Test: Modern History- 2 - UPSC MCQ

• In 1534 AD the Portuguese gained possession of Bombay, after the Treaty of Bassein was signed between them and Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate. In 1612, a battle was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat for the possession of Bombay, which ended the Portuguese monopoly over trade in India. 
• In 1661, under the Treaty of Whitehall, Bombay changed hands as it was presented to King Charles II as part of the dowry, when he married Princess Catherine de Braganza of Portugal. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Treaty included a secret provision that it would be used to protect the Portuguese settlements in India. It involved a mutual defence pact against the aggressive and expanding Dutch East India Company. 
• The French East India Company was founded on 1 September 1664 to compete with the English and Dutch trading companies in the East Indies. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

• The Bombay Presidency Association was started by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T. Telang in 1885. It was founded in response to Lytton's reactionary policies and the Ilbert Bill controversy. The association has always had cordial relations with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. The Bombay Presidency Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Madras Mahajana Sabha, and the Indian Association of Calcutta sent a joint deputation to England in September 1885 to present India's case to the British electorate. It championed Indian interests and also hosted the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay at the end of 1885. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched. 
• The Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu. The Mahajana Sabha held its first conference between 29 December 1884 and 2 January 1885. It demanded fundamental rights of Indians such as national freedom and other common social issues for the welfare of our fellowmen since 1884. In September 1885, the Sabha in collaboration with the Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association sent a delegation to England. On April 22, 1930, the Sabha organized the Salt Satyagraha movement in Madras' George Town, Esplanade, High Court, and Beach areas. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched. 
• The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy. Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in 1833. Prasanna Kr. Thakur, Kalinath Chowdhury, Dwarakanath Tagore, and others were the associates of Raja Rammohan Roy who founded the Bangabhasa Prakasika Sabha in 1836. The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha is regarded as the earliest political organisation in India. It sought to increase the association of Indians in the administration, the spread of education, pushing forward Indian demands to the British parliament. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.

• Before the Indian nationalist intelligentsia began to associate itself with working-class agitations, there were also some early attempts at organized efforts to improve the condition of the workers. These efforts were made as early as the 1870s by philanthropists. 
• In 1878, Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee tried unsuccessfully to introduce a Bill in the Bombay Legislative Council to limit the working hours for labour. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• In Bengal, Sasipada Banerjea, a Brahmo Social reformer, set up a Workingmen’s Club in 1870 and published a monthly journal called Bharat Sramjeebi (Indian Labour), with the primary idea of educating the workers. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• In Bombay, Narayan Meghajee Lokhanday brought out an Anglo-Marathi weekly called Dina Bandhu (Friend of the Poor) in 1880, and started the Bombay Mill and Millhands’ Association in 1890. Lokhanday held meetings of workers and in one instance sent a memorial signed by 5,500 mill workers, to the Bombay Factory Commission, putting forward some minimum workers’ demands. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Satyasodhak Samaj – 

1. It was a social reform organisation founded by Jyotiba Phule 1873. It espoused a mission of education and increased social rights and political access for underprivileged groups, focused especially on women, shudras and Dalits in Maharashtra. 
2. Satyasodhak Samaj argued equality of all human beings. It maintained faith in one-god, rejected any kind of intermediary between god and man (No need of Brahmans to connect with God) and rejected the caste system. 
3. Phule in his book Ghulamgiri claimed that Brahmans were Aryan invaders who came from Central Asian and invaded India. Later they enslaved all the other population of India. They wrote scriptures, law and custom to conceal their crimes. 
4. The Samaj thus advocated that to reclaim their social status, low caste group should oppose priests as middlemen between man and God in religious rituals. The Samaj also advocated for less expensive weddings, inter-caste marriages, end of child marriage and right to marry for the widows.
5. Emphasised on English education

