Geography: CUET Mock Test - 2 - CUET MCQ

The year 2003 marked the launching of 'Haryali' with the objective of empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions both financially and administratively in the implementation of watershed development programme in the country.

Answer: Gaddis

Key Points

• Gaddis: -
  • The Gaddis are a tribal community primarily found in the Bharmaur region of Himachal Pradesh, India.
  • This community is known for its semi-nomadic lifestyle, primarily engaging in animal husbandry and agriculture.
  • They migrate to the lower Himalayan regions during the winter months and return to the higher pastures in the summer for grazing their livestock.
  • The unique cultural practices, traditional costumes, and festivals of the Gaddis are significant to the cultural heritage of the Bharmaur region.

Additional Information

• Gonds: -
  • ​The Gonds are one of the largest tribal communities in India, primarily residing in the central and southern parts of the country, such as Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
  • Their primary occupation includes agriculture, foraging, and hunting.
  • Given their geographical distribution, the Gonds do not inhabit the Bharmaur region, making this option incorrect.
• Bhils: -
  • The Bhils are another major tribal community in India, found mostly in the western and central parts of the country, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. -
  • They are known for their archery skills, cultural richness, and have a history of being great warriors.
  • The Bhils do not reside in the Bharmaur region, which is located in the northern part of India, making this option incorrect.
• Santhals: -
  • The Santhals are a major tribal community primarily found in the eastern part of India, including states like Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha
  • They are known for their rich cultural heritage, dance forms, music, and craftsmanship.
  • The geographical location of the Santhal community does not align with the Bharmaur region, hence this option is incorrect.

• New Zealand:
  • In New Zealand, an innovative approach to dairy farming includes the supply of milk through pipelines directly from farms to factories.
  • This system enhances efficiency, reduces transportation costs, and minimizes the carbon footprint associated with dairy farming.
  • It represents a unique integration of agriculture and technology, streamlining the process from production to processing.

Additional Information

• Denmark:
  • Although Denmark is renowned for its advanced dairy farming techniques, milk is typically transported via tankers rather than pipelines.
  • The country focuses on sustainable farming practices and high-quality dairy production but does not utilize pipeline systems for milk transportation on a large scale.
• USA:
  • The United States has a vast and diverse dairy industry with farms ranging from small family operations to large-scale industrial farms.
  • While innovative in many aspects, the U.S. dairy sector primarily relies on traditional transportation methods, including trucks and tankers, for milk distribution.
• Australia:
  • Australia's dairy industry is significant and employs various modern farming techniques.
  • However, like in the USA and Denmark, the transportation of milk from farms to factories predominantly involves vehicular transport rather than pipelines.

In conclusion, the innovative practice of transporting milk directly from farms to factories via pipelines is notably utilized in New Zealand.

• Coal:
  • Coal is considered a conventional source of energy because it has been used for centuries to produce electricity, heat, and power.
  • It is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, accumulating over millions of years.
  • Despite its high carbon emissions when burned, coal's abundance and cost-effectiveness have made it a staple in energy production worldwide.

Additional Information

• Tidal energy:
  • Tidal energy is derived from the natural rise and fall of ocean tides. It is considered a renewable and sustainable source of power.
  • This form of energy is not conventional, as it has not been historically used on a large scale and relies on advanced technology for its harnessing.
• Solar energy:
  • Solar energy, obtained from the sun's rays, is renewable and has gained significant attention for its potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
  • It is not a conventional source of energy, as its widespread use is relatively recent compared to coal.
• Geo-Thermal energy:
  • Geo-thermal energy is derived from the Earth's internal heat. It is considered renewable and is used for heating and generating electricity in some parts of the world.
  • Though it has been used in some form for thousands of years, it is not classified as conventional due to its limited use and the specific geographical conditions required for its exploitation.

In conclusion, coal is identified as a conventional source of energy due to its long history of use for energy production, its role in the industrialization process, and its widespread availability and use despite the environmental concerns associated with its combustion.

• Quinary Activities: -
  • Quinary activities refer to the highest level of decision-making and include top executives or officials in various fields.
  • They are involved in high-level decision making in organizations, governments, and industries. -
  • This sector is characterized by high-level decision-making roles in all types of organizations and includes CEOs, government officials, research scientists, and other high-level professionals. -
  • The term "Gold Collar Professionals" is used to describe individuals in quinary activities because they represent a small, elite segment of the workforce that possesses specialized knowledge or skills. -

Additional Information

• Quaternary Activities: -
  • These involve services such as information technology, financial planning, consulting, education, and other knowledge-based services.
  • While these roles are crucial for the functioning of the modern economy, they are not referred to as "Gold Collar Professionals".
• Tertiary Activities: -
  • This sector includes services like retail, entertainment, hospitality, and healthcare.
  • Workers in this sector provide essential services directly to consumers.
  • Although important, these roles do not typically involve the high-level decision-making characteristic of "Gold Collar Professionals".
• Outsourcing: -
  • Outsourcing is the business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services and create goods that traditionally were performed in-house by the company's own employees and staff.
  • It does not refer to a specific level of workers but rather to a business strategy.

Basic Needs Approach

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is known for focusing on labor standards, employment, and social protection. Among the options given, the ILO has prominently advocated for the Basic Needs Approach.

Key Points

• Basic Needs Approach
  • Focused on ensuring that all individuals have their basic needs met, such as food, shelter, and clothing, along with essential services like education and health care.
  • The Basic Needs Approach has been a framework in development discussions and policies, aiming at poverty alleviation and improvement of living conditions.
  • The ILO has supported this approach, particularly in relation to labor and employment, by emphasizing the importance of decent work and the provision of social protection to meet workers' basic needs.

Additional Information

• Capability Approach
  • Developed by Amartya Sen, this approach focuses on what individuals are able to do and be - their capabilities.
  • It moves beyond just considering the resources available to individuals and looks at their freedom to lead the kind of lives they value.
  • While this approach aligns with broad development goals and can intersect with labor issues, it is more directly associated with development economics and social justice, rather than being a specific focus of the ILO.
• Welfare Approach
  • The Welfare Approach in social policy aims at providing for the basic welfare and needs of the population through direct assistance.
  • It includes interventions in areas like health care, education, and housing.
  • While welfare policies can impact work and employment indirectly (for instance, through social security or unemployment benefits), the ILO’s work encompasses but is not limited to welfare, focusing broadly on promoting rights at work, encouraging decent employment opportunities, enhancing social protection, and strengthening dialogue on work-related issues.
• Income Approach
  • The Income Approach looks at generating and increasing income as a primary means to improve living standards and address poverty.
  • It can encompass strategies like improving wage conditions, creating job opportunities, and fostering economic growth.
  • While the ILO certainly supports initiatives to ensure fair wages and income for workers, its approach is more comprehensive, addressing a broader spectrum of labor issues beyond just income.

Over-time changes in the population composition due to changes in fertility and mortality rate are known as the demographic transition.

Important Points

Demographic transition is a model used to represent the movement of high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

• Stage 1: High Stationery: Birth and death rates are high and erratic, and population growth is modest.
• Stage 2: Early Expanding Stage: a high birth rate, a low mortality rate, and a fast population growth rate
• Stage 3: Later Expanding Stage: Declining birth and mortality rates, as well as a decline in the rate of population increase.
• Stage 4: Low Stationary Stage: Population growth is moderate due to low birth and mortality rates.

Hence, Stage 1 of demographic transition is the stage in which both fertility and mortality rates are high.

The correct answer is Japan.

Key Points

• Of all the countries in the world, Japan has the most rapidly aging population in the history of the world.
  • It has the largest population of people over the age of 65.
  • With the oldest population in the world, Japan’s population consists of 28.79 percent of people over age 65.
  • At the present moment, more than one in four people in the country are over the age of 65.
• One theorized reason for Japan’s large elderly population is the post-war baby boom that affected the nation between 1947 and 1949, a time which was followed by a long period of low fertility rates.
  • Japan’s life expectancy is also the highest in the OECD, at 84.7 years, major reason behind this is the country´s low rates of cerebrovascular diseases and its citizens tending to adhere to a healthy diet and lifestyle.
• It is predicted that nearly one-third of the Japanese people (32.2%) will be senior citizens by 2030.
• After Japan, comes Italy and Finland.

Correct Answer: ​East Asia, South Asia, Europe. North America.

Key Points

East Asia:

• Approximately one-fourth of the world's population lives in the East Asia region comprising eastern parts of China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. Five-sixths of the people in this region live in China.
• South Asia has the second-largest concentration of people. The region comprises India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
• More than 20% 0f the world's population lives in South Asia and India, the world's second-most populous country contains more than three-fourths of the people in this region.
• The world's third-largest population cluster encompasses about two dozen countries that occupy much of Europe from the United Kingdom to western Russia. Approximately 15% of the world's people live in this cluster.

North America:

• The largest concentration of people in the Western Hemisphere is in the Northeastern United States and South-Eastern Canada.
• Approximately 150 million people live in this region and like the Europeans, most Americans are urban dwellers and fewer than 5% are farmers.

