Test: Human Development- 2 - UPSC MCQ

Correct answer is A. Growth

• Definition: Development refers to a qualitative change in a system or entity, focusing on improvements in various aspects rather than just numerical growth.


• Characteristics: Qualitative change involves improvements in quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and overall well-being, rather than just increases in quantity or size.


• Examples: Development can be seen in areas such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and technology, where advancements lead to better outcomes and experiences for individuals and society as a whole.


• Measurement: Qualitative changes are often more challenging to measure compared to quantitative changes, as they involve assessing intangible factors like satisfaction, well-being, and overall quality of life.


• Importance: Focusing on qualitative development ensures that progress is not just about numbers or economic growth, but also about enhancing the overall quality of life and well-being for all individuals.

• Dr. Mahbub-Ul-Haq: Dr. Mahbub-Ul-Haq, a Pakistani economist, introduced the concept of human development. He is known for his work on human development theory and the Human Development Index (HDI).


• Significance: Dr. Haq believed that economic development should focus on improving people's lives rather than just increasing national income. He emphasized the importance of human well-being, education, healthcare, and social justice in development policies.


• Human Development Index (HDI): Dr. Haq, along with Amartya Sen, developed the HDI to measure a country's development based on health, education, and standard of living indicators. This index has become a widely used tool to assess human development globally.


• Legacy: Dr. Mahbub-Ul-Haq's work has had a lasting impact on development economics and policy. His emphasis on human development has influenced the way governments and organizations approach development challenges.

• Individuals: Individuals are central to all development under the concept of human development. They are the ones who drive progress, make choices, and take actions to improve their lives and the lives of others.


• Autonomy: Human development is about empowering individuals to have autonomy and control over their lives, enabling them to make informed decisions and choices.


• Capabilities: The focus of human development is on expanding the capabilities of individuals, allowing them to lead a life they value and have reason to value. This includes access to education, healthcare, opportunities for work, and participation in society.


• Empowerment: By prioritizing individuals in development, efforts can be made to empower people to reach their full potential, fostering a more equitable and just society.

• Quote: In one of his speeches, Amartya Sen quoted Shaw.

• Amartya Sen: Amartya Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher who has made significant contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, and the study of famines.


• Speech: During one of his speeches, Amartya Sen referenced a quote by Shaw, which could have been related to a wide range of topics including economics, social issues, or philosophy.


• Impact: Sen's speeches are known for their insightful perspectives on various societal issues and his ability to blend economic theories with real-world implications.

• Primary Development Objective: Prof Amartya Sen believes that an increase in freedom is the primary development objective.


• Capabilities Approach: Sen's capabilities approach focuses on expanding people's freedoms and opportunities to live the kind of lives they value.


• Human Development Index: Sen's work has influenced the Human Development Index, which measures development not just in terms of economic growth but also in terms of health, education, and standard of living.


• Social Choice Theory: Sen's social choice theory emphasizes the importance of individual freedoms and the ability to make choices in society.

• Limited Choices: When individuals lack capabilities in crucial areas such as health, education, and access to resources, their choices become limited. They may not have the ability to pursue certain opportunities or make informed decisions due to these limitations.


• Impact on Well-being: The lack of capabilities can have a negative impact on individuals' overall well-being. Without access to proper healthcare, education, or resources, they may struggle to lead a fulfilling and healthy life.


• Cycle of Poverty: Limited capabilities can contribute to a cycle of poverty, as individuals may not have the means to improve their situation or break out of socioeconomic constraints.


• Social Inequality: Inequities in capabilities can lead to social inequality, with certain groups facing greater barriers to accessing essential services and resources compared to others.

Correct answer is D.  Conception to death.

• Empowerment: Having the power to make choices means being empowered to decide one's own path and take control of one's life.


• Self-Independence: It signifies the ability to rely on oneself and make decisions without being influenced by others.


• Self-Reliance: The power to make choices also implies being self-reliant and not depending on others for decision-making.

• Income and Poverty: Higher income levels are associated with lower rates of poverty, which in turn leads to better access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.


• Income and Nutrition: Adequate income allows for access to nutritious food, which is crucial for proper physical and cognitive development.


• Income and Education: Higher income levels often correlate with better educational opportunities, leading to increased knowledge and skills for individuals.

• Prof. Amartya Sen: He is a renowned economist and philosopher who is closely associated with the capability approach.

• What is the Capability Approach?: The capability approach is a theoretical framework that focuses on the freedom and ability of individuals to live a life they value. It was developed by Amartya Sen and further expanded by Martha Nussbaum.


• Key Concepts:
  
  
  
  • Functionings and Capabilities: The capability approach distinguishes between functionings (actual activities and states) and capabilities (the freedom to achieve valuable functionings).
  
  
  • Agency and Well-being: It emphasizes the importance of individual agency and well-being in assessing development and social progress.
  
  
  
  


• Applications: The capability approach has been used to analyze poverty, inequality, social justice, and human development in various contexts.

Correct option is A. Positive change in quality best describes development

• Income Approach: The Income Approach is considered to be the oldest approach to human development. It focuses on the economic aspect of development, emphasizing the importance of income in improving the well-being of individuals.


• Welfare Approach: This approach emphasizes the role of social welfare programs in promoting human development by providing support to individuals in need.


• Capability Approach: The Capability Approach, developed by Amartya Sen, focuses on the freedom of individuals to achieve their full potential and capabilities.


• Basic Needs Approach: This approach focuses on the fulfillment of basic human needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare as essential for human development.

• Kerala: Kerala is the state that performs better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development despite having a lower per capita income.


• Human Development Index (HDI): Kerala has a high Human Development Index, indicating better health, education, and standard of living for its residents.


• Social Indicators: Kerala excels in social indicators such as literacy rate, life expectancy, and infant mortality rate, which contribute to its overall human development performance.


• Healthcare and Education: Kerala has made significant investments in healthcare and education, leading to better outcomes in these areas compared to other states.


• Progressive Policies: Kerala has implemented progressive policies focused on social welfare and human development, which have contributed to its success in this area.

Looking at 2018 results, Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland and Germany lead the HDI ranking of 189 countries and territories, while Niger, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Chad and Burundi have the lowest scores in the HDI's measurement of national achievements in health, education and income.