MPTET Varg 1 Chemistry Mock Test - 4 - MPTET MCQ

हमेशा बहुवचन में प्रयुक्त होने वाला शब्द है: 'अमीर'।

• उदाहरण- वह अमीर है, वे अमीर हैं।
• दोनों में प्रयुक्त हो सकता है।

स्पष्टीकरण
अन्य विकल्प
सामग्री - एकवचन शब्द का वाक्य प्रयोग – हवन के लिए सामग्री कम पड़ेगी।
बहुवचन शब्द का वाक्य प्रयोग – पूजा के लिए सभी आवश्यक सामग्री आ गई है।
नारी - एकवचन शब्द का वाक्य प्रयोग – नारी की अवहेलना भगवान का अपमान है।
बहुवचन शब्द का वाक्य प्रयोग – आज की नारियाँ पुरुषों से किसी मामले में कम नही।
अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु

"लक्ष्मी + छाया" का संधि-पद का सही उदाहरण होगा- 'व्यंजन संधि'

• लक्ष्मी + छाया = लक्ष्मीच्छाया (ई + छ = च्छ)
• (स्वर के बाद अगर छ् वर्ण आ जाए तो छ् से पहले च् वर्ण बढ़ा दिया जाता है।)

व्यंजन संधि:-

• जब संधि करते समय व्यंजन के साथ स्वर या कोई व्यंजन के मिलने से जो रूप में परिवर्तन होता है, उसे ही व्यंजन संधि कहते हैं।

उदाहरण-

• आ + छादन = आच्छादन
• संधि + छेद = संधिच्छेद

स्पष्टीकरण
व्यंजन संधि के अन्य उदाहरण:-

• उत् + नति = उन्नति
• सत् + जन = सज्जन
• सम् + योग = संयोग
• दिक् + अम्बर = दिगम्बर
• अभी + सेक = अभिषेक

महत्वपूर्णबिंदु
दीर्घ संधि:-

• जब दो शब्दों की संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (अ, आ) हो तो ‘आ‘ बनता है,
• जब (इ, ई) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो ‘ई‘ बनता है, जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो ‘ऊ‘ बनता है, तो उसे दीर्घ संधि कहते है।

उदाहरण-

• विद्या + अभ्यास = विद्याभ्यास (आ + अ = आ)
• कवि + ईश्वर = कवीश्वर (इ + ई = ई)
• वधु + उत्सव = वधूत्सव (उ + उ = ऊ)

विसर्ग:-

• जब संधि करते समय विसर्ग के बाद स्वर या व्यंजन वर्ण के आने से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) उत्पन्न होता है, हम उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं। 

उदाहरण-

• नि: + चल = निश्चल
• मनः + भाव = मनोभाव
• निः + गुण = निर्गुण
• अतः + एव = अतएव

यण संधि:-

• जब संधि करते समय (इ, ई) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘य‘ बन जाता है,
• जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘व‘ बन जाता है, जब (ऋ) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘र्‘ बनता है, तो उसे यण संधि कहते है। 

उदाहरण-

• अधि + अयन = अध्ययन (इ + अ = य)
• अनु + एषण = अन्वेषण (उ + ए = वे)
• मातृ + आज्ञा = मात्राज्ञा (ऋ + आ = र्)

'ओस का मोती होना' मुहावरे का उचित अर्थ है - 'शीघ्र नष्ट हो जाने वाला सौन्दर्य'

• वाक्य प्रयोग- काँच की चीज़े बहुत संभल कर रखनी पड़ती है क्योंकि काँच की चीज़े "ओस के मोती की तरह होती है"।

स्पष्टीकरण

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है
• जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु
कुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-

• ककड़ी-खीरा समझना - किसी व्यक्ति को नगण्य या तुच्छ समझना।

वाक्य प्रयोग - हर किसी को "ककड़ी खीरा की तरह समझना" छोड़ दो, वक्त आने पर कोई भी इंसान काम आ सकता है।

• एक आँख से देखना - सबको बराबर समझना।

वाक्य प्रयोग - हमारी माता हम सब भाइयों को "एक आँख से देखती है"।

• गाजर-मूली या सांग-पात समझना - तुच्छ या निर्बल समझना

वाक्य प्रयोग - राजीव तुम हमें गाजर-मूली समझने की भूल न करो। हमें मारना इतना आसान नहीं है।

• दिल बाग-बाग होना - अत्यधिक हर्ष होना

वाक्य प्रयोग - वर्षों बाद बेटा घर आया तो माता-पिता का "दिल बाग-बाग हो गया"।

• गड़े मुर्दे उखाड़ना - दबी हुई बात फिर से उभारना

वाक्य प्रयोग - जो हुआ सो हुआ, अब "गड़े मुर्दे उखाड़ने" से क्या लाभ?