Swami Viveknanda – 

• Born in Kolkata in 1863, he was known as Narendra Nath Datta in his pre-monastic life. He was a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Parmahansa and a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India. He pushed for national integration in colonial India, and his famous speech remains as the one that he gave in Chicago in 1893 (Parliament of the World Religions). 
• He established a new monastic order in Baranagar in Kolkata and went to explore India. During his travels, he was deeply moved by appalling poverty and backwardness of the masses. He was the first religious leader who highlighted that real cause of India’s downfall was the neglect of masses and highlighted the immediate need to provide food and other necessities. He emphasised on improved methods of agriculture, village industries etc. 
• According to him, the crux of problem of poverty in India was because of centuries of oppression, downtrodden masses had lost faith in their capacity to improve their lot. Therefore, it was necessary to infuse faith in their own capacities. 
• Vivekanand believed that principle of Atman i.e. doctrine of potential divinity of soul, taught in Vedanta could ameliorate the condition of the poor people. Thus, the masses needed two kinds of knowledge: secular knowledge to improve their economic condition and spiritual knowledge to infuse in them faith in themselves. He formed the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 “to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest.” 
• In 1899, he established the Belur Math, which became his permanent abode. He also wrote books like Karma yoga, Jnana yoga, Raja Yoga etc.

Sati System – 

1. Mrityunjaya Vidyalankar, a sanskrit scholar who was associated with the Supreme Court at Calcutta, wrote against the Sati system. He is considered to be one of the first to write against Sati system. (Even before Raja Rammohun Roy). On the recommendation of William Carey, Mrityunjaya was appointed as head pundit in Bangla Department at the Fort William College. 
2. Some scholars believe that the rise of Sati system in 17th and 18th century in Bengal was because Dayabhaga system of Hindu Personal Law followed there. The Dayabhaga system gave the widow greater rights to inherit the deceased husband’s property as well as her father’s property. This induced male member of the husband’s family to force the widow to commit suicide. 
3. Sati was banned in 1829 during the term of Governor General William Bentick.

Doctrine of Lapse –

• Dalhousie did not invent the Doctrine. As early as 1834, the Court of Directors had laid down that in case of failure of lineal successors the permission 'to adopt' was an indulgence that "should be the exception, not the rule, and should not be granted but as a special mark of favour and approbation." Few years later in 1841, the home authorities decided in favour of a uniform policy and directed the Governor-General "to persevere in the one clear and direct course of abandoning no just and honourable accession of territory or revenue while all existing claims of right are at the same time scrupulously respected". It was in pursuance of the policy thus laid down that Mandavi state was in 1840 and the titular dignity of the Nawab of Surat abolished in 1842.
• According to Dalhousie, there were 3 categories of Hindu states in those days in India – Those states which were not tributary, and which were not and never had been subordinate to a paramount power. Hindu princes and chieftains which were tributary and owed subordination to the British Government as their paramount power in place of the Emperor of Delhi or the Peshwa, etc. Hindu sovereignties and states which had been created or revived by the Sanads (grants) of the British Government. 
• Dalhousie recognised the right of the adopted son to succeed to the personal property of the chieftain, but drew a distinction between succession to private property and succession to the Royal Gaddi: In the latter case, he held that the sanction of the Paramount Power must be obtained. The Paramount Power could refuse 'adoption' in case of states covered by categories II and III, and declare the states having passed back or 'lapsed' to the supreme authority. 
• In such cases the 'Right of Adoption' was substituted by the Paramount Power's 'Right of Lapse'. The power that gives, it was argued, could also rightfully take it away. It may be added that the over-zealous Governor-General treated some states as 'depedent principalities' or 'subordinate states' which rightly were ‘protected allies'. Dalhousie's decision, therefore, had to be reversed by the Court of Directors in case of the old Rajput state of Karauli. Similarly, Baghat and Udaipur were returned to their respective rulers by Lord Canning. 
• The states actually annexed by the application of the Doctrine of Lapse under Lord Dalhousie were Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

Sawai Jai Singh of Amber erected observatories at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura. He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammadshahi, to enable people to make astronomical observations. He had Euclid’s ‘Elements of Geometry’ translated into Sanskrit as also several works on trigonometry and Napier’s work on the construction and use of logarithms.

