Test: Political Formations in the Eighteenth Century - Class 7 MCQ

The Ashtapradhan council, composed of eight ministers, was established by Shivaji to aid in the administration of his kingdom. Each minister had specific responsibilities, ensuring a systematic governance structure that helped maintain order and efficiency within the Maratha state.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last emperor of the Mughal dynasty, and his reign saw the Revolt of 1857, often referred to as the First War of Indian Independence. This uprising marked the end of Mughal rule in India, and Zafar's subsequent exile symbolized the complete decline of the Mughal Empire.

The Sayyid brothers, Abdullah Khan Barha and Hussain Ali Khan Barha, became influential figures in the Mughal court, effectively acting as kingmakers. They were instrumental in placing rulers like Farrukhsiyar on the throne and wielded significant power during the Later Mughal period, highlighting the internal strife and weakening central authority.

The Battle of Buxar resulted in a significant victory for the British East India Company against the combined forces of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II and other regional rulers. As a consequence, Shah Alam II granted the British the rights to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, marking a critical step in the expansion of British power in India.

The Jats established themselves as a significant power in northern India largely through guerrilla warfare tactics, which allowed them to effectively challenge Mughal authority. Their ability to conduct swift, surprise attacks made them formidable opponents during the decline of the Mughal Empire.

The Khalsa, established by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, was a pivotal development in Sikh history, transforming the Sikh community into a formidable political and military force. This organization symbolized unity, strength, and resistance against oppression, particularly against Mughal authority.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is renowned for unifying the Sikh community and establishing a strong independent state in Punjab. His leadership was marked by a blend of military prowess and administrative skills, allowing him to maintain stability and resist British encroachment during his lifetime.

The Maratha campaigns in Rajasthan during the 1740s resulted in the expansion of Maratha influence, as they successfully challenged Rajput territories and asserted their power over the region. This expansion was part of the Marathas' broader strategy to gain control over northern India.

The Deeg Palace is noteworthy for its incorporation of materials from Mughal architecture, including filigreed gates and ornate beams. This blend of styles reflects the cultural and artistic influences of the time and showcases the Jats' wealth and sophistication in construction.

Raja Suraj Mal is notably associated with the Deeg Palace, constructed after his successful campaigns against the Mughals. The palace is renowned for its beautiful gardens and intricate architecture, showcasing the wealth and power of the Jats during that period.

The Third Battle of Panipat, fought in 1761, was a pivotal and devastating defeat for the Marathas against Ahmad Shah Abdali. This battle led to significant losses for the Maratha empire, contributing to its fragmentation and allowing for increased British influence in India.

The decline of the Mughal Empire's central power allowed various regional governors and local chieftains to assert their independence, leading to the formation of independent kingdoms. This shift was characterized by the emergence of states like Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad, as former Mughal provinces broke away.

The Rajputs served as allies of the Mughal Empire, holding considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs. Their loyalty to the Mughals was crucial for the empire's military strength, although this relationship soured during Aurangzeb's reign due to his policies that alienated them.

Religious intolerance and strict policies implemented by Aurangzeb led to discontent among various groups, including the Jats and Sikhs. His oppressive measures against non-Muslims and his focus on Islamic orthodoxy alienated these communities, prompting them to resist Mughal rule.

Tipu Sultan, the son of Hyder Ali, is recognized for his efforts to modernize the Mysore army by incorporating new weapons and tactics. He also promoted trade and attempted to build a navy, demonstrating his vision for a strong and independent Mysore. His reign was marked by resistance against British expansion.

Saadat Khan introduced the ijaradari system in Awadh, which allowed tax collection rights to be sold to the highest bidder. This system was innovative and aimed at increasing revenue for the state while reducing the power of Mughal-appointed jagirdars, thus enhancing his control over the region.

Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, faced defeat at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 against the British East India Company. This battle was crucial as it marked the beginning of significant British control over Bengal and set the stage for their dominance in India.

The Deccan Wars significantly drained the Mughal Empire's military and financial resources during Aurangzeb's reign. His prolonged military campaigns in the Deccan led to unrest and uprisings among various groups, exacerbating the empire's decline and instability.

The primary reason for the large-scale Jat revolt during Aurangzeb's reign was increased taxation and harsh revenue policies. The economic burden and oppressive measures led to widespread dissatisfaction among the Jats, prompting them to rise against Mughal authority and assert their rights.

The invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 significantly exposed the vulnerabilities of the Mughal Empire, leading to a loss of wealth and power. His plunder of Delhi, including the famous Peacock Throne and Kohinoor diamond, shattered the already weakening Mughal authority and encouraged further invasions, contributing to the empire's decline.