Test: Development Experience Of India - 1 - UPSC MCQ

Answer:
The person who said the lines, "These new and revolutionary changes in China And India even though they differ in content symbolise the new spirit of Asia and new vitality which is finding expression in the countries in Asia" was Jawaharlal Nehru.
Explanation:
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, is known for his role in shaping the country's foreign policy and promoting the idea of pan-Asian cooperation. The quote reflects his belief in the emergence of a new Asia that is experiencing significant changes and progress. Here is a breakdown of the answer:
1. Jawaharlal Nehru: He was the author of the quote and a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement.
2. China and India: Nehru recognized the transformative changes occurring in both countries, even though they had different contexts and content.
3. New spirit of Asia: Nehru believed that the progress and vitality seen in China and India represented a broader trend of renewal and rejuvenation in Asia as a whole.
4. New vitality: The quote suggests that the energy and dynamism of the Asian countries are finding expression in various ways, contributing to the region's growth and development.
It is important to note that Nehru's perspective on the new spirit of Asia and its expression in China and India was influenced by his vision of a united and prosperous continent.

The state was established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China. Its government fled to Taipei in 1949 due to the Kuomintang's defeat in the Chinese Civil War.

Introduction:
In this question, we are given the information about the announcement of five-year plans by different countries in specific time periods. We need to determine which country announced its five-year plan in the given years.

To solve this question, let's analyze the given information:
1951-56:
- One country announced its five-year plan during this time period.
- The correct answer option is "India" because India announced its five-year plan in 1951-56.
1956:
- One country announced its five-year plan in this year.
- The correct answer option is "Pakistan" because Pakistan announced its five-year plan in 1956.
1953:
- One country announced its five-year plan in this year.
- The correct answer option is "China" because China announced its five-year plan in 1953.
Final Answer:
Based on the given information, the correct answer is option A: India, Pakistan, China.

The Great Leap Forward (GLF) was a campaign initiated in 1958 in China. It was an economic and social campaign led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962. Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through the formation of people's communes. Mao decreed increased efforts to multiply grain yields and bring industry to the countryside.

The policy that aimed to combine the establishment of rural communes with a crash programme of village industrialisation was the Great Leap Forward.
The Great Leap Forward was a policy implemented by Mao Zedong in China from 1958 to 1962. Its main goals were to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society to an industrialized one and to collectivize agriculture.
During the Great Leap Forward, the following measures were taken:
1. Communes:
- The establishment of rural communes was a central feature of the Great Leap Forward.
- Communes were large collectives that brought together thousands of households.
- People lived and worked together in communes, sharing resources and working towards common goals.
2. Village Industrialization:
- The Great Leap Forward aimed to promote industrialization in rural areas.
- Small-scale industries, known as backyard steel furnaces, were set up in villages.
- Villagers were encouraged to produce steel and other industrial goods in their backyard furnaces.
3. Agricultural Collectivization:
- The Great Leap Forward also aimed to collectivize agriculture.
- People were organized into collective farms and communal dining halls.
- Private farming was discouraged, and farming activities were carried out collectively.
4. Mass Mobilization:
- The Great Leap Forward involved mass mobilization campaigns to achieve its goals.
- People were encouraged to work harder and make sacrifices for the collective good.
- Propaganda and slogans were used to motivate and inspire the population.
Unfortunately, the Great Leap Forward resulted in widespread famine and economic disaster. The backyard steel furnaces produced low-quality steel, leading to a decline in agricultural production. The collectivization of agriculture also disrupted farming practices, further exacerbating food shortages. It is estimated that tens of millions of people died during this period as a result of famine and other related issues.

Introduction:
China implemented significant reforms in its economy during the late 1970s, which brought about a transformation in its economic structure and development.
Detailed Explanation:
The correct answer is D: 1978. Here is a detailed explanation of China's major economic reforms:
1. Background:
- Prior to the reforms, China's economy was centrally planned and controlled by the government, following the principles of socialism.
- However, this system was not able to generate sufficient economic growth and development.
2. The Third Plenum:
- In December 1978, the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. This meeting marked the beginning of the economic reforms.
- The plenum advocated for economic reforms and called for the establishment of a "socialist market economy."
3. Deng Xiaoping's Leadership:
- Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of China at that time, played a crucial role in implementing the reforms.
- Deng Xiaoping promoted the concept of "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and emphasized the importance of economic development.
4. Reforms Introduced:
- The reforms introduced in 1978 aimed to shift China from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy.
- Key reforms included:
- Decentralization: Giving more decision-making power to local governments and enterprises.
- Opening up to foreign investment: Attracting foreign capital, technology, and expertise.
- Privatization: Allowing the establishment of private businesses and encouraging entrepreneurship.
- Agricultural reforms: Introducing the "household responsibility system" in agriculture, which gave farmers more control over their land and production.
- Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Establishing SEZs to attract foreign investment and experiment with market-oriented policies.
- Industrial reforms: Encouraging competition, improving efficiency, and promoting technological innovation in industries.
5. Impact of the Reforms:
- The economic reforms led to significant changes in China's economy and society.
- China experienced rapid economic growth, with average annual GDP growth rates exceeding 9% over several decades.
- The reforms lifted millions of people out of poverty and improved living standards for many.
- China became a major player in the global economy and transformed into the world's second-largest economy.
In conclusion, China introduced major economic reforms in 1978, which marked the beginning of its transition from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. These reforms, led by Deng Xiaoping, brought about significant changes in China's economic structure and development, leading to rapid economic growth and global prominence.