• अंतड़ियों में बल पड़ना - संकट में पड़ना

वाक्य प्रयोग - अपने दोस्त को चोरों से बचाने के चक्कर में, मैं ही पकड़ा गया और मेरी ही "अंतड़ियों में बल पड़ गए"।

The correct answer is 26 January 1950.

Explanation

• The Indian Constitution, which came into effect on 26 January 1950, has the dubious distinction of being the longest in the world.
• The Constitution of India was framed between December 1946 and November 1949. During this time its drafts were discussed clause by clause in the Constituent Assembly of India.
• In all, the Assembly held eleven sessions, with sittings spread over 165 days.
• The Constituent Assembly had 300 members. Of these, six members played particularly important roles. Three were representatives of the Congress, namely, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel, and Rajendra Prasad.
• Besides this Congress trio, a very important member of the Assembly was the lawyer and economist B.R. Ambedkar. Serving with him were two other
  lawyers, K.M. Munshi from Gujarat and Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar from Madras.

• These six members were given vital assistance by two civil servants. One was B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor to the Government of India, and the other was the Chief Draughtsman, S. N. Mukherjee.

Hence, we conclude that the Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.

Important Points

Timeline of Formation of the Constitution of India

The Harp, Guitar, Sarangi are stringed instruments. While Flute is wind instrument.

Hence, the correct answer is Flute.

Communication is an act of simple transferring of information from one place, person, or group to another. Every communication process involves a sender, at least one is needed but more than one is also possible, a message and a recipient, which also can be more than one. The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be influenced by a great range of things. This range includes emotion, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even the location.
Interpersonal Communication

• The process by which people exchange messages that could be information, feeling, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal mediums.
• It is a face-to-face communication
• Interpersonal communication is not only focused on verbal messages but also focuses on the non-verbal messages sent through tone, facial expression, gestures, etc.

Group Communication

• The interaction and exchange of messages or information between people who are alike in terms of culture, geographical location, linguistic, on the basis of shared similarity they have formed a group are called Group Communication.
• Whereas when this type of communication happens in an organization, it is defined as a mode by which the employees and employer, team members communicate with each other.

Mass Communication

• The exchange and imparting of information to a large segment of the population through mass media is called Mass Communication.
• As it focuses on particular resources to transmit information to the receiver it is differentiated from interpersonal and organizational communication.
• Mass communication is accounted for as a process of extensive circulation of information within regions and across the globe. This means it is not necessary that the receiver share the same time and space as it communicates across the globe.

Verbal Communication

• Verbal communication is classified as the use of words to share information.
• It can include both spoken and written communication.

​Therefore, in Mass communication, the sender and receiver very rarely share the same time and space continuum and interact in a considerable way.

Communicating information effectively by making use of appropriate technology is called Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

• It is an umbrella term that includes many communication devices such as radio, television, cellular phones, computers and network, satellite systems and so on.
• It is defined, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information."

Important Points

Two objectives of ICT are:

• To establish smart schools
  • ICT allows schools to use advanced technology and equipment in classrooms to give students a better learning experience.
  • These schools use gadgets such as laptops, teaching screens, and projectors to add a visual effect to learning.
• To increase the capacity of teachers
  • The concept of capacity building in education includes various aspects ranging from training teachers, developing the digital contents, implementing basic ICT infrastructure (computers and networking) and putting in place well-designed local ICT policies.
  • It helps teachers to interact with students.
  • It helps them in preparing their teaching, provide feedback.

Thus, it is clear that the objective of ICT is to establish smart schools and to increase the capacity of teachers.

Other Related Points

Advantages of using ICT in education:

• It is of great use in achieving various objectives of the teaching-learning process.
• It provides correct information in a comprehensive manner with different examples.
• It helps learners to broaden their information base.
• It provides variety in the presentation of content, which helps learners to learn according to their own pace.
• It helps in better understanding and long retention of information.

Concept:
Alcohol dehydration:

• Alcohols can undergo dehydration (i.e, removal of a molecule of water) to form alkenes.
• This is possible in the treatment of alcohol with a protic acid.

E.g., con.H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄, or catalysts like anhydrous zinc chloride or alumina.

• The relative ease of alcohol dehydration follows the below order:
  Tertiary alcohol > Secondary alcohol > Primary alcohol

Carbocation:

• It is formerly called carbonium ion.
• It is a cationic reaction intermediate species that has a carbon atom that bears a +ve charge.
• A carbocation is two electrons short for completing its octet.

E.g., methyl cation, ethyl cation, isopropyl cation, etc.
Stability of alkyl cations:
The stability can be explained on the basis of the inductive effect.

• The alkyl groups show an electron-releasing inductive effect (+I effect) in the direction of the +ve charge in a carbocation.
• Through the +I effect, an alkyl group thus disperses the +ve charge, thereby stabilizing the carbocation.
• The greater the no: of alkyl groups attached to the +ve carbon, the greater would be the dispersal of charge.
• Hence, the greater would be the stability of the carbocation.

The relative stability of carbocation formed follows the order given below:

Explanation:
The carbonium ion or carbocation formed on dehydration of given alcohols are as follows:
1.
2,
3. 
4. 
The increasing order of stability of carbocation is:
1^o > 2^o > 3^o
On the basis of the Inductive (+I) effect, among the above carbocations formed by dehydration, the most stable is the tertiary carbocation.
Hence, (t-Butyl alcohol) on dehydration forms the most stable (t-Butyl cation [3°]) carbonium ion.
Additional Information
Alcohol Dehydration:
The mechanism of dehydration of alcohol (eg: ethanol) involves the following steps:
Step 1: Formation of protonated alcohol.

Step 2: Carbocation formation: It is the slowest step and hence, the rate-determining step of the reaction.

Step 3: Formation of ethene by the elimination of a proton. The acid utilized in step 1 is released in step 3. The equilibrium shifts to the right when ethene is removed as it is formed.

Electron Gain Enthalpy:-

• The amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom is known as electron gain enthalpy.
• Energy can be released or absorbed with the addition of an electron.
• When an electron is added to an atom, energy is released. As a result, the enthalpy of electron gain is negative.
• Halogens have a negative electron gain enthalpy because they can accept an additional electron to attain the nearest stable noble gas structure.
• If the atom is eager to gain an electron, i.e., it has a positive tendency to gain an electron and is forced to accept it, its electron gain enthalpy is negative.
• If the atom is hesitant to gain an electron, i.e., it has a negative tendency to gain an electron and is forced to accept it, its electron gain enthalpy is positive.
• The electron gain enthalpy of Group-16 elements is very high.
• Because of its compact form (small size), oxygen has a lower negative electron gain enthalpy.

The electron gain enthalpy grows less negative from sulphur onwards until it reaches polonium.

From the Table, it is clear that the order of Electron gain enthalpy is:
⇒ O < Po < Te < Se < S
So the Correct Order option is Option 1.
Other Related Points

• In 1913, Henry Moseley discovered the fact that the atomic number is the most fundamental property of an element.
• The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom.
• Main Group Elements: The elements of Group 1,2 and Group13-17 of the periodic table are called representative or main group elements. The outermost shells of these elements are incomplete, as a result, their outermost shell has less than 8 electrons making them unstable.
• Non-metals: Non-metals occupy the right-hand portion of the periodic table. Strong non-metallic elements i.e., halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At) and Chalkogens (O, S, Se, Te, Po), etc occupy groups 17 and 16.

Concept:

• The rate of a reaction is concerned with a decrease in the concentration of reactants or an increase in the concentration of products per unit of time.
• It can be expressed as an instantaneous rate at a particular instant of time and an average rate over a large interval of time.
• The order of a reaction is the sum of all such powers of concentration of terms for different reactants.
• The rate constant is the proportionality factor in the rate law.
• The rate constant and order of a reaction can be determined from rate law or its integrated rate equation.

Calculation:

Reaction:

a→b

Rate of reaction = k [A]_n

• R1 = k [a]_n
• ⇒2 = [2]_n
• ⇒n = 1
• R2 = k [b]_n
• ⇒4 = [2]_n
• ⇒n = 2

Thus, the order of reaction with respect to a and b is 1 and 2.

Antibiotics:

• Antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and replication of a bacterium or by killing it.
• Antibiotics help in treating several different types of bacterial infections, including parasitic and some fungal infections.
• However, antibiotics do not work on viruses because viruses are not living organisms.
• Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin.

Analgesic:

• Analgesics is a drug that is basically used to get relief from pain, in simple words, it is a pain killer. e.g.: aspirin.

Antiseptic:

• It is an antimicrobial substance that reduces the growth of microbes.
• it is used on the skin, wounds, etc to protect from microorganisms. e.g. : chloroxylenol.

Antipyretic

• Antipyretic are those drug that reduces fever. e.g.: paracetamol.

Explanation:

• Now the mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol is popularly known as Dettol.
• We know Dettol is used on the skin to protect the skin and to wash the wound to kill the microorganism.
• So the mixture is an antiseptic.
• So the correct option is (3).

Concept:

• Diborane is a type of boron hydride, which is a compound of boron and hydrogen.
• The chemical formula of diborane is B₂H_6., i.e., two boron atoms and six hydrogen atoms, hence it is also known as diboron hexahydride.
• The hybridization of the boron atom in diborane is sp³ and has four hybrid orbitals.
• The structure of diborane is so that the four terminal hydrogen atoms and the two boron atoms lie in a single plane.
• There are two types of bonding in diborane, 2-center-2-electron bonds, and 3-center-2-electron bonds.
• The four terminal B-H bonds have a 2-center-2-electron bond and the central B-H-B have a 3-center-2-electron bond.
• The 3-center-2-electron bond is also called a banana bond.

Hence, from the above explanation, the incorrect statement about diborane is (1) Both the Boron atoms are sp2 hybridized.

Concept:

• Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent.
• An increase in pressure results in more gas particles entering the liquid in order to decrease the partial pressure.
• Therefore, the solubility would increase.
• The solubility of a gas in water depends on temperature, the partial pressure of the gas over the liquid, the nature of the water and the nature of the gas.

Explanation:

• Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
• The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”.
• This is expressed as: p = K_H.x
• Where- K_H is the Henry’s law constant.
• KH values increase with the increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases increases with the decrease of temperature.
• When the value of K_H​ increases, the solubility of the gas at a given pressure decreases.
• Hence, the correct order of solubility of gases is Ar < CO₂ < CH₄ < HCHO

Conclusion:
Thus, correct order of solubility of gases is Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO.

The correct answer is - 1) Increasing the temperature

Concept:

• Rate of the reaction- The rate of reaction is basically the speed at which the product is formed from the reactants in a chemical reaction.
• The reaction rate for a given chemical reaction is the measure of the change in concentration of the reactants or the change in concentration of the products per unit of time.​
• Rate law- A rate law is an expression that relates the rate of the reaction to the rate constant and the concentrations of the reactants.
• Rate constant- It is a proportionality constant for a given reaction.
• Rate = k [A]x[B]y

Explanation:

Effect of concentration of reactant on the rate constant-

• The rate constant is independent of the concentration of the reactant.

Effect of temperature on the rate constant-

• Temperature is considered a major factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction.
• According to the Arrhenius equation, with the increase in temperature, the rate of the reaction and the value of the rate constant increases.

Therefore, the rate of the reaction 2NO + Cl2 → 2NOCl is given by the rate equation, rate = K {NO}2PCI2]. The value of the rate constant can be increased by: Increasing the temperature.

The Correct answer is Option 3.
Other Related Points
Drugs -

• Drugs are the chemical substances used to treat diseases or reduce pain in our body are called the drugs. There is various kind of drugs specific to their function in the body. These are -

Antacid -

• Sometimes due to indigestion or some other reason over stomach releases excess acid (HCl) in our stomach, which causes irritation or an upset stomach.
• Generally using the term acidity for this excess acid in the stomach.
• The drug which neutralizes this excess acid is generally a base called Antacids.
• A common example of antacids is - Milk of magnesia.

Antihistamines -

• During the course of an allergic reaction in our body histamine is released which affects the histamine receptors by binding on their active site.
• A drug that reduces the effect of histamines in our body is called antihistamines.
• Benadryl use in allergic infections is an antihistamine.

Analgesics -

• these are the drugs generally called painkillers.
• Analgesics are used to get relief from pain such as headache or joint pain.
• Common examples of analgesics are aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.

Antimicrobials -

• Sometimes micro-organisms such as bacteria, and viruses enter our body by any means and start disturbing the normal functioning of the body.
• Drugs that inhibit the growth of such micro-organisms either by killing them or blocking their activity are called antimicrobials.
• Common examples are penicillin, dettol, etc.

Important Points

1. Cimetidine - Cimetidine is an antacid used to treat ulcers in the stomach caused by heartburn from food.
   • It acts as an antacid used to neutralize the excess acid released by the stomach.
   • It can thus prevent serious damage to the digestive system caused by excess acid in the stomach.
2. Seldane - Seldane is an antihistamine used in serious allergic conditions that cause inflammation.
   • It gives relief to itching, allergic cold, and sneezing.
3. Morphine -Morphine is an analgesic more correctly a narcotic analgesic used to treat mild to serious pain.
   • It directly affects the nervous system of the body.
4. Salvarsan - Salvarsan is the first modern antimicrobial drug.
   • It is used in the treatment of syphilis disease.

After matching the given drug accordingly, we get - (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i).
So, the correct option is 3.

Correct answer: 2)

Concept:

• Postulates of Bohr's model:
• An atom consists of a small, heavy, positively charged nucleus in the center and the electrons revolve around it in circular orbits.
• Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called energy levels or stationary states.
• Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which have fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an atom can have only certain definite values of energy and not any of their own.
• Thus, the energy of an electron is quantized.
• Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in an atom can have certain definite values and not any value of their own.

Explanation:

• The Bohr model of the atom can explain only the spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron like hydrogen atom or hydrogen-like species which are He⁺, Li²⁺, Be³⁺.
• The Bohr model failed as the model could not explain the spectra of atoms or ions having two or more electrons.
• Some other drawbacks of Bohr's model are:
• Inability to explain the splitting of lines in the magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) and in the electric field (Stark Effect).
• If the source emitting the radiation is placed in the magnetic or electric field, it is observed that each spectral line splits up into a number of lines.
• The splitting of spectral lines in the magnetic field is known as Zeeman Effect while splitting of spectral lines in an electric field is known as Stark Effect.
• It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by covalent bonds.
• It could not explain the dual behavior of matter and also contradicts Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

Conclusion:

Thus, Bohr’s model can explain the spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron only.

XeO₂F₂ Molecular Geometry And Bond Angles:
XeO₂F₂ molecular geometry is originally said to be trigonal bipyramidal but due to the presence of lone pair on equatorial position, the actual shape will be see-sawed.
The repulsion between bond pair and lone pair of electrons will be more.
Here, fluorine will be axial atoms and oxygen will be equatorial atoms. As for the angles, the O–Xe–O angle will be 105.7°, O–Xe–F will be 91.6° and F–Xe–F will be 174.7°.
Other Related Points
Hybridization of XeO₂F₂
In Xenon Dioxide Difluoride, xenon will be the central atom which will have 8 valence electrons. The fluorine atom will be the monovalent surrounding atom and the oxygen atom will be the divalent surrounding atom. We will take the eight valence electrons of Xenon and add 2 monovalent fluorine atoms. The whole sum will be divided by 2 at the end.

If we take the values then;
Number of electrons = [8 + 2-0 + 0] × 1/2 = 5
We get 5 as the final number which further suggests sp³d hybridization.
In Xenon Dioxide Difluoride, there will be 5 sp³d hybrid orbitals. There are 5 electron pairs around the centre atom where it will contain 4 bond pairs and 1 lone pair.

The solubility of an element depends upon its polarity when dissolved in water. The more the size of an element the more polar that element.
The more the size of an element then the more will be the orbitals present in it. Now due to more orbitals present in an element, the more will be the polarity of that element when it is dissolved in the solvent. And the more polarity of an element will result in more attraction between the solute molecules and the solvent molecule.
Hence, the intermolecular force of attraction between inert gas molecules and water molecules increases. Which will make the inert gas more soluble in water.
The size of the element increases with going down in a group in the periodic table. The helium atom is less in size than the neon and the size gets increasing further going down the group.
Hence, as per the size, the order will be Xe>Kr>Ar>Ne>He which is also the order of solubility in water.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., ​Nitrogen monoxide and Nitric acid.

• The two impurities formed during the laboratory preparation of dinitrogen gas are Nitrogen monoxide and Nitric acid.
• The laboratory preparation of dinitrogen involves the following reaction:

Ammonium chloride reacts with sodium nitrite to form nitrogen gas, water, sodium chloride, and small amounts of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitric acid (HNO₃).

• These impurities are removed by passing the gas through the aqueous solution of sulphuric acid containing potassium dichromate.
• The dinitrogen gas is commercially produced by the liquefaction and fractional distillation of air. Liquid dinitrogen distills out first as its boiling point is 77.2 K which is lower than that of liquid oxygen whose boiling point of 90 K.
• The purest form of nitrogen gas is prepared by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide (NaN₃) or barium azide [Ba(N₃)₂]. Following reaction occurs:
  • 2NaN₃ → Na + 3N₂
  • Ba(N₃)₂ → Ba + 3N₂

The correct answer is 1, i.e. the ore is heated strongly in the absence of any blast of air.
Calcination is a process in which an ore (Naturally found rock type) is transformed to oxide under high temperature.

• The reactions during Calcination will not happen smoothly in the presence of air.
• Calcium and carbon are converted to respective oxides, but not used in the process.
• Limestone is used for the process of Iron Calcination.
• Reactions that occur during Calcination are highly exothermic, hence they can be carried out in the absence of air.

It is clear that Bromine is linked with β Carbon.
So from the options, it is clear that Option 1 is correct.
∴ The common name is β - Bromobutyraldehyde.

Concept:

• Molarity:
  • It is defined as the moles of a solute per litres of a solution.
  • It is also known as the molar concentration of a solution.
• Molality:
  • It is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• Normality:
  • It is defined as the number of gram equivalent per litre of solution.
  • Also known as equivalent concentration.
  • Normality = Number of gram equivalents / [volume of solution in litres]

  • ​

    

    

  • Normality is inversely proportional to temperature.
  • Unit of normality is g. equivalent. lit-1.
• ​Formality:​

  • It is used to express the concentration of ionic solute because in the aqueous medium they dissociate into ions. It is defined as a number of moles of ionic solute present in one liter of solution.

    

Explanation:

Based on the above discussion this can be concluded that the Molarity, normality, and Formality of the solution depend upon volume.

We know the heating and cooling of a substance cause expansion and contraction. So,its volume changes with temperature.

hence, all the concentration terms except molality will be temperature dependent.

The correct option is (4).

Concept:

• An atom consists of many orbitals which are distinguished from each other based on their shape, size, and orientation in space.
• Thus Quantum numbers are those numbers that designate and distinguish various atomic orbitals and electrons present in an atom.

There are four types of quantum numbers:

Principal quantum number

• ​Denoted by the symbol ‘n’.
• Determines the size and to a large extent the energy of the orbital.
• it has values n= 1,2,3,4....

The angular quantum number determines the three-dimensional shape of the orbital quantum number.

• Denoted by the symbol ‘l’ is also known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number.
• It defines the three-dimensional shape of the orbital.
• It has values 0 to n-1.
• The orbitals we get are l = 0 for s, l = 1 for p , l = 2 for d, l = 3 for f etc.

Magnetic orbital quantum number

• ​Denoted by the symbol ‘ml’.
• Gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital concerning a standard set of coordinate axis.
• The number of ml' values gives us the number of orbitals for a particular subshell.
• It has values - l to + l including zero.

Electron Spin quantum number

• ​Denoted by the symbol (ms) refers to the orientation of the spin of the electron.
• It has values = 1/2, - 1/2 denoting an upward and a downward spin.

​Explanation:

• The four quantum numbers are represented as 'n' , 'l', 'm_l', 's'.
• In the set of quantum numbers 4, 3, 3, +1/2, the azimuthal quantum number is 3, which is for an 'f' orbital. Hence the set of quantum numbers does not represent an electron in 4d orbital.
• In the set of quantum numbers 4, 2, 1, 0, the spin given is 0. The only possible values of spin quantum numbers are +1/2, - 1/2, so the set of quantum numbers is not correct.
• In the set of quantum numbers 4, 3, -2, +1/2, n = 4, l = 3, 'l' is not of a d orbital, hence it is not the correct representation of 4d orbital.
• In the set of quantum numbers 4, 2, 1, -1/2, n = 4, l = 2, m_l = 1, s = -1/2, l = 2 is for d orbital. Hence, this set represents electrons in a 4d orbital.

Hence, 4, 2, 1, -1/2 represents the correct set of the four quantum numbers for 4d electron​.

Concept:
Vapour pressure:

• Vapour pressure of a liquid at any temperature may be defined as the pressure exerted by the vapour pressure above the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.
• Vapour pressure of the solution at a given temperature is lower than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature.
• According to Raoult's law, the vapour pressure of a solution containing non-volatile solute is given by,

P_A = P_A^o x_A
Where P_A= vapour pressure of solute (A), P_A^o = vapour pressure in pure state, x_A = mole fraction of solute =
Factors affecting vapour pressure:
1. Nature of the liquid

• If the intermolecular forces of attraction in the liquid are weak, the molecules can easily leave the liquid and come into the vapour phase and hence the vapour pressure is higher.
• If the intermolecular forces of attraction in the liquid are strong, vapour pressure is weaker.

