Test: Reproductive Problems and Strategies - NEET MCQ

The programs designed to achieve total reproductive health as a social goal at the national level are generally called "Family planning." These programs aim to provide education, medical care, and services related to contraception, reproductive system health, and childbearing. They focus on enabling individuals and couples to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information and means to do so. This encompasses more than just contraception, including a wide array of reproductive health services.

Line in NCERT: "India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate action plans and programmes at a national level to attain total reproductive health as a social goal. These programmes called ‘family planning' were initiated in 1951 and were periodically assessed over the past decades."

Option A: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection – INCORRECT

• In Intracytoplasmic sperm injection or ICSI, the partner's sperm is placed inside the egg with the help of a microscopic needle.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option B: Intrauterine transfer – INCORRECT

• In intrauterine transfer, Invitro fertilization is done by collecting the ova and sperm, and then the zygote is transferred inside the woman for further growth.
• But in the above case, the male is having a very low sperm count, hence, this option is incorrect.

Option C: Gamete intracytoplasmic fallopian transfer – INCORRECT

• Gamete intracytoplasmic fallopian transfer or GIFT is the transfer of the ovum.
• Hence, this technique deals with the infertility of women.

Option D: Artificial Insemination – INCORRECT

• Infertility cases because of the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or because of the very low sperm count in the ejaculates could be corrected by artificial insemination (AI).
• Hence this option is correct.

​So, the correct answer is option D).

Line in NCERT: "Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates, could be corrected by artificial insemination (AI) technique."

The purpose of sex education is to provide the students with correct information about sex-related aspects and also to discourage any myths and misconceptions.

Line in NCERT: "Introduction of sex education in schools should also be encouraged to provide right information to the young so as to discourage children from believing in myths and having misconceptions about sex-related aspects."

In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum whereas in tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

Line in NCERT: "whereas in tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed (Figure 3.4b) or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina."

Administration of progestogens or progestogen%2Destrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.

Line in NCERT: "Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse."

• Diaphragms are barrier methods of contraception. They cover the cervix and block the entry of sperm.
• Contraceptive pills are preparations containing either progestogens alone or a combination of progestogen and estrogen. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperms.
• Intrauterine devices increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
• Lactational amenorrhea is a natural method of contraception and it is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Line in NCERT: Not Found

To determine which indicators reflect improved reproductive health, consider the following:

• (a) More couples with larger families: This is not an indicator of improved reproductive health, as larger family sizes can be associated with higher birth rates and potentially lower access to family planning resources.

• (b) Better detection and cure of STIs: Improved detection and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are indicators of better reproductive health, as it enhances overall sexual health and reduces the spread of infections.

• (c) Better post-natal care: Enhanced post-natal care is a significant indicator of improved reproductive health, as it contributes to the health and well-being of both mothers and newborns.

• (d) Increased number of medically assisted deliveries: More medically assisted deliveries, such as those attended by trained professionals, indicate improved reproductive health as they contribute to safer childbirth practices.

• (e) Increased IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): An increased IMR indicates poorer reproductive health, as it reflects higher rates of infant deaths.

Thus, the indicators of improved reproductive health are (b), (c), and (d). Therefore, the correct option is Option 2: Three.

Line in NCERT: "assisted deliveries and better post-natal care leading to decreased maternal and infant mortality rates, increased number of couples with small families, better detection and cure of STDs and overall increased medical facilities for all sex-related problems, etc. all indicate improved reproductive health of the society."

The primary objective of the Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programs in India is to create awareness among people about various reproduction-related aspects. These programs aim to provide facilities and support for building a reproductively healthy society by educating individuals about reproductive organs, safe sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and more. Increasing awareness helps individuals make informed decisions about their reproductive health, contributing to a socially responsible and healthy society.

Line in NCERT: "Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society are the major tasks under these programmes."

Assertion (A) is partially true. In many regions, including India, amniocentesis is restricted or banned for sex determination purposes due to misuse for female foeticide. However, amniocentesis itself is not universally banned but regulated, especially when used for detecting genetic abnormalities.

Reason (R) is true. Amniocentesis is indeed used to obtain information about foetal abnormalities by analyzing the amniotic fluid for chromosomal and genetic disorders.

Explanation: While amniocentesis is banned or regulated in some contexts to prevent sex-selective abortions, it remains a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting foetal abnormalities. The ban is not due to the test’s ability to detect abnormalities but rather to prevent misuse for gender determination. Thus, both statements are true, but (R) does not directly explain (A) completely.


 

Line in NCERT: "Statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination to legally check increasing menace of female foeticides."

(a) Legalisation of MTP in India: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act was legalized in India in 1971 (ii).
(b) Initiation of ‘family planning programs’: Family planning programs were officially initiated in India in 1951 (iv).
(c) India’s population reached 1.2 billion: India's population reached approximately 1.2 billion by 2011 (iii).
(d) MTP amendment act: The latest amendment to the MTP Act occurred in 2017 (i).
Thus, the correct matching is:

(a) - (ii)
(b) - (iv)
(c) - (iii)
(d) - (i)
Therefore, the correct option is Option C: (ii) (iv) (iii) (i).

Line in NCERT: "Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse."