Geography: CUET Mock Test - 3 - CUET MCQ

The level of groundwater utilisation is relatively high in the river basins lying in north-western region and parts of south India. The groundwater utilisation is very high in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu. However, there are States like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Kerala, etc., which utilise only a small proportion of their groundwater potentials. States like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura and Maharashtra are utilising their groundwater resources at a moderate rate.

Robert Malthus

Key Points

• Robert Malthus: -
  • ​Thomas Robert Malthus was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.
  • Malthus is best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction.
  • His works include "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), where he argued that population growth would exceed the growth of food resources, leading to widespread poverty and famine unless population growth was controlled.

Additional Information

• Griffith Taylor: -
  • ​Griffith Taylor was a geographer, anthropologist, and explorer.
  • His work primarily focused on environmental determinism, the idea that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. -
  • Taylor's theories and research did not directly address the scarcity of resources in relation to the human population as Malthus did.
• Ratzel: -
  • Friedrich Ratzel was a German geographer and ethnographer, known for his work in political geography and the concept of Lebensraum or "living space."
  • His theories focused on the state as an organism that needs space to live (Lebensraum) and grow, which influenced later geopolitical thought.
  • Ratzel's work did not specifically focus on the scarcity of resources as a result of human population growth
• Karl Marx: -
  • ​ Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist.
  • Marx's work focused on the theory of capitalism and its impact on labor, class struggle, and societal development.
  • He did not directly address the issue of resource scarcity due to population growth; instead, his theories revolved around the exploitation and alienation of the working class under capitalism.

Dairy farming

Key Points

• Dairy farming: -
  • Dairy farming is classified as a primary activity, not a tertiary one. Primary activities involve the extraction of raw materials directly from the Earth or the production of basic food supplies.
  • It's directly related to agriculture and livestock raising, which are foundational to the production process, making it distinct from tertiary activities that revolve around providing services rather than goods.

Additional Information

• Trade activities: -
  • Trade activities fall under tertiary activities as they involve the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services.
  • Tertiary activities are service-oriented, facilitating the distribution and sale of products, which is precisely what trade encompasses.
• Services in government offices: -
  • Services provided by government offices are quintessential examples of tertiary activities. -
  • These services include administration, defense, public health and safety, and other essential services that do not involve direct production of goods but significantly contribute to the functioning of society. -
• Transport activities: -
  • ​Transport activities are also a part of tertiary activities. -
  • They involve the movement of goods and individuals from one location to another, facilitating trade and accessibility to services, which is a hallmark of the tertiary sector.

• Marriage
  • ​Marriage is the primary reason for female migration in India.
  • Traditionally and culturally, in many parts of India, women move from their parental home to their husband's home upon marriage.
  • This practice is so prevalent that it accounts for a significant portion of female migration in the country. -

Additional Information

• Employment:-
  • While employment is a reason for migration, it is not the primary cause for women in India.
  • Men are more likely to migrate for job opportunities compared to women, whose migration is often tied to familial or marital obligations.
• Education:
  • Education does lead to migration among women, especially for higher education opportunities. -
  • However, its scale is limited when compared to migration due to marriage.
  • The pursuit of education as a reason for migration is growing but still secondary to marital migration. -
• Health care:
  • Healthcare needs can lead to migration, but this is not a major cause.
  • Migration for healthcare is typically short-term or not as prevalent as migration for marriage.

The correct answer is Fifth.

Key Points

• The Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) was launched during the Fifth Five-Year Plan period in India, which spanned from 1974 to 1979.
• It was initiated to ensure the ecological security of the hill areas and to improve the socio-economic condition of the people living in these regions.
• The programme aimed at sustainable development by focusing on areas like agriculture, horticulture, minor forest produce, and small-scale and cottage industries.
• Special attention was given to preserving the biodiversity and preventing the degradation of the hill environment.
• The HADP covered the hill areas of the North-Eastern region, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and some parts of the Himalayas, addressing the unique challenges faced by these regions.
• This programme is significant as it recognized the unique needs and challenges of hill areas, which differ markedly from those of the plains, and aimed to address these through targeted development initiatives.

Bhutan

Key Points

• Bhutan has officially proclaimed the Gross National Happiness Index as the measure of the country's progress.
• This holistic approach to development prioritizes the well-being and happiness of its citizens over purely economic indicators like GDP

Additional Information

• Nepal: While Nepal is known for its rich culture and history, it has not officially adopted the Gross National Happiness Index as a measure of its progress. Instead, Nepal follows more conventional measures such as GDP.
• Bangladesh: Bangladesh also measures its progress through traditional economic indicators like GDP and does not officially use the Gross National Happiness Index. -
• Sri Lanka: Similar to Nepal and Bangladesh, Sri Lanka does not use the Gross National Happiness Index. It also relies on standard economic metrics to gauge its development and progress.

The correct answer is Quinary activities.