2. Effect of temperature

• As the temperature of a liquid is increased, the vapour pressure of the liquid increases.

Explanation:
It is given, when a substance is dissolved in a solvent the vapour pressure of the solvent is decreased.
Boiling point is inversely proportional to the vapour pressure of the solvent.
i.e,
So, as the vapour pressure of the solvent is decreased, the boiling point of the solution increases.
Hence, When a substance is dissolved in a solvent the vapour pressure of the solvent is decreased. This results in an increase in the b.p. of the solution
Other Related Points
Boiling point:

• The temperature at which vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure (i.e., the atmospheric pressure) is called boiling temperature at that pressure.
• When the external pressure is normal atmospheric pressure (i.e 760 mm), the boiling point is called the normal boiling point.
• The normal boiling point of water is 100 °C (373 K).
• When the external pressure is equal to 1 bar, the boiling point is called the standard boiling point of the liquid.
• The standard boiling point of water is 99.6 °C (372.6 K).

Some applications of Effect of external (atmospheric) pressure on boiling point:
1. If the external pressure is higher, more heat will be required to make the vapour pressure equal to the external pressure and hence higher will be the boiling point. That is why in hospitals, surgical instruments are sterilized in autoclaves in which boiling point of water is raised by using a weight to cover the vent.
2. Similarly, if the external pressure is decreased, the boiling point is lowered. This is the reason that a liquid boils at a lower temperature on the top of a mountain (where pressure is low) than on the seashore. That is why at hills, use of pressure cooker is essential for cooking food.
Osmotic pressure:

• The osmotic pressure of a solution is called the excess pressure need to be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis. i.e., to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into the solution.
• It is denoted by π.
• Osmotic pressure is one of the colligative properties as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity.
• According to Van't Hoff, For a dilute solution, Osmotic pressure is given by:

( )
()
Where c = molar concentration/ molarity of the solution, T = Temperature; w₂ = mass of solute; M₂ = molecular weight of solute presentin solution, R = gas constant; V = volume of solution in litres; n₂ = no.of moles of solute.

Wurtz reaction is used to prepare symmetrical alkanes like R₁ – R₁, as

If R₁ and R₂ are different, then a mixture of alkanes may be obtained as

Alkanes having an odd number of carbon atoms cannot be made in good yield by Wurtz reaction because the alkyl halides react themselves and produce different types of alkanes.
n-Heptane has seven carbon atoms. So, octane and hexane are formed during the n-heptane preparation.

Explanation:

Fajan's rule-

Fajans’ rule predicts whether a chemical bond will be covalent or ionic. A few ionic bonds have partial covalent characteristics which were first discussed by Kazimierz Fajans in 1923. At that time with the help of X-ray crystallography, he was able to predict ionic or covalent bonding with the attributes like ionic and atomic radius.

• Size of the ion: Smaller the size of the cation, the larger the size of the anion, and the greater the covalent character of the ionic bond.
• The charge of Cation: Greater the charge of cation, the greater the covalent character of the ionic bond.

⇒ MCl_2​ is more ionic than MCl₄.​

Concept:

Dalton's law of partial pressure: It states that total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reacting gases at constant temperature is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by individual gases in the mixture.

So, P_total = p₁ + p₂ + p₃ + ------ + p_i (for i no. of gases)

where, p₁, p₂, p₃,__, p_i are the partial pressure exerted by 1.2,3, and i^th gas in the mixture.

Explanation:

As explained above, according to Dalton's Law of partial pressures, Ptotal = p1 + p2 + p3 + ------ + p_i

⇒ We know, the ideal gas equation PV = nRT or P = nRT / V

where, P = pressure of the gas, R = gas constant,

T = temperature, n = no. of moles of gas, and V is the volume of the gas.

⇒ Using ideal gas equal Dalton's law takes the form of, p =

⇒ Expression of partial pressure(p) in terms of mole fraction (x) -

• According to Raoult's law of gases, the partial pressure of a gas is equal to the product of the mole fraction of that gas and the total pressure exerted by that gas in the gaseous mixture. It is given by the formula - p₁ = x₁P

where p₁ is the partial pressure of gas 1,

x₁ is the mole fraction of the gas1 and p₁ is the total pressure exerted by gas 1.

Based on the above points it would be concluded that statement 1 is not correct.

The reason is that partial pressure is equal to the product of mole fraction and total pressure exerted by that gas in the mixture.