Additional Information

​​South-East Asia:

• A third Asian population cluster and the world's fourth-largest comprise a series of islands that lie between the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
• The largest concentration is on the island of Java (Indonesia) inhabited by more than 100 million people.
• Indonesia consists of more than 13,677 islands and is the fourth most populous country in the world. Included in this region is the Philippines.

The correct answer is Belgium.

Key Points

• Belgium
  • Belgium is known as the Cockpit of Europe. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
  • It has been the site of more European battles than any other country. For example, Oudenarde, Ramillies, Ligny, Quatre Bras, Waterloo.
  • Waterloo in Belgium is the war zone of Napoleon Bonaparte’s last battle, the Battle of Waterloo.
  • Belgium was the battleground of many European battles than any other country.
  • Scotland is known as the Land of Cakes.
  • Oxford is known as the City of Dreaming Spires.
  • New York is known as the City of Sky Scrapers.

Additional Information

Human development refers to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive development of humans. It extends to the entire lifespan of humans. Physical development of humans involves growth and changes in the brain and the body including sense organs, motor skills, health, etc. Psychosocial development involves changes in personality, social relationships, and emotions. Cognitive development involves changes in memory, language, reasoning, creativity, etc.

Key Points

• Development in humans is both qualitative and quantitative.
  • Qualitative change occurs when individual progress and become different from the way they were earlier like the way an individual perceives the world, behave and think.
  • Quantitative change occurs when individuals acquire novel information and experiences like, the individuals become stronger, bigger, gain more weight or height.
  • It is concerned with the overall and progressive changes taking place in an individual including both quantitative as well as qualitative aspects.
  • It is a wide and complex process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding.
  • Sudden changes in development are actually the result of both qualitative and quantitative development.

Hence, it can be concluded that human development is both quantitative and qualitative.

The Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc., through people's participation.

Ralegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. It has become an example for watershed development throughout the country. In 1975, this village was caught in a web of poverty and illicit liquor trade. The transformation took place when a retired army personnel, settled down in the village and took up the task of watershed development. He convinced villagers about the importance of family planning and voluntary labour; preventing open grazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition.

Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

The first National Water Policy was adopted in September, 1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in 2012. The National Water Policy 2002 stipulates water allocation priorities broadly in the following order: drinking water; irrigation, hydro-power, navigation, industrial and other uses. The National Water Policy 2002 stipulates progressive new approaches to water management.

Commercial agriculture, or otherwise known as agribusiness, is a cropping method in which crops or livestock are raised in order to sell the products on the market in order to make money.

• In India, the sex ratio is the number of females per thousand males.
• On average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females.
• The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia where there are 85 males per 100 females. In contrast, in Qatar, there are 311 males per 100 females.
• The world pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variations in the developed regions of the world.
• The sex ratio is favourable for females in 139 countries of the world and unfavourable for them in the remaining 72 countries listed by the United Nations.

Cochin Port 

• Cochin Port situated at the head of Vembanad Kayal, popularly known as the ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’, is also a natural harbour.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• This port has an advantageous location being close to the Suez-Colombo route.
• It caters to the needs of Kerala, southern Karnataka and south western Tamil Nadu.

Characteristics of Intensive Subsistence Farming:

• Intensive farming is an agricultural intensification and mechanization system that aims to maximize yields from available land through various means, such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
• Three major characteristics of intensive farming are as follows, 
  • Low fallow ratio
  • Labour and capital intensive
  • Higher crop yields per unit land area.
• That means high output per unit of land and relatively low output per worker
• Executive use of mechanization found.
• It is a labour-intensive farming method.
• This farming produces cheaper food per hectare to feed the rising population.
• Created multiple cropping systems.
• High productivity using modern inputs.
• It also involves intensive livestock farming.
• It is a common practice in the fertile areas of south-east Asia, China, India (Punjab, parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc.), etc.

Intensive livestock farming:

• In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture. animal husbandry is a meagre sideline of crop farming
• This is clearly more sophisticated than primitive agriculture. Sometimes it is also known as the ‘monsoon type of agriculture’.
• Subsistence farming is being superseded by intensive animal farming in the more developed parts of the world, where for example beef cattle are kept in high-density feedlots, and thousands of chickens may be raised in broiler houses or batteries. 
• Throughout the region. the farmers are handicapped in raising cattle due to a lack of scientific methods of breeding the animals

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

Roads

• Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to railways.
• Freight transport by road is gaining importance because it offers door-to-door service
• The quality of the roads varies greatly between developed and developing countries because road construction and maintenance require heavy expenditure.
• In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long-distance links in the form of motorways, autobahns (Germany), and interstate highways for speedy movement.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• Lorries, of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads, are common.