Key Points

• Primary - Activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. eg.- agriculture, mining fishing, forestry
• Secondary - Industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector.
  • Also called the industrial sector.
  • People engaged are called blue-collar workers.
  • Eg. - Cotton mills, industrial production, etc.
• Quaternary Activities -
  • Specialized activities in the knowledge sector.
  • The intellectual aspect of the economy.
  • It enables entrepreneurs to innovate & improve the quality of services offered in the economy.
  • eg. - Elementary schools & university professors, doctor offices, accounting and brokerage firms, etc.
• Quinary Activities -
  • The sector of the economy where top-level decisions are made.
  • It includes a government that passes legislation.
  • Focus on operation, rearrangement & interpretation of new & existing ideas.
  • These are called gold collar professionals, officers, research scientists.

Additional Information

• There are 8 core industries in India that are used to calculate IIP - (Index of Industrial Production).
• 8 core industries products include - Electricity, Steel, Refinery products, Crude Oil, Coal, Cement, Natural Gas & Fertilisers.
• IIp is considered load indicators of monthly industrial performance.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key PointsEconomic Activity

• Economic activity is an activity of providing, making, buying, or selling of commodities or services by people to satisfy their day-to-day needs of life.
• Economic activities include any activity that deals with the manufacturing, distributing, or utilizing of products or services.
• Activities that involve money, or the exchange of products or services, are economic activities. The three types of economic activities are as follows:
• Business: – This economic activity provides goods and services to satisfy human needs on a daily basis with the aim of earning profits.
• Profession: – It can also be defined as an occupation or a professional job that offers specialized services in return for professional charges.
• Employment: – This activity is based on a contract between the company and the employee. Here, the employee performs duties for the company and is paid (with wages or a salary) in return.
• Human activities that generate income are known as economic activities. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Primary activities are directly dependent on the environment as these refer to utilizing earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials, and minerals. It, thus includes hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.
• Therefore production, distribution and exchange of goods and services, economic motive, creation of utility, measurement by money, satisfaction of wants etc. are the main features of economic activities.
• They are broadly grouped in to primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.Key Points

• Technopolis:
  • High technology, or simply high-tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities.
  • It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development (R and D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
  • High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolis. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of technopolis.
  • Professional (white-collar) workers make up a large share of the total workforce.
  • These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue-collar) workers. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of high-tech industries.
• White-Collar Workers:
  • Quaternary services represent a special type of service work focussing on professional and administrative services.
  • These activities include financial and health services, information processing, teaching and government services and entertainment services.
  • Almost all activity related to quaternary services takes place in office building environments or specialised environments like those provided by schools, hospitals, hotels, theatres etc.
  • People engaged in these activities are called white-collar workers.

2 and 3 only

Key Points

• Trade, transport, and communication facilities are grouped under the "exchange" part of the tertiary sector.
  • Explanation: The tertiary sector of the economy, also known as the service sector, includes activities that facilitate the exchange of goods and information between producers and consumers.
  • This statement is accurate because trade (buying, selling, and exchange of goods), transport (movement of goods and people), and communication (exchange of information) serve as the backbone for these exchanges.
  • These services are crucial for both the functioning of the economy and for making goods produced in the primary and secondary sectors available to consumers. Hence, they are rightly grouped under the "exchange" part of the tertiary sector.
• Tertiary activities are directly involved in the processing of physical raw materials.
  • Explanation: This statement is incorrect because it confuses the functions of the secondary sector with those of the tertiary sector.
  • The primary sector involves the extraction of raw materials, the secondary sector concerns the processing of these materials into goods (e.g., turning iron ore into steel or timber into furniture), and the tertiary sector involves providing services rather than dealing with raw materials or their processing.
  • Activities such as retail, education, health services, and financial services are examples of tertiary activities which do not involve direct processing of raw materials.
  • Thus, this statement inaccurately describes the function of the tertiary sector.
• Tertiary activities rely more on the production techniques, machinery, and factory processes.
  • Explanation: This statement is also incorrect and appears to describe the secondary sector more accurately.
  • The secondary sector is characterized by industrial activity that relies heavily on production techniques, machinery, and processes in factories to convert raw materials into finished products or semi-finished goods.
  • On the other hand, the tertiary sector is service-oriented. While it can involve technology and equipment (e.g., in IT services, telecommunications, or medical services), it is not primarily focused on manufacturing processes or the use of heavy machinery as implied by the statement.
  • The reliance is more on human capital, expertise, and technology aimed at providing services rather than physical manufacturing or processing.

In conclusion, the differences in these sectors are foundational to understanding how economies function and classify their activities, with the tertiary sector focusing on services rather than the physical processing of goods or the heavy reliance on industrial machinery, which is characteristic of the secondary sector.

The correct answer is Primary.

Key Points

• In India, the primary sector employs a disproportionately large number of people.
• In the primary sector, 50–60% of the workforce is employed. Additionally, this industry makes for one-fourth of the GDP.
• The primary sector is made up of all endeavours whose ultimate goal is the exploitation of natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and deposits.

Important Points

• Secondary Sector
  • The production of goods in the economy, including the processing of raw materials generated by the primary sector, is under the purview of the secondary sector.
• ​Tertiary Sector
  • The tertiary sector encompasses a wide range of activities, including commercial and personal services, education, health care, social work, transportation, financial and real estate activities, and administration.
• ​Quaternary sector
  • The economic activity connected to the intellectual or knowledge-based economies forms the foundation of the quaternary sector of the economy.

