VITEEE Biology Test - 4 - JEE MCQ

C4 plants typically reach saturation in photosynthesis at around 360 µlL-1 of CO2 concentration, beyond which their photosynthetic rates do not increase significantly.

In the scenario of co-dominance where both I^A and I^B alleles are present, they express their own types of sugars simultaneously. This occurrence is due to the unique nature of co-dominance, where neither allele suppresses the other, resulting in the expression of both sugar types. This leads to red blood cells displaying both A and B types of sugars, showcasing a co-dominant inheritance pattern.

Line in NCERT: "But when I A and B are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance."

The groups of letters that form same words when read both forward and backward are called Palindrome. For example MALYALAM which read same from both side.

High blood calcium levels can lead to hypercalciuria, which is the excretion of excess calcium in the urine.
Excess PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream, weakening the bones and potentially leading to osteoporosis.
High levels of calcium in the blood can lead to calcification in the kidneys, causing kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis.
Therefore the correct option is B : i), ii), iv)

Cockroaches utilize their compound eyes for nocturnal vision. These eyes are made up of numerous ommatidia, each capable of capturing a part of the visual field, which helps them navigate and detect movement in low-light conditions. Antennae and palps are sensory organs used for touch and chemical detection, not for vision.

The meiocytecell are diploid so, haploid cell will contain 16 chromosomes. The endosperm cell are formed by fusion of two polar nuclei and one male gametes so, endosperm cells are triploid that will contain 16x3= 48 chromosomes.

(a) Centriole - In organisms with flagella and cilia, the position of these organelles is determined by the mother centriole which becomes the basal body.
(b) Chlorophyll - Chlorophyll molecules are specially arranged in and around photosystem that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast.
(c) Cristae - These are fold in the inner membrane of mitochondria, which provide a large amount of surface area for chemical reaction.
(d) Ribozymes (Ribonucleic acid enzyme) - It is an RNA molecule that is capable of catalysing specific biochemical reactions of nucleic acids.

Binomial nomenclature means that the scientific name of any organism consist of a generic epithet and a specific epithet. Binomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeus.

• Origin of replication is the specific DNA sequence on chromosome that which is responsible for initiating replication.
• Origin of replication is essential for replication of particular DNA segment.

• Statement 1: The tumour-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) acts as a cloning vector in recombinant DNA technology.
  The Ti plasmid, derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is widely used in recombinant DNA technology as a cloning vector to deliver genes into plant cells. The T-DNA (transfer DNA) region of the Ti plasmid is modified to carry the desired gene, which is then transferred into the plant genome. This statement is correct.
• Statement 2: The Ti plasmid, which is used in the mechanisms of delivering genes to a cell, remains pathogenic.
  In its natural form, the Ti plasmid is pathogenic because it causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring T-DNA, which includes genes that induce tumor formation. However, in recombinant DNA technology, the Ti plasmid is modified by removing the tumor-inducing genes (oncogenes) from the T-DNA region, replacing them with the gene of interest. This modified Ti plasmid is no longer pathogenic; it is disarmed to prevent tumor formation while retaining its ability to transfer DNA. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer:

b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect

MCQ Solution:

• a) Incorrect: Statement 2 is incorrect, so both cannot be correct.
• b) Correct: Statement 1 is true (Ti plasmid is used as a cloning vector), but Statement 2 is false (the modified Ti plasmid is not pathogenic).
• c) Incorrect: Statement 1 is correct, not incorrect.
• d) Incorrect: Statement 1 is correct, so both are not incorrect.

Thus, the correct answer is b).

Corpus luteum is the structure which is formed by the follicles after the egg is released from the Graafian follicle. This is a yellow coloured structure which is present in the ovary. The corpus luteum is the structure which is responsible for the release of the hormone progesterone. This is known as the pregnancy hormone which causes changes in the ovary and increasing the cell lining in the uterus. The hormone helps in maintaining pregnancy. 

Anal cerci in cockroaches are sensory organs located at the rear of their abdomens, primarily used to detect air movements and vibrations. This feature helps them sense approaching threats and respond quickly, which is critical for their survival, especially given their nocturnal lifestyle. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as the anal cerci do not participate in digestion, reproduction, or excretion.

