CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 7 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

Determinants of individual differences in human beings relate to both heredity and environment interacting separately. Man's behaviour is influenced by two forces: heredity and environment. Heredity traits are innate; they are present at birth. The essential characteristics inherited by all human beings are physical structure, reflexes, innate drives, intelligence, and temperament. There are some biologists who claim that the difference in the traits or qualities of individuals or groups are due to the difference in their heredity.

CBSE has prescribed group activities for students in place of activities for individual students. The idea behind doing so could be to overcome the negative emotional response to individual competition which may generalise across learning.

Developmental perspective requires teachers to adapt instructional strategies based on the knowledge of developmental factors. Not all students are alike – they differ in their strengths, needs and abilities. Understanding how students learn informs the teachers and strengthens their ability to select specific instructional strategies and tactics for struggling learners. In turn, there is an increase in students' academic achievement and this also engages and motivates students.

The theory of Maslow's hierarchy of needs basically talks about how all humans have different levels of needs for survival and they work to make money to fulfill those needs. Thus, the news of 'a woman selling her child to obtain food' may be understood best on the basis of theory of hierarchical needs.

The opaque projector, epidioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projector.

Extinction (psychology) is observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behaviours. When operant behaviour that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences, the behaviour gradually stops occurring.
A partial reinforcement will continue to produce reinforcing consequences and therefore, making it difficult to stop a behaviour from re-occurring.

Conversation skill is not a tool but a skill that is learnt using various tools.

Children's errors are a window into how they think. They commit mistakes and learn in the process. These errors when committed by children and rectified by teachers/parents pave new way of learning, thinking, and doing things.

We don't know about the age of the individual. The physical age of the child is compared to the intellectual performance of the child, based on performance in tests and live assessments by a psychologist. The physical age is not given, so nothing can be determined.

Greater learning would occur in educational settings if students used self-testing as a study strategy and were quizzed more frequently in class. But testing can have an opposite effect if it is done by a teacher as the students would do 'memorising for the test' rather than learning.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted a series of studies with children and adults.
• His findings suggested that development happens in a specific sequence of stages that is not culture-specific. He identified six stages of moral development within three levels.
• There are two specific stages at each level.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in personality (including cognitive, affective, attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and experiential) and reflects a change in performance usually brought about by practice although it may arise from insight or other factors, including memory.

FLN is Foundational Literacy and Numeracy which is a scheme launched by the Ministry of education under the Nipun Bharat vision of NEP 2020.

A child always sympathizes with other children, is an emotional habit. Sympathy is an emotional response characterized by feelings of compassion, concern, or sorrow for someone else's situation or emotions. It involves understanding and sharing the emotions of others, which is a key aspect of empathy.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two types of motivation. Students that are intrinsically driven have a natural drive to complete their assignments. Students who are driven by external rewards are extrinsically motivated.

Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development.

Social Heredity, suggests that the son's expertise as a doctor can be attributed to the influence of the doctor-parent's social environment. 
Social heredity refers to the transmission of cultural and social factors from one generation to the next. In this example, the son of a doctor benefits from growing up in an environment where medical knowledge, values, and practices are likely to be prevalent. Here's how social heredity plays a role:

• Access to Resources: Being the child of a doctor, the son may have greater access to resources such as medical books, journals, and educational materials. These resources can provide early exposure to medical concepts, terminology, and research, setting a strong foundation for future expertise.
• Educational Opportunities: The son may have received guidance and encouragement from the doctor-parent to pursue a career in medicine. This support can include recommendations for quality educational institutions, advice on relevant courses, and assistance with academic pursuits. Access to a robust education can greatly contribute to the son's development as an expert doctor.
• Role Modeling: Growing up with a doctor-parent as a role model can inspire the son to follow in their footsteps. Observing the parent's dedication, work ethic, and passion for medicine can influence the son's career choice and motivate them to strive for excellence in their medical studies and practice.
• Cultural Values and Expectations: In families with a medical background, there may be a strong emphasis on the importance of healthcare, patient well-being, and professionalism. These cultural values and expectations can shape the son's understanding of the medical field and instill a sense of responsibility and commitment to becoming an expert doctor.

Overall, the son's expertise as a doctor is not solely determined by biological heredity but is influenced significantly by social heredity, including the resources, educational opportunities, role modeling, and cultural values inherited from the doctor's parents' social environment.

The importance of individual differences in organizing educational programs effectively can vary depending on the specific context and goals of the program. However, socio-emotional and mental characteristics are often considered crucial in educational settings.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is an education policy document in India that provides guidelines for school curriculum development. 

