of the country’s population was comprised of OBCs.
• Reservation of 27% of public sector and government jobs for OBCs for those who do not qualify on merit.

Additional Information

• Mukherjee Commission: In 1999, following a court order, the Indian government appointed retired Supreme Court judge Manoj Kumar Mukherjee to probe the death of Bose. The commission perused hundreds of files on Bose's death drawn from several countries and visited Japan, Russia, and Taiwan.
• Justice J.S. Verma Committee was constituted by the. Government to look into possible amendments in the Criminal Law to provide. for quicker trial and enhanced punishment for criminals committing sexual assault of extreme nature against women.
• Nanavati Commission: The report concluded that the train was attacked by thousands of Muslims from the Signal Falia area. The commission also concluded that there was no evidence regarding the involvement of any definite religious or political organization in the conspiracy

Thus, the Mandal commission was made by the government, related to backward classes.

Article 15(3) specifically allows the State to make special provisions for women and children.

Important PointsArticle 15:

• Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It states that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on these grounds.
• While Article 15(1) lays down the general principle of non-discrimination, Article 15(3) allows the State to make special provisions for women and children.
• This clause empowers the government to enact laws or implement policies that promote the welfare and empowerment of women and children, even if it involves differential treatment based on gender or age.
• The provision in Article 15(3) recognizes the historical and social disadvantages faced by women and children in India.
• It enables the State to implement affirmative action measures such as reservations, scholarships, and other welfare programs aimed at addressing gender disparities and ensuring the protection and development of women and children.

The correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• Development of Infrastructure: This refers to the improvement and creation of physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. It includes things like roads, bridges, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc. In the context of rural areas, good infrastructure can help facilitate economic development, improving access to markets, education, health services, and other opportunities.
• Agricultural Productivity: Agriculture remains a dominant sector in rural India, often serving as the primary source of income. Thus, policies aiming to improve technology, irrigation systems, access to quality seeds and fertilizers, etc., can significantly increase productivity and income, thereby improving living standards.
• Both A and B: This option suggests that both infrastructure development and increased agricultural productivity are crucial for rural development. Indeed, these two broad areas often intersect: better infrastructure can facilitate higher agricultural productivity by providing better access to markets and inputs, while increased agricultural productivity can generate wealth that contributes to further infrastructure development.
• Reducing Industrial Activities: This option seems counterintuitive, as industrial activities are typically encouraged for overall economic development. It might be relevant in specific contexts where industrial activities harm the environment or displace local activities without providing adequate compensation or alternative livelihoods. However, in most cases, rather than reducing industrial activities, the focus would be on ensuring environmentally and socially sustainable industrial development.

The correct answer is Individualism, Universalism, Legal and Administrative order.

Key Points

• Development is the process of taking a series of actions to enhance a society's social, political, and economic well-being and to enhance the standard of living for a country, region, local community, or individual per specific aims and objectives.
• According to Parsons, Western cultural norms that encouraged competition and economic prosperity include:
  • Individualism
  • Universalism
  • Legal and Administrative order
  • Achieved Status and Meritocracy

• For many years, Talcott Parsons (1902–82) ranked among the top sociologists in the world and was the best-known in the country. He developed a broad theoretical framework for a societal study known as structural functionalism.
• The majority of Parsons' analysis was formed in his significant writings, which include:
  • The Structure of Social Action (1937),
  • The Social System (1951),
  • Structure and Process in Modern Societies (1960),
  • Sociological Theory and Modern Society (1968),
  • Politics and Social Structure (1969).

The correct answer is Ragnar Nurkse.

Key Points

• Ragnar Nurkse, an economist, introduced the theory of the "vicious circle of poverty" in 1953 to explain the persistent low levels of economic activity in certain countries or regions. According to this theory, there are multiple interconnected factors that contribute to a self-reinforcing cycle of poverty and underdevelopment.
• The vicious circle of poverty theory suggests that several factors work together to create a cycle of poverty that is difficult to escape. These factors include low-income levels, low savings and investment rates, limited access to credit and financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient education and skills, and a lack of technological progress.
• The theory argues that when a country or region has low-income levels, it leads to limited savings and investment. Without sufficient savings and investment, there is a lack of capital accumulation, which hampers economic growth. This, in turn, results in low productivity and limited employment opportunities, leading to low-income levels for the population.
• Additionally, the theory highlights the importance of infrastructure development, such as transportation networks, power supply, and communication systems. Inadequate infrastructure can hinder economic activities and limit the ability of businesses to grow and compete effectively.