The rest of the statements are totally in accordance with Dalton's law of partial pressure of gases as discussed above.

So, the incorrect statement is statement 1.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Correct answer: 3)

Concept:

• The oxidizing agent is a substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons; therefore, its oxidation state decreases.
• The reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction by losing electrons; therefore its oxidation state increases.

Explanation:

• Losing or giving away electrons reduces the oxidation number/state of the species with which H₂O₂ reacts.
• Hence, in those cases, H₂O₂ will be acting as a reducing agent.
• In the following reaction,

Ag2O + H2O2 → 2Ag + H2​O + O2

• The oxidation number of Ag is changing from +1 to 0.
• So, here H₂O₂ is acting as a reducing agent.

Conclusion:

Thus, in reaction 3 only, H2O2 is acting as a reducing agent.

Concept:
Molecular orbital theory (MOT)-

• It states that atomic orbitals of comparable energies and proper symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals. So, molecular orbitals form when atomic orbitals combine in a manner of the linear combination of atomic orbitals.
• No. of molecular orbitals formed is always equal to the number of atomic orbitals combine.
• Molecular orbitals are further classified into bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
• MOT gives an idea about the following-
  • No. of electrons present in degenerated molecular orbitals.
  • Stability of the molecules.
  • Bond order
  • Magnetic behavior of the molecule.

Explanation:
According to molecular orbital theory, O₂ molecule has 16 electron and its electronic configuration is - σ1s², σ^*1s², σ2s², σ*2s², σ2p_z², 2p_x²π = 2p_y²π, 2p_x¹π^* = 2p_y¹π^*.
The molecular orbital diagram for O₂ is -

Similarly for the total no. of electrons is 15 and configuration is σ1s², σ*1s², σ2s², σ*2s², σ2p_z², 2p_x²π = 2p_y²π, 2p_x¹π* = 2p_y⁰π^*.

• There is one unpaired electron present in π^*2p_x orbital.
• The presence of an unpaired electron shows that the molecule is paramagnetic in nature.

Formula to calculate bond order is:
Bond order=
So bond order is:

• = 2.5
• O₂ = 2
• = 1

MO configuration in C₂ is -

By observing configuration we can state that only degenerated Pi orbitals only participated in bonding having 4 electrons in total.
And, as H₂ has 2 electrons in total, the removal of 1 electron reduces the total count to 1. Hence, has only 1 electron.
So, All statements are correct except " ion is diamagnetic" because as stated above " ion is paramagnetic ".
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Coordination compounds -

• Coordination compounds are complexes made up of anions or neutral ligands coordinated to a central metal atom in a coordination sphere.
• Ligands are the negative or neutral species that coordinate to central metal atom.
• The central metal atom is usually a transition metal.
• The availability of unpaired electron in d orbital is responsible for the magnetic nature and colour in theses complexes.
• [Fe(CN)₆]^3- is an example of coordination compound.

Explanation:
[Fe(CN)₆]^3-,

• CN^- is a strong field ligand and hence it will form low-spin complexes.
• The coordination number of central metal Fe is 6, therefore, the complex has octahedral geometry and d²sp³ hybridisation.
• The oxidation number of central metal atom Fe is +3.

The electronic configuration of Fe(26) is [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s².
In +3 oxidation state, Fe(III) has electronic configuration - [Ar] 3d⁵.
As CN- is a strong field ligand it pairs up the d⁵ electrons into first two d-orbitals and one electron remains unpaired.
This unpaired electron is responsible for the paramagnetism and colour in the complex.
Fe in ground state
Fe in +3 state
Fe in [Fe(CN)₆]^3-
Therefore, [Fe(CN)₆]^3-complex is coloured.
[Ti(H₂O)₆]⁴⁺,

• H₂O is a weak field ligand and hence it will form high spin complexes.
• The coordination number of central metal Fe is 6, therefore, the complex has octahedral geometry and sp³d² hybridisation.
• The oxidation number of the central metal atom Fe is +4.
• The electronic configuration of Ti(22) is [Ar] 3d² 4s².
• In +4 oxidation state, Ti(IV) has electronic configuration - [Ar] 3d⁰.
• There is no electron in d orbital hence no transition is possible and the complex is not coloured or colourless.

Similarly, [Sc(H₂O)₆]³⁺and [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺, are also colourless because of the unavailability of unpaired d- electrons.
Conclusion:
Therefore, [Fe(CN)₆]^3-complex is coloured.