• The characteristic feature of moderate nationalism was an almost obsessive invocation of Indian poverty. . For the last three decades of the nineteenth century, and into the twentieth, "poverty" was the biggest stick with which the Congress beat the British. 
• Apart from Naoroji's relentless publicizing of Indian poverty and the "drain of wealth" from India to England, there was a veritable flood of literature investigating the subject. 
• Some of the landmarks in this included 
  • Prithwis Chandra Ray's The Poverty Problem in India (1895). Hence pair 2 is correctly matched. 
  • William Digby's "Prosperous British India (1901) 
  • Romesh Chandra Dutt's England and India: A Record of Progress during a Hundred Years (1897) ✓ Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20th century in which he examined in minute detail the entire economic record of colonial rule since 1757. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched. 
  • Subramanya Iyer's Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India (1903). Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.
• In the press and in books, in Congress speeches and resolutions, India's poverty and the "drain of wealth" were' constantly discussed and the blame was laid at Britain's door.
• Leaders like G.V. Joshi, G. Subramaniya lyer, G.K. Gokhale, Prithwis Chandra Ray and hundreds of other political workers and journalists analysed every aspect of the economy and subjected the entire range of economic issues and colonial economic policies to minute scrutiny. 
  • They raised basic questions regarding the nature and purpose of British rule. Eventually, they were able to trace the process of the colonialization of the Indian economy and conclude that colonialism was the main obstacle to India’s economic development.

• The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) was signed on April 25, 1809, between Maharaja Ranjit Singh ( (1780 – 1839) and the British East India Company. It was a pact between Charles T. Metcalfe and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder of the Sikh Empire. He was the son of Mahan Singh, the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. Ranjit Singh brought under control the area extending from the Sutlej to the Jhelum. He conquered Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802. Ranjit Singh proved to be an efficient administrator. He greatly modernised his army with the help of Europeans. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Ranjit Singh died in 1839. His successors could not keep the state intact and, soon enough, the British took control over it. Maharaja Daleep Singh was the son and successor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who came to the throne in 1843. 
• As per the provisions of the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), the river Sutlej was the boundary between the British and the state of Punjab. The treaty settled Indo-Sikh relations for a generation. The immediate occasion was the French threat to northwestern India, following Napoleon’s Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (1807) and Ranjit’s attempt to bring the area around Sutlej states under his control. Hence statement 2 is correct. 
• The treaty of Amritsar did not have any provision regarding the British resident at the royal court of Punjab. The treaty of Lahore (1846) signed after the first Anglo- Sikh War (1845-46), provided for the stationing of a British resident at Lahore. The state of Punjab was annexed by Lord Dalhousie in 1849 after the Second Anglo- Sikh War (1848-49) and the eleven-year-old Maharaja, Daleep Singh was pensioned off to England. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

• Surendranath Banerjea (1848-1925) was born on 10 November 1848 in Calcutta. He graduated from Calcutta University in 1868 and proceeded to England to compete for the Indian Civil Services. He cleared the Imperial Civil Service (ICS) but was not allowed to work in the administration. He was declared disqualified by the British. 
• He was the first to familiarize an Indian audience with Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), the pioneer of Italian unification. Banerjea was the first leader to use material from Indian and foreign histories to instil a sense of patriotism in his audience. On his return to India in June 1875, Banerjea began his new career as a Professor of English. In 1876 he founded the Indian Association. He was among the earliest leaders who attempted to forge all India links among the political associations in different parts of India. 
• The Indian Association of Calcutta tried to open branches in the other two presidencies with a view to sending a joint petition to the British parliament on the eve of the renewal of the Company's Charter. The Native Press Association was founded by the Indian journalists in the 1870s and Surendranath Banerjea was chosen as its first secretary. The Indian Association organised a National conference in Calcutta in 1883 and another was scheduled in December 1885. He became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1921 and was knighted the same year.
• Hence option (c) is the correct answer.