India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in some states. Due to this, a number of lagoons and lakes have formed. The States like Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal have vast surface water resources in these lagoons and lakes. Although, water is generally brackish in these water bodies, it is used for fishing and irrigating certain varieties of paddy crops, coconut, etc.

The waste water which is discharged from the sewage treatment plants has a higher temperature than the temperature of the river. In summers, the surrounding temperature is already higher and the release of this hot water further accelerates the pollution of water bodies. The drains carrying agricultural (fertilizers and insecticides), domestic (solid and liquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the rivers. The concentration of pollutants in rivers, especially remains very high during the summer season when the flow of water is low.

According to the passage:
Statement A is correct as India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in some states. Due to this, a number of lagoons and lakes have formed. The States like Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal have vast surface water resources in these lagoons and lakes.
Statement B is incorrect as the drains carrying agricultural (fertilizers and insecticides), domestic (solid and liquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the rivers. The concentration of pollutants in rivers, especially remains very high during the summer season when the flow of water is low.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.

According to the passage:
Statements A is incorrect as river is one of the major resources of surface water and not of ground water. There are four major sources of surface water (rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks).
Statement B is also incorrect as the level of groundwater utilisation is relatively high in the river basins lying in north-western region and parts of south India. India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in some states. Due to this, a number of lagoons and lakes have formed.
Hence, option D is the answer.

A cyclic resource is what can be formed, again and again. Water is a cyclic resource. The water from the sea, river, and ocean, etc. evaporates and condenses to form clouds. When the rain occurs, water from these clouds comes on the earth and flows down into water resources. The hydrological cycle is also known as the water cycle; it is the normal water recycling system on the earth.

Since life expectancy of females in Finland is high, we can conclude that they must have better access to healthcare. Option 1 is incorrect as HDI is a result of many factors apart from life expectancy, such as education, GNI per capita, etc. It may be the case that HDI is low despite high life expectancy, if women in Finland do not excel in other HDI parameters. Option 3 is incorrect as low gross income cannot be inferred. If anything, the income must have been high, leading to better healthcare and then better life expectancy. Option 4 cannot be 'definitely' true, as focussing only on healthcare of young girls does not help us conclude that life expectancy of all females in Finland is high.

Statement 1 - In 1804, it is estimated that the world's population surpassed one billion for the first time. It took more than a century to achieve the mark of two billion people in 1927, but only 33 years to reach three billion mark in 1960. Hence, it is true.
Statement 2 - The first stage of the demographic transition is the pre-industrial stage. During this stage, the population is stable, with both high birth rates and high death rates. The death rates are high because there is increased disease, minimal medical care, poor sanitation, and limited food supplies. Hence, it is false.

A taanka, also known as a tanka or kund, is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique, common to the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, India.

Demography is the systematic study of population. The term is of Greek origin and is composed of the two words - demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people.
Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

Upland, which is not prone to flooding, is chosen by people to prevent damage to houses and loss of life. In low lying river basins, people prefer to settle on terraces and levees which are also known as 'dry points'. In tropical countries, people build their houses on stilts near marshy lands to protect themselves from floods, insects and animal pests.

The Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme, in Andhra Pradesh, and the Arvary Pani Sansad, in Alwar, Rajasthan, have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug-out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc., through people's participation. Tamil Nadu has made water harvesting structures in the houses compulsory. No building can be constructed without making structures for water harvesting.

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment and the way the locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.

Human beings interact with their environment with the help of technology. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of the society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of the natural laws. For example, the understanding of the concepts of friction and heat helped us to discover fire. Similarly, understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases. We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes. Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology and technology loosens the shackles of environment on the human beings.

Indian culture and civilisation have been most sensitive to the issues of population, resource and development for a long time. It would not be incorrect to say that ancient scriptures were essentially concerned about the balance and harmony among the elements of nature.

HVJ stands for Hajira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur. It is India's first cross state gas pipeline. The project was started in 1986 after the incorporation of GAIL (India) Limited to supply gas to the fertiliser plants located in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

In India, certain states are heavily urbanised, while others have a large rural population. Goa is India's most urbanised state, with 62.17 percent of the population living in cities. It is followed by Kerala (47.7%) and Maharashtra (45.2%).

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. The people involved in such activities are called gold collar professionals, officers, research scientists.

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences, with a major focus on weather forecasting. Every farming activity such as ploughing harrowing, land preparation, weeding, irrigation, manuring, spraying, dusting, harvesting, threshing, storage and transport of farm produce are affected by weather.
Hence, reduced funding in meteorology affected the agricultural sector in India negatively.

There are three types of population pyramids: expansive, constrictive, and stationary.
Expansive population pyramids depict populations that have a larger percentage of people in younger age groups.
Constrictive population pyramids are named so because they are constricted at the bottom. There is a lower percentage of younger people.
Stationary population pyramids are those that show a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group. There is no decrease or increase in population; it is stable.