Additional Information

• Furthermore, the lack of access to education and skills development opportunities perpetuates low productivity levels, as individuals are unable to acquire the necessary knowledge and expertise to participate in higher-value economic activities. This leads to a persistent cycle of low-income jobs and limited opportunities for socioeconomic advancement.
• Overall, the vicious circle of poverty theory argues that these interconnected factors create a self-perpetuating cycle of poverty, where low-income levels contribute to low savings and investment, limited infrastructure, inadequate education and skills, and ultimately, continued low levels of economic activity.
• Breaking free from the vicious circle of poverty requires targeted interventions and policies that address these underlying factors. This may involve initiatives to promote savings and investment, improve infrastructure, enhance access to education and skills development, and foster technological progress.
• By addressing these factors comprehensively, countries can work towards breaking the cycle of poverty and achieving sustained economic growth and development.

Hence, the concept of the 'Vicious Circle of Poverty' is related to Ragnar Nurkse.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Key Points

• Labour Welfare – Aims and Objectives
  • Labour welfare aims at the total development of worker's personalities based on humanitarian grounds. It aims at helping the needy, the poor, and the most deserving community. A major objective of labor welfare is to minimize the exploitation of workers. Management wants efficient, productive, hardworking, sincere, and law-abiding workmen, which can be attracted by providing liberal welfare measures. Such measures also improve industrial relations in the industry.
• From various studies, the summarized objectives are to:
  • Provide social comfort to employees. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Support overall improvement of employees. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • Provide financial support indirectly to the employees. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • Contribute to developing a sense of responsibility and belongingness among employees. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
  • Improve working conditions at the workplace for employees.
  • Maintain and retain the existing workforce.
  • Reduce the rate of absenteeism from work and labor turnover from the job.
  • Improve lives of employees comfortable and happy.
  • Improve productivity and efficiency of employees at the workplace.
  • Provide healthy and proper working conditions.
  • Ensure betterment of employees and families and society as a whole.

The correct answer is Only Statement 2 and Statement 3 are correct.

Explanation: Neoliberalism challenges the realist assumption that international anarchy leads to conflict (Statement 1). It advocates for building international institutions to manage global issues and asserts that states can achieve mutual gains through cooperation and interdependence (Statement 2 and Statement 3).

Key PointsNeoliberalism, particularly in the context of international relations, presents a significant challenge to the realist assumption that international anarchy inherently leads to conflict. It does so by advocating a different view of how states interact and the possibilities for cooperation in the international system. To understand this, it's essential to first consider the core tenets of realism and then contrast them with the principles of neoliberalism.

Realism in International Relations

• Anarchical System: Realism views the international system as anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority above states. Each state is sovereign and operates in a self-help system.
• State-Centric: Realists focus on states as the primary actors in international relations, with national interests and security being paramount.
• Power and Security: The pursuit of power and security is seen as the central goal of states. Realists argue that states are driven by a desire to ensure their survival in an uncertain world.
• Zero-Sum Perspective: Interactions between states are often viewed as zero-sum, where gains for one state mean losses for another.
• Skepticism of International Cooperation: Realists are generally skeptical about the prospects for long-term international cooperation, as states are primarily concerned with relative gains and their own interests.

Neoliberalism in International Relations: Neoliberalism emerged as a response to the limitations of realism, and it challenges several of its key assumptions:

• Importance of International Institutions: Neoliberalism argues that international institutions and organizations play a critical role in fostering cooperation among states. These institutions can provide frameworks for cooperation, reduce uncertainties, and set norms and rules that guide state behavior.
• Mutual Gains and Interdependence: Contrary to the realist zero-sum perspective, neoliberals believe that international cooperation can lead to mutual gains. Economic interdependence, for instance, makes cooperation more attractive than conflict, as states stand to benefit more from maintaining peaceful, cooperative relations.
• Non-State Actors and Issues: Neoliberalism acknowledges the role of non-state actors (like multinational corporations, NGOs, and international organizations) in international relations. It also focuses on a broader range of issues beyond mere state security, including economic, environmental, and human rights concerns.
• Complex Interdependence: This concept, introduced by neoliberal scholars like Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, suggests that states are connected through multiple channels (both formal and informal), and there is no hierarchy of issues. This interdependence reduces the likelihood of conflict and increases the potential for cooperation.
• Relative vs. Absolute Gains: Neoliberalism is more concerned with absolute gains rather than relative gains. This means states are more interested in ensuring that they benefit from international interactions, not necessarily that they benefit more than other states.

Additional Information Neoliberalism challenges the realist view of anarchy leading inevitably to conflict by suggesting that:

• International anarchy does not preclude the possibility of cooperation.
• Interdependence and the role of international institutions can mitigate the anarchic nature of the international system.
• States can be driven by absolute gains and common interests, not just by power and security concerns.
• This perspective has influenced international relations theory and practice, leading to a greater emphasis on building and maintaining international institutions and on the pursuit of cooperative solutions to global challenges.

The correct answer is - A, B, C.