• The Eka Movement is a peasant movement that started in Lucknow, and soon spread to Hardoi, Unnao, and Sitapur districts and became a strong force. The initial thrust was provided by Congress and Khilafat leaders and the movement grew under the name of the Eka or unity movement. The main grievances here related to the extraction of a rent that was generally fifty percent higher than the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out and the practice of share-rents. 
• The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented the river Ganges was dug in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside and the assembled peasants owed that they would pay only the recorded rent but pay it on time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, would give no help to criminals and abide by the panchayat decisions. 
• The Eka Movement, however, soon developed its own grassroots leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other low-caste leaders who were no particularly inclined to accept the discipline of non- violence that the Congress and Khilafat leaders urged. 
• As a result, the movement’s contact with the nationalists diminished and it went its own way. However, unlike the earlier Kisan Sabha a movement that was based almost solely on tenants, the Eka Movement included in its ranks many small zamindars who found themselves disenchanted with the Government because of its heavy land revenue demand. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
• By March 1922, however, severe repression on the part of the authorities succeeded in bringing the Eka Movement to its end.

Lord Hastings approved the Ryotwari System of land revenue introduced in the Madras Presidency by Sir Thomas Munroe. Cornwallis, at the time of his appointment, was instructed by the Directors to find a satisfactory and permanent solution to the problems of the land revenue system, in order to protect the interests of both the Company and the cultivators. It obliged the Governor- General to make a thorough enquiry into the usages, tenures and rents prevalent in Bengal. The whole problem occupied Lord Cornwallis for over 3 years and after a prolonged discussion with his colleagues, like Sir John Shore and James Grant, he decided to abolish the Annual Lease System and introduce a decennial (Ten years) settlement, which was subsequently declared to be continuous. This System was known as the Permanent Settlement System.

The Regulating Act, 1773 reformed the Company’s Government at home and in India. The important provisions of the Act were: The term of the office of the members of the Court of Directors was extended from one year to four years. The Governor of Bengal was styled the Governor-General of Fort William, whose tenure of office was for a period of 5 years. A Council of 4 members was appointed to assist the Governor- General. The government was to be conducted in accordance with the decision of the majority. The Governor-General in Council was made supreme over the other Presidencies in the matters of war and peace. Provision was made in the Act for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta, consisting of a Chief Justice and 3 junior judges. It was to be independent of the Governor-General in Council. In 1774, the Supreme Court was established by a Royal Charter.

Main Provisions of the Pitt’s India Act, 1784 – A Board of Control, consisting of 6 members, was created. They were appointed by the Crown. The Court of Directors was retained without any alteration in its composition.

Reforms introduced by Lord Cornwallis – 

• He established the principle of making appointments primarily on merits, establishing the groundwork for the Indian Civil Services. It is for this reason that he is called ‘the Father of Indian Civil Services’.
•  A major reform that Cornwallis introduced was the separation of the 3 branches of the services, viz., commercial, judicial and revenue.
• The Collectors, the king-pins of the administrative system, were deprived of their judicial powers and their work became merely the collection of revenue. In criminal cases, the Muslim Law was improved and followed. In civil cases, the Hindu and the Muslim Laws were followed according to the religion of the litigants. In suits between the Hindus and the Muslims, the judge was the deciding authority.

Raja Rammohun Roy – 

1. He founded the Atmiya Sabha, which was a private association of like- minded friends. Its members met regularly at his residence to discuss religious and social problems. Later, he founded the Brahmo Sabha. 
2. Campaigned against Sati pratha (Self- immolation of widows in Hinduism). Sati got outlawed by law in 1829 during Bentick's Governor Generalship. 
3. He was associated with Unitarian movement of Christianity. Unitarians believed that the God in Christianity is one entity, as opposed to a Trinity. According to the Unitarians, Jesus was inspired by God, but he was not a deity or God incarnate. Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Calcutta Unitarian Society. 
4. He strongly argued against idolatry and polytheism. According to him, Hinduism enjoined worship on universal God. 
5. He was given the title of 'Father of Modern India' by Gokhale. 
6. Works:
   a. Persian works: Tuhfat-ul- Muwahiddin (A Gift to Monotheists)
   b. Translation of an abridgement of Vedant, A Defence of Hindu Theism, Precepts of Jesus.
   c. Newspapers: Sambad Kaumudi, Mirat-ul-Akbar. He was strong votary of free press in India.

