Test: Estimation & Valuation- 2

For door and windows with small segmental arches (i.e R is very small), the opening is considered as rectangular only.

Deduction = b × h × thickness of wall

For unit width, b = 1

In Case of segmental arch openings, with rise R

Deduction = (b × h × thickness of wall) + 

For b = 1

Deduction = (1 × h × thickness of wall) +

Masonry works are such as brick masonry, concrete block, stone or rubble masonry are generally measured in volume (Example Ashlar masonry is measured in Cubic meter), but are also measured in terms of area where the thickness of masonry is limited to single brick or single block. Example-Tiling is measured in area.

Some Important facts for the different method of estimation are:

1. Centre line method is easy and quick in calculations. In this method sum total length of centre lines of all walls, long and short has to be found out. This method is well suitable for walls of similar cross sections. In this method the total centre line multiplied by breadth and depth of concerned item gives the total quantity of each item.

2. Long wall and short wall method is simple and accurate and there is no chance of any mistake.

The measurement for different works are as follows:

1. Plastering usually 12mm thick is calculated in square meter.

2. Pointing in wall calculated in square meter.

3. Ornamental and large cornice is measured in running meter or running foots.

4. Pillars are taken separately in cubic meter for their net volume.

Consider the following points regarding woodwork:

1. Rectangular wooden beams and vertical wooden posts are measured in cubic meters.

2. Frames for doors, windows and ventilators including cupboards and shelves are measured in cubic meters.

3. Shutters for doors, windows and ventilators including cupboards and shelves are measured in square meters.

4. Wooden stairs are measured in terms of number of steps.

5. Wooden cornices and rails are measured in running meters.

Consider the following points:

1. D.P.C., wall panels, RCC water proof course are measured in square meter.

2. Brick work in arches is measured in cubic meter.

Work charged establishment is the establishment that is charged to the work directly. During the construction of a building or a project, a certain number of work supervisors, chaukidars, munshies are required to be employed in the project and their salaries are to paid from the work charge establishment of the project. For work charged establishment, 1.5 to 2% of the estimated cost of the project is taken.

Floor area of the building is the total area of the floor in between walls and consists of floor of all rooms verandas, corridors etc. Floor area is equal to plinth area minus area occupied by walls.

Following are not included in floor area of the building:

1. Sills of doors and openings are not included in the floor area of the building.

2. Area occupied by walls, pillars and any other intermediate support.

Different methods of calculating the depreciation of building are:

1. Straight line method

2. Sinking fund method

3. Quantity survey method

4. Constant percentage method or declining balance method

In Constant percentage method, it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant percentage of its value at the beginning of every year.

Annual depreciation:

The capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property. To determine the capitalized value of a property, it is required to know the net income from the property and the highest prevailing rate of interest.

Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year’s purchase.

Volume of embankment by trapezoidal method is given by:

V = h/2 [a₁ + a_n + 2[a₂ + a₃ +…. a_n-1]

h = 30 m

a₁ = 20 m²

a₂ = 40 m²

a₃ = 50 m²

V = 30/2[20 + 50 + 2[40]

V = 15 [150]

V = 2250 m³

Weight of steel bar = Density x Volume of bar

For 1 meter of length,

Weight of steel bar = Density x Area of Bar x 1

Density of mild steel = 7850 kg per cubic meter

Weight of steel bar= 7850

Total volume of RCC slab is,V=

Totalcost=V×1000=

A fund which is gradually accumulated and set aside to reconstruct the property after the expiry of its period of utility is known as sinking fund. The sinking funds may be found out by taking the sinking fund policy with any insurance company or depositing some amount in the bank. Generally while calculating siniking fund, life of the building is considerd. 90% of the cost of construction is used for calculation and 10% is left out as scrap value.

Painting is done on surface area of wall and hence is measured in m² and pillars are computed in m³ because they occupy volume.

The minimum thickness of load bearing RCC wall should be 100 mm to prevent failure.

As per IS 3861: 2002, plinth area includes 100 percent area of the balcony protected by projection above and 50 percent area of the unprotected balcony.

Volume of excavation= perimeter x area

Perimeter= 4+4+2(6- 2x0.8)= 16.8m

Area= 0.8x0.6= 0.48m²; Hence volume= 16.8x0.48= 8.064m³.

Tender is an offer to execute some specified work or to supply some specified article at certain rates. While inviting tender the bill of quantities, detailed specifications, conditions of contract and plans and drawings are supplied.

Generally contractor has to arrange for tools and plants. So it is taken to be 1 to 1.5% of estimate cost.