At electrical synapse, the transfer of impulse occurs by purely electrical means without involving any neurotransmitter.

Topic in NCERT: Transmission of Impulses

Line in NCERT: "At electrical synapses, the membranes of pre- and post-synaptic neurons are in very close proximity. Electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other across these synapses."

The correct sequence for the pathway of a secretory product typically follows these steps:

Synthesis in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - Proteins are synthesized and undergo initial modifications.
Transport via Vesicles - Proteins are packed into vesicles that bud off from the RER.
Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus (GB) - Vesicles fuse with the cis face of the Golgi body, where further modification of proteins occurs.
Transit Through Golgi Apparatus - Proteins move from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi, undergoing further modifications.
Vesicles to Plasma Membrane - Finished proteins are packaged into vesicles that bud off from the trans face of the Golgi and are transported to the plasma membrane.
Therefore, Option A accurately describes the typical secretory pathway, starting from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), moving through the Golgi body from the cis to the trans region, and finally to the plasma membrane.

Topic in NCERT: Golgi apparatus

Line in NCERT: "Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse with the cis face of the golgi apparatus and move towards the maturing face."

• Apomixis is the process by which seeds develop without fertilisation.
• This takes place when the megaspore mother cell does not undergo meiosis or a cell from the nucellus develops into the embryo.

• Microbes are  used in the production of antiviral drugs and the production of inorganic fertilizers but not extensively.
• Although, microbes are used in converting milk into curd, antibiotic production, sewage treatment, bread and cheese industry etc.

Hence, the correct option is C.
NCERT Reference: Topic- MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT” and  MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS” of chapter "Microbes in Human Welfare" of NCERT.  

Topic in NCERT: Microbes in industrial products

Line in NCERT: "microbes are used to produce industrial products like lactic acid, acetic acid and alcohol, which are used in a variety of processes in the industry."

• The vas deferens is a continuation of the cauda epididymis (tail part of epididymis).
• It is about 40 cm long and slightly coiled at first, but it becomes straight as it enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
• Here, it passes over the urinary bladder, curves around the ureter and joins a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
• These ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through urethra.

Pyramids of biomass are comparatively more fundamental, as they, instead of geometric factor, show the quantitative relationships of the standing crops. In grassland and forest, there is generally a gradual decrease in biomass of organisms at successive levels from the producers to the top carnivores. Thus, pyramids of biomass and number are upright in terrestrial ecosystems.

Transferases are enzymes that facilitate the transfer of functional groups from one substrate to another, which is essential for various metabolic processes.

• The given diagram shows the arm along with the shoulder and a few of the ribs.
• Radius and ulna are the bones of the lower arm.
• Here, the ulna is shown.
• Tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg.

In most ecosystems, the primary producers (plants) form the base of the pyramid and have the highest numbers, as they support all other trophic levels.

Both secondary spermatocyte and spermatid are haploid cells. Secondary spermatocytes contain duplicated chromosomes with two chromatids, but spermatids contain only one chromatid after separation in anaphase II of meiosis II. Spermatids get transformed into spermatozoa or sperm.

mRNA has methylated region at the 5' terminus. It functions as a cap for attachment with ribosome. Cap is followed by an initiation codon (AUG) either immediately or after a small non-coding leader region. Then there is coding region followed by termination codons (UAA, UAG OF UGA). After termination codon there is a small non-coding trailer region and poly A area at the 3' terminus. These leader and trailer regions are called UTRs (Untranslated regions). Cap at 5' end and poly-A tail at 3' end also serves to protect mRNA from enzymatic decay.

NCERT Topic: mRNA structure and function

NCERT Line: "Methylated cap, Non-coding region, coding region, Poly A tail"

Transgenic organisms produce useful biological products. Human protein α-1-antitrypsin is used to treat emphysema is also obtained from transgenic animal.

Colostrum is the first secreted milk. It is low in fat and high in carbohydrates, proteins and antibodies in order to keep the baby healthy.

• Having two antibiotic resistance genes in the same plasmid helps in identifying transformants.
• Transformants take up the plasmid and also integrate it into recombinant DNA.