• The early attempts associated with working-class agitations were organized to improve the condition of the workers. These efforts were made as early as the 1870s by philanthropists. Sasipada Banerjea, a Brahmo Social reformer, set up a Workingmen’s Club in 1870 with the primary idea of educating the workers. 
• Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (TLA), with 14,000 workers on its rolls, was perhaps the largest single trade union of the time. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi and Anasuya Sarabhai and Shankerlal Banker founded the Ahmadabad textile labour association.
• The most important development was the formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920 Lokamanya Tilak, who had developed a close association with Bombay work., was one of the moving spirits in the formation of the AITUC, which had Lala Lajpat Rai, the famous Extremist leader from Punjab, as its first president and Dewan Chaman Lal, who was to become a major name in the Indian labour movement, as its General Secretary. 
• It was in the second half of the l920s that consolidation of various Left ideological trends occurred and began to have a significant impact on the national movement. Various Communist groups in different parts of India had by early 1927 organized themselves into the Workers’ and Peasants’ Parties (WPP), under the leadership of people like S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, P.C. Joshi and Sohan Singh Josh. The WPPs, functioning as a left-wing within the Congress, rapidly gained in strength within the Congress organization at the provincial and the all- India levels.
• Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

• The Battle of Adyar took place on in October 1746. The battle was between the French East India Company men and Nawab of Arcot forces over the St. George Fort, which was held by the French. It was part of the First Carnatic War between the English and the French. Hence statement 1 is not correct. o The First Carnatic War (1740-48) was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the Austrian War of Succession. 
• The English navy under Commodore Bennett seized some French ships to provoke France. France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from the French colony of Mauritius. The Battle was launched by the Nawab because he was furious that the French Governor, Joseph Dupleix, had attacked Madras without his permission and captured St. George Fort. Nawab of Arcot, a close ally of the British, set out to regain it by sending troops, led by his son Mahfuz Khan, to Madras.
• French troops, with disciplined firing and then charging with bayonets defeated Mahfuz Khan’s troops. So, the Battle of the Adyar River, which began on the morning of October 24, 1746, ended by that evening, with the French occupation of Fort St. George consolidated. Hence statement 2 is not correct. 
• Battle of Adyar proved a turning point in the Indian history because for the first time, techniques of 18th century European warfare, developed in Prussia and tested on the battlefields of France and Flanders, had been tried out in India.
  • Nothing in the Mughal armoury could match the techniques of 18th century European warfare, particularly the invention of screws for elevating the guns gave the artillery greater precision and increased the fire power of the foot soldier, giving them an edge in the battle against the cavalry. 
  • 700 French sepoys defeated the Mughal Army of 10,000 troopers, which was seen never before in India.

Provisions of the Charter Act of 1793

• The British Charter Act of 1793 was the attempt by the British government to regulate the affairs of the East India Company, which had acquired great power and influence in the Indian subcontinent since its first voyage in the early 17th century. It was the first step in the process of nationalisation of the British East India Company. 
• The Act renewed the Company’s commercial privileges for next 20 years. 
• The Company, after paying the necessary expenses, interest, dividends, salaries, etc., from the Indian revenues, was to pay 5 lakh pounds annually to the British government. 
• The royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the governor-general, the governors, and the commanderin-chief. 
• Senior officials of the Company were debarred from leaving India without permission—doing so was treated as resignation. 
• The Company was empowered to give licenses to individuals as well as the Company’s employees to trade in India. The licenses, known as ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’, paved the way for shipments of opium to China. 
• It established the Company’s trade monopoly with India. And expanded the scope of the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction in India. 
• The revenue administration was separated from judicial functions, resulting in the abolition of the Maal Adalats, or revenue courts. Hence statement 2 is not correct. 
• The Governor-General was given more powers. He could override his council’s decision under certain circumstances. He was also given authority over the governors of Madras and Bombay. When the Governor-General was present in Madras or Bombay, he would supersede in authority over the governors of Madras and Bombay. 