China has followed the classical development pattern of gradual shift from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services.

The reasons for this are as follows:

• Shift from Agriculture to Manufacturing:




• China initially had an agrarian economy, with a large portion of the population engaged in agriculture.


• With economic reforms and government policies promoting industrialization, there was a gradual shift towards manufacturing.


• The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and foreign investment in industries such as textiles, electronics, and automobiles played a significant role in this transition.


• This shift led to rapid economic growth, increased productivity, and job creation in the manufacturing sector.





• Shift from Manufacturing to Services:




• As China's economy matured, there was a shift towards the services sector.


• This transition was driven by factors such as rising income levels, urbanization, and changing consumer preferences.


• The services sector includes industries such as finance, retail, tourism, healthcare, and information technology.


• This shift towards services has been accompanied by a decline in the share of manufacturing in China's GDP.

Overall, China's development pattern reflects the typical trajectory of many developing countries, where agriculture is gradually replaced by manufacturing, and then services become the dominant sector in the economy.

Introduction:
In 1965, Mao Zedong, the leader of the People's Republic of China, introduced a policy called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. This policy aimed to transform Chinese society by mobilizing the youth and intellectuals to learn from the countryside and promote revolutionary values.
Key Points:
Here are the key points about the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution:
1. Purpose: The Cultural Revolution aimed to revive Mao's revolutionary ideology and eliminate perceived bourgeois and capitalist elements within Chinese society.
2. Target: The policy targeted students, intellectuals, and professionals who were seen as potential threats to the Communist Party's control. They were sent to rural areas to be reeducated and learn from the peasants.
3. Red Guards: Mao encouraged the formation of Red Guard groups, mainly composed of students, who were tasked with enforcing the revolutionary ideology and suppressing counter-revolutionary activities.
4. Struggle Sessions: Struggle sessions were organized to publicly humiliate and criticize individuals deemed to be counter-revolutionaries or capitalist roaders. These sessions often involved physical and psychological abuse.
5. Economic Impact: The Cultural Revolution resulted in significant disruptions to the Chinese economy. Schools, universities, and factories were shut down, leading to a decline in productivity and social instability.
6. Political Purge: Many high-ranking officials, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were purged during the Cultural Revolution. The power struggle within the Communist Party intensified, leading to a period of political turmoil.
7. End and Legacy: The Cultural Revolution officially ended in 1976 with Mao's death. It left a deep impact on Chinese society, causing social and cultural upheaval. The policy has been widely criticized for its human rights abuses and economic consequences.
Conclusion:
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, introduced by Mao Zedong in 1965, aimed to transform Chinese society by mobilizing the youth and intellectuals to learn from the countryside. It had a profound impact on China, both politically and economically, but also resulted in widespread human rights abuses and social unrest.

Policy followed by Pakistan: Import substitution
Import substitution is an economic policy that aims to promote domestic industries by reducing reliance on imported goods. Pakistan has pursued import substitution as one of its key economic policies.
Explanation:
Under the import substitution policy, Pakistan implemented the following measures:
1. Tariffs and trade barriers: Pakistan imposed high tariffs and trade barriers on imported goods to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
2. Industrialization: The government focused on developing domestic industries to replace imported goods. It provided incentives and subsidies to promote the growth of industries such as textiles, chemicals, and automobiles.
3. Import restrictions: Pakistan implemented import restrictions to reduce the inflow of foreign goods and encourage the consumption of domestically produced goods.
4. Investment in infrastructure: The government invested in infrastructure development to support the growth of domestic industries. This included building roads, ports, and power plants to facilitate industrial production.
5. Promotion of local manufacturing: The government encouraged local manufacturing by providing financial assistance, technical support, and training to entrepreneurs and small-scale industries.
6. Development of domestic market: Pakistan aimed to create a strong domestic market by promoting consumer demand for locally produced goods.
7. Import substitution industrialization (ISI): Pakistan adopted the ISI model, which involved the establishment of state-owned industries to produce goods that were previously imported.
Overall, the import substitution policy aimed to reduce Pakistan's dependence on foreign goods, promote domestic industries, and achieve self-sufficiency in production.

From the given options Pakistan has the smallest population because China and India are the world’s top 2 most populated countries.