• The NCF 2005 emphasizes a constructivist approach to learning, which focuses on students actively constructing their knowledge and understanding through hands-on experiences, problem-solving, critical thinking, and inquiry-based learning.
• The framework emphasizes the development of higher-order thinking skills, application of knowledge to real-life situations, and fostering a deep understanding of concepts rather than rote memorization.
• It promotes a student-centered approach to education that encourages active engagement and the ability to think critically and creatively.

Hence, we can conclude that NCF 2005 emphasizes that most is on construction of knowledge.

Child-centered education means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

• Providing education keeping in mind the interests and abilities of the child is called child-centered education.
• In child-centered education, evaluation can be used to find out how much the student has learned.
• In child-centered education, what the child has to learn should be judged according to the ability, interest, capacity, and previous experience of the child.
• If the students are judged based on their ability, interest, and experience, then the students will take interest in the assessment and try to give better responses.

Hence, we can conclude that in child-centered education, what the child has to learn should be judged according to the ability, interest, capacity, and previous experience of the child.

Adequate classroom environment exhibits a basic level of order, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.
There are four categories of classroom environment including dysfunctional, adequate, orderly restrictive and orderly enabling/flexible environment, in which adequate classroom environment exhibits the basic level of order for meaningful learning, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.

Teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.
Gender refers to the socially and culturally constructed system that attributes meaning to what it means to be a male or a female in a particular society.
Gender bias in teaching leads to differential learning experiences, even though the girls and boys of a class sit in the same classroom and attended by the same teacher.

• It refers to the belief when someone prioritize one gender more than the other one.
• The result of the research studies about teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.

The evaluation in which the evaluation is done by the one who teaches students is internal.
An internal evaluation is done by someone who knows the subject taught. It is usually the class teacher. The criterion is that the evaluator knows what has been taught and how it has been taught. All other types of evaluation are external evaluations.

The knowledge of individual differences helps teachers in assessing the individual needs of all students and teaching them accordingly.
Individual differences, as the term suggests, refer to how individuals differ from each other.

• Different people have different interests; and their behavior is influenced by these interests, likings, dislikings, values and beliefs, etc.
• Understanding of individual differences helps in planning course material and training programmes. 
• Understanding of individual differences of the teachers and the taught can help in matching teaching and learning styles for better- academic results. 
• To take care of individual differences you should design your instructional activities to suit the mental level of each student.

One of the basic principles of socializing individuals is education.
Socialization is a process by which an individual becomes a member of society through a mechanism of interaction. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for future roles.
Principles of Socialization:

• To make new members of society familiar with social traditions, manners, customs, etc.
• To prepare the members of the society to adapt to the constantly changing environment
• To lead to education through a process of social interaction
• To study the various types of social relationships and their impact on individual development.
• To control the teaching-learning process to achieve the personality development of every single child.

- Assertion is true as cooperative play indeed helps children in developing social skills and cooperation.

- Reason is also true as scholars advocate for the importance of play in fostering cognitive development and creative thinking.

- However, the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion as it does not directly link cooperative play with the development of social skills and cooperation.

- Assertion is correct. Trait theory suggests that personality traits are broad dispositions.

- Reason is also correct. Gordon Allport did indeed identify over 4,000 English words to describe personality traits.

- However, the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. Just identifying many words to describe traits doesn't necessarily mean that traits are broad dispositions.

Assertion: The assertion is correct. Children do rely on logic and reasoning for cognitive development.

Reason: The reason is correct as it explains how deductive reasoning is a crucial part of children's cognitive growth.

Explanation: Deductive reasoning, starting from a general statement and narrowing down to a specific conclusion, is indeed a key aspect of children's cognitive development, supporting the assertion. Hence, Option A is the correct answer.

Assertion: The statement regarding intellectual factors influencing the learning process is correct, as an individual's capacity to understand new concepts is crucial for successful learning.

Reason: While success in school can be related to intellect, it is not always the sole determining factor for learning. Other aspects such as teaching methods, study habits, and external support also play significant roles.

Explanation: Although both the Assertion and Reason are individually true, the Reason does not directly explain why intellectual factors impact the learning process. Success in school can stem from various factors beyond just intellect.

• Assertion: Rewarding problem-solving efforts is beneficial for developing children's problem-solving abilities.
• Reason: Recognizing efforts serves as motivation for children to continue seeking solutions.
• Explanation: Rewarding efforts reinforces positive behavior and encourages persistence in problem-solving tasks. Hence, the Reason appropriately explains why rewarding problem-solving efforts is an effective strategy.