A sum of one lakh rupees was to be set aside for the revival, promotion and encouragement of literature, learning and science among the natives of India, every year under the Charter Act of 1813. Hence statement 1 is not correct. 

Slavery had been abolished in Britain in 1820 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in most parts of the British Empire. In India, the Indian Slavery Act of 1843 abolished slavery. The Act proclaimed slavery to be illegal and made indulgence in slavery a penal offence. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

However after the abolition of slavery in 1843, a system of indentured labour was used to recruit people as plantation labour in other British colonies. Under this system, labourers were hired on contract for a period of five years (indenture) and they could return to their homeland at the end of the period.

• The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency), Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore and the Nizam of Hyderabad on the other. Haider Ali and his successor Tipu Sultan fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south and east, while the Nizam's forces attacked from the north.
• First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)
  • The British, after their success in the Battle of Buxar with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad persuading him to give them the Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali who already had disputes with the Marathas. 
  •  The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali. 
  • Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras. This forced the English to conclude a treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769 known as the Treaty of Madras. 
  • The treaty provided for the exchange of prisoners and the conquered areas.Haidar Ali was promised the help of the English in case he was attacked by any other power. 
  • Second Anglo Mysore War (1780-84) 
  • Background: Haidar Ali accused the English of breach of faith and non- observance of the Treaty of Madras when in 1771 he was attacked by the Marathas, and the English failed to come to his aid. Haidar Ali took the help of the French to set up an arms factory at Dindigul (now in Tamil Nadu), and also introduced Western methods of training for his army. Haidar Ali’s friendship with the French caused even more concern to the English. They therefore tried to capture Mahe, which Haidar regarded to be under his protection. Haidar considered the English attempt to capture Mahe a direct challenge to his authority. Hence statement 2 is correct. 
  • Haidar forged an anti-English alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam. He followed it up by an attack in the Carnatic, capturing Arcot, and defeating the English army under Colonel Baillie in 1781. o Haider Ali died of cancer on December 7, 1782. His son, Tipu Sultan, carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome. Fed up with an inconclusive war, both English and Tipu Sultan opted for peace, negotiating the Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784) under which each party gave back the territories it had taken from the other. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
• Third Anglo Mysore War (1790-92) o With the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the English attacked Seringapatam. Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him. Consequently, he had to pay heavily under the Treaty of Seringapatam. 
  • The war ended after the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam and the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, under this treaty, nearly half of the Mysorean territory was taken over by the victors. Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the English, while the Marathas got the regions surrounding the Tungabhadra and its tributaries and the Nizam acquired the areas from the Krishna to beyond the Pennar. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Young Bengal Movement – 

• Young Bengal Movement was founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. Derozio was a faculty at the Hindu College in Kolkata. Young Bengal was a free thinker and rationalist and advocated his students to develop critical outlook about life and society. His sermon was 'to live and die for truth'. Derozio founded the 'Academic Association' at the Hindu College, which organised debates on various subjects. Young Bengal Movement also founded the 'Society for the Acquisition of General Knowledge' founded in 1838. At the Hindu College, he gathered a group of students who discussed ideas such as free will and revolt against the existing social and religious structure of Hindu society. As a mark of emancipation from decayed traditions, they exulted in taking beef and drinking wine, which they regarded as a yardstick to measure their freedom from all religious superstition. They criticised Hinduism for its dogmas and vocally supported westernisation. In the economy realm, the Young Bengal movement was aligned to the ideas of Adam Smith and advocated the policy of free trade. 
• Publications –
  1. Jnanannesan (Quest for knowledge)
  2. Bengal Spectator

Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 for the Introduction of Local Self- Government (1882) –