Important Points

• The passage describes village societies as having
  • close-knit relationships among inhabitants
  • relying heavily on social norms and customs to govern individuals' lives from birth to death
  • having significant governance roles played by village councils or assemblies, often composed of elders.
• There is no mention in the passage of industrial activities dominating the economy instead, the economy is indicated to be supported by agricultural practices or local crafts.

The correct answer is - Crime and alienation in burgeoning urban centers.

Important Points

• The themes of crime and alienation are mentioned as societal issues arising from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the 19th century but are not directly attributed to the work of Marx, Durkheim, or Weber.

The correct answer is - Auguste Comte - Introducing the term sociology and advocating for the application of scientific methods to study society.

Important Points

• Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology."
• He proposed that society, like the natural world, operates under its own set of laws.
• Comte emphasized the need to apply scientific methods to the study of society, laying the groundwork for sociology as a scientific discipline.

The correct answer is: Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.Key Points Assertion (A): Labor welfare improves the moral and mental conditions of the workers.

• This assertion states that providing labor welfare measures can lead to an improvement in the moral and mental conditions of the workers.
• This assertion is correct, as numerous studies have shown that workers who are provided with adequate welfare measures, such as insurance facilities, good working conditions, medical facilities, etc., are likely to be more satisfied with their job and have better mental health.
• When employers provide welfare measures, workers feel that they are being taken care of and valued, which can have a positive impact on their overall well-being.

Reason (R): Insurance facility and good working conditions create an atmosphere of security and feeling in insecurity is removed.

• This reason explains why labor welfare measures can have a positive impact on the mental and moral conditions of the workers.
• It states that providing insurance facilities and good working conditions can create an atmosphere of security, which can help in removing the feeling of insecurity among the workers.
• This reason is also correct, as workers who are provided with insurance and good working conditions are likely to feel more secure and valued, which can have a positive impact on their mental and moral conditions.

Important Points

• The reason why this answer is correct is that both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and logically connected.
  • Providing labor welfare measures can lead to an improvement in the moral and mental conditions of the workers, as workers feel that they are being taken care of and valued.
  • Insurance facilities and good working conditions can create an atmosphere of security, which can help in removing the feeling of insecurity among the workers. Therefore, the reason explains the assertion correctly.

In conclusion, the correct answer is that both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) explains the Assertion (A) correctly.

A. Robert K. Merton: In Social Theory and Social Structure (1949; rev. ed. 1968), Merton developed a theory of deviant behaviour based on different types of social adaptation. He defined the interrelationship between social theory and empirical research, advancing a structural-functional approach to the study of society and creating the concepts of manifest and latent function and dysfunction.

B. Emile Durkheim: The Rules of Sociological Method (French: Les Règles de la Méthode Sociologique) is a book by Émile Durkheim, first published in 1895. It is recognized as being the direct result of Durkheim's own project of establishing sociology as a positivist social science.

C. Talcott Parsons: In sociology, action theory is the theory of social action presented by the American theorist Talcott Parsons. Parsons established action theory to integrate the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors.

D. Marion J. Levy: Levy was an advocate of structural-functionalism in sociology. His two-volume Modernization and the Structure of Societies was a systematic statement of modernization theory. Levy also produced analytic works on Chinese and Japanese history.

Kinship serves as a unifying element in the tribal society refers to the culturally defined relationships between individuals who are commonly thought of as having family ties. All societies use kinship as a basis for forming social groups and for classifying people. However, there is a great amount of variability in kinship rules and patterns around the world.

Abstract Sentiments are provide a focus for allegiance.

• Sentiments pervade daily life and are found in several artistic forms: music, poetry, literature, and painting.
• Types of sentiments include “positive”, “negative” and “neutral” along with more intense emotions like angry, happy and sad or interest or not interested etc; while abstract sentiments provide a focus for allegiance.

Occupation is one of the following is not an ascribed status. Ascribed status is a term used in sociology that refers to the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is the opposite of ascribed status and reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. An individual's occupation tends to fall under the category of an achieved status for example, a teacher or a firefighter.

Ethnography, Welfare, Development, Empowerment is the sequence of perspectives on gender and development in India.

Gender and development is an interdisciplinary field of research and applied study that implements a feminist approach to understanding and addressing the disparate impact that economic development and globalization have on people based upon their location, gender, class background, and other socio-political identities.

Carbon dioxide is one of the most important of Earth’s long-lived greenhouse gases. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by about 30% since pre-industrial times. Some of the main reasons are Human activities, industrialization, and population growth.

1. Lewis Coser’s theoretical proposition is focused on finding the functions of social conflict in society.
2. He argued that the conflict might serve to solidify a loosely structured group.
3. In a society that seems to be disintegrating, conflict with another society, intergroup conflict may restore the integrative core.