The correct answer is Shelterbelts.

• A shelterbelt is a barrier of trees and shrubs that provides protection from wind and storm and lessens erosion.
• Shelterbelts are a specific type of agroforestry system that help reduce natural hazards.
• It is the most suitable method of soil conservation in coastal and dry areas.
• Soil conservation is the protection of soil from erosion and other types of deterioration, so as to maintain soil fertility and productivity.

 Thus, we can say that Shelterbelts is the most suitable method of soil conservation in the coastal and dry regions.

Landmass

• There are four major continuous landmasses on Earth: Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, Antarctica, and Australia.
• Covering an expanse of over 6.6 million square miles, Russia is the world's largest country by landmass, beating out runner-up Canada by around 2.8 million square miles.
• Most geologists recognize six continents — Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, Australia, North America, and South America

Trans–Siberian Railway -

• This is a trans–Siberian Railways major rail route of Russia runs from St. Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east passing through Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• It is the most important route in Asia and the longest (9,332 km)double-tracked and electrified trans–continental railway in the world.
• It has helped in opening up its Asian region to West European markets.
• It runs across the Ural Mountains Ob and Yenisei rivers Chita is an important agro centre and Irkutsk, a fur centre.

 As per the census 2011, Places that satisfy the following criteria are called census towns:

• A minimum population of 5,000;
• At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and Hence, option 3 is not correct.
• A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. 
• Presence of municipality, corporation, etc

• Petrochemicals are used in the manufacture of detergent.
• Detergent is a substance that's used for cleaning.
• Detergent is similar to soap, but it's stronger and dissolves more completely in water.
• Detergents are special, powerful cleansers that can break up dirt, oils, and grease in clothing or dishes.
• The most important raw material for synthetic detergent production alkylbenzene.
• The alkyl molecular group has in the past usually been C12H24 (tetrapropylene) obtained from the petrochemical gas propylene.
• This molecular group is attached to benzene by a reaction called alkylation, with various catalysts, to form the alkylbenzene.

Tertiary Sector

• The tertiary Sector is a collection of industries that produce mostly intangible value, meaning value that has no physical form.
• It is a hallmark of advanced economies to have a large tertiary sector that generates a high percentage of GDP and employment.
• The tertiary sector is also called as service sector.
• This sector also includes essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods.
• Examples: Education, Utilities, Transportation, Hospitality, etc.
• For example, we require teachers, doctors, tailors, some of which provide us with personal services.

Primary Sector

• The sector that includes the different raw materials is also known as the primary sector.
• This sector includes all of the sectors of human activity that transform natural resources into commodities.
• These raw materials are products generated from agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, fishing, forestry, and mining.
• The activities carried out in the primary sector are important, necessary, and indispensable for the populations' survival.

Secondary Sector

• The secondary sector includes economic activities that create finished products for consumption( consumer goods).
• It takes the production of the primary activities and manufactures new end goods.
• Examples: Manufacturing, Construction, etc.

Slum

• The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing and squalid, miserable living conditions. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• They are often overcrowded, with many people crammed into very small living spaces.
• These settlements lack basic municipal services such as water, sanitation, waste collection, storm drainage, street lighting, paved sidewalks and roads for emergency access.
• Most also do not have easy access to schools, hospitals or public places for the community to gather. 
• UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:
• Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions.
• Sufficient living space, which means not more than three people sharing the same room.
• Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price.
• Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.
• Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.

• Shifting cultivation is a form of agricultural practice or a cultivation system.
• In which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.
• It is practised by tribal and is also known as Burn and Slash cultivation.
• It is known as Jhoom in Assam, Onam in Kerala, Podu in Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha. The same is known as Bewar in Madhya Pradesh.

The five stages of the demographic transition model

• Stage One: The Pre-Industrial Stage (highly fluctuating – high stationery)
• Stage Two: The Industrial Revolution (early expanding) –very rapid increase.
• Stage Three: Post-Industrial Revolution (late expanding) –increase slows down.
• Stage Four: Stabilization (low stationery) – very slow increase
• Stage Five: Declining population

Hence the correct answer is Rural agrarian, demographic transition, urban industrial.

Urban Settlements in India 

• Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. 
• Even at the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were in existence. 
• They were the first well documented human urban settlements in Human History.
• The following period has witnessed the evolution of towns. 
• It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in the eighteenth century.