• Lord Ripon (1880- 84) believed that self-government is the highest and noblest principle of politics. Therefore, Ripon helped the growth of local bodies, like the Municipal Committees in the towns and the Local Boards in the Taluks and the villages. The powers of the municipalities were increased. Their Chairmen were to be non-officials. They were entrusted the care of local amenities, sanitation, drainage and water-supply, and also primary education. 
• District and Taluk Boards were created. It was insisted that the majority of the members of these Boards should be elected non-officials. The local bodies were given executive powers with financial resources of their own. It was perhaps the desire of Ripon that power in India should be gradually transferred to the educated Indians. He also insisted on the election of the local bodies, as against selection by the government. In all these measures, Ripon’s concern was not so much for efficiency in administration. Instead, Ripon diffused the administration and brought the government closer to the people. This was his most important achievement. 
• It was Ripon who laid the foundations of the system which functions today. Note: The government of Ripon desired the provincial governments to apply in case of local bodies the same principal of financial decentralization which Lord Mayo’s government had begun towards them. For his contributions, Lord Ripon is called ‘the Father of Local Self- Government in India’.

In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. This Act empowered a Magistrate to secure an undertaking from the editor, publisher and printer of a vernacular newspaper that nothing would be published against the English Government. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated. This Act crushed the freedom of the Indian press. This created adverse public opinion against the British Government. Note: Lord Lytton (1876-1880) - The Viceroy of India. Lord Ripon repealed the Vernacular Press Act (1878).

• The origin Of the Pindaris is lost in obscurity. The first reference about them is during the Mughal invasion of Maharashtra. They did not belong to any caste or creed. They used to serve the army without any payment, but instead were allowed to plunder. During the time of Baji Rao I, they were irregular horsemen attached to the Maratha army. 
• It is worth mentioning here that they never helped the British. They were mostly active in the areas Of Rajputana and the Central Provinces, and subsisted on plunder. Their leaders belonged to both the Hindu, well the Muslim communities. Chief amongst them were Wasil Muhammad, Chitu and Karim Khan. They had thousands of followers.

• In the early 19th century, the English started to show an interest in Sindh where they enjoyed some trade facilities authorised by a farman of the Mughal Emperor in 1630. The farman provided the English with such privileges in the ports of Sindh which they enjoyed elsewhere. This advantage was enjoyed by the English upto 1775 when a not-too-friendly ruler, Sarfraz Khan, made the English close their factory. •
• In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit with Alexander I of Russia was joined by Napoleon Bonaparte. The alliance had as one of its conditions a combined invasion of India by the land route. Now the British wanted to create a barrier between Russia and British India. To achieve this, Lord Minto sent three delegations under the leadership of various prominent persons to forge alliances. Accordingly, Metcalfe was sent to Lahore, Elphinstone to Kabul and Malcolm to Tehran. Sindh was visited by Nicholas Smith who met the Amirs to conclude a defensive arrangement. After negotiations, the Amirs agreed to a treaty—their first- ever treaty with the English. 
• In 1843, under Governor-General Ellenborough, Sindh was merged into the British Empire and Charles Napier was appointed its first governor. 
• Hence option (d) is the correct answer.

• Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. The South Indian Liberal Federation (SILF) was started by T. M. Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetti, and C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916 against the domination of brahmins in government service, education and political field. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
• It opposed the Congress as a Brahman-dominated organisation and claimed separate communal representation for the non-Brahmans as had been granted to the Muslims in the Morley-Minto reform. This demand, supported by the colonial bureaucracy, was granted in the Montagu-Chelmsford reform of 1919, as it allocated twenty-eight reserved seats to the non-Brahmans in the Madras Legislative Council. 
• The party also played a vital role in allowing women to contest elections paving the way for Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy to become the first woman legislator in India. 
  • The pioneering efforts of Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy saw the abolition of Devadasi system when the Justice party was in power. 
• In 1938, E. V. Ramaswamy ( Periyar) was elected the leader of the Justice party. In 1944, Justice Party along with the Self Respect movement was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam.

• The first session of the Indian National Congress (INC) was held in December 1885 in Bombay with seventy two delegates. INC was an assembly for politically-minded individuals who were interested in reform. The majority of the founding members of Congress has been educated or lived in Britain including Badruddin Tyabji, W. C. Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjea, Pherozeshah Mehta, and the brothers Manomohun and Lalmohan Ghose had all studied in London, and had all fallen under the influence of Dadabhai Naoroji. 
• Congress had a British committee based in London, acting as a lobby group in Britain, which was founded in 1889. The British Committee of the Indian National Congress was made up of British men interested in India and some Indians who were based in London. They sought to organize sympathizers to Congress in Britain, write and distribute Congress annual reports and literature, and raise Congress petitions in Parliament through the Indian Parliamentary Committee, chaired by William Wedderburn. Its purpose was to raise awareness of Indian issues to the public in Britain, to whom the Government of India was responsible. Hence statements 1 is correct. 
• The committee followed the work of W.C. Bonnerjee and Dadabhoi Naoroji, who raised India related issues in the British Parliament through the support of radical MPs like Charles Bradlaugh. William Wedderburn served as the first chairman and William Digby as secretary. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• The British Committee published the journal 'India' as an organ to express the views of the Indian National Congress. The journal was used for some of these purposes and to give an accurate account of events in India to British readers. The influence of its early works resulted in the Indian Council Act 1892. India became a weekly subscribed journal, 1898-1921. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Raja Rammohun Roy started India’s first Persian newspaper the Mirat-ul-Akhbar. An erudite Persian scholar and a tenacious social reformer, he believed in ‘searching for the truth through the light of the discussion. The newspaper was first published on 12 April 1822. It was published every week on Fridays. Persian was chosen because it was still recognized in courts, and was seen as a means to reach the intelligentsia, the top policymakers of the country. Hence pair 1 is not correctly matched.

• Amrita Bazar Patrika was started in 1868 by two brothers, Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh, sons of a wealthy merchant in the Bengal province. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched. 
  • The Patrika was very vocal in its views against government policies that were unfair to the common people. 
  • The newspaper was accused of sedition and in an attempt to crack down on the media, Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India, promulgated the Vernacular Press Act, in 1878. It was majorly targeted against Amrita Bazar Patrika and gave the police the power to confiscate any printed material it deemed objectionable. 
  • Amrita Bazar Patrika stopped publishing news in Bengali and became an English newspaper overnight.
• Founded in 1937 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, The Associated Journals Limited is the publisher of newspapers National Herald (English), Qaumi Awaz (Urdu) and Navjivan (Hindi). The Company launched its daily newspapers, National Herald, in 1938 and Qaumi Awaz in 1945. The newspapers served as the voice of India’s Freedom Movement.
  • Qaumi Awaz is an Urdu-language newspaper and is the sister publication of National Herald, both of which were started by Jawahar Lal Nehru. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.

(AMASR Act).

• Lingaraj temple, the largest in Bhubaneswar, Odisha was constructed by King Jajati Keshari in the 10th Century and completed by King Lalatendu Keshari in the 11th Century. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• The main spire is 54 metres high. Besides, there is a pillared hall, a dancing hall (NatyaMandap) and a hall for serving offerings (BhogaMandap).The walled campus has about 50 smaller shrines, including one dedicated to Goddess Parvati. It is the biggest temple in Bhubaneswar. This great temple built in red stone represents the quintessence of the Kalinga type of architecture, the culminating result of the architectural activities at Bhubaneswar. 
• It does not lie on the banks of river Krishna asriver Krishna doesn't flow through Odisha. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• Lingaraj is referred to as ‘Swayambhu” – (self-originated Shivling). Another important aspect of the temple is that it signifies the syncretisation of Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects in Odisha. The Shivling is known as Hari Hara. Perhaps the rising cult of Lord Jagannath which coincided with the completion of the Lingaraja Temple had a role to play. Hence, statement 3 is correct.