Geography: CUET Mock Test - 4 - CUET MCQ

Drought Prone Areas Programme was initiated during the Fourth Five-Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.

The correct answer is '(4) C, B, A, D'.

Key Points

• Arranging the given sea ports from North to South:
  • North Cape is the northernmost point in Europe, making it the northernmost among the listed ports.
  • London is located in the United Kingdom, south of North Cape but north of New York and Durban.
  • New York is located in the United States on the east coast, south of London but north of Durban.
  • Durban is located in South Africa, making it the southernmost among the listed ports.

Therefore, the correct arrangement from North to South is C (North Cape), B (London), A (New York), D (Durban). Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct option is 'A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I'.

Key Points

• Mixed farming is most commonly practiced in North-Western Europe (A - II).
  • Mixed farming involves growing crops alongside the raising of livestock. This method is sustainable and efficient in regions such as North-Western Europe, where the climate and soil conditions are conducive to both arable and pastoral farming.
• Dairy farming is predominant in New Zealand and Tasmania (B - III).
  • These regions are known for their extensive dairy farms, owing to their rich pastures and temperate climate, which are ideal for cattle and sheep rearing. The dairy industry is a significant part of their agricultural sector.
• Mediterranean Agriculture is characteristic of the Southern coast of Europe and North Africa (C - IV).
  • This type of agriculture takes advantage of the Mediterranean climate, which is suitable for growing olives, grapes, and citrus fruits. The hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters create perfect conditions for these crops.
• Viticulture, or the cultivation of grapevines, is prevalent in the Mediterranean region (D - I).
  • The Mediterranean region, with its ideal climate and topography, is famous for its wine production. The tradition of viticulture in this region dates back thousands of years.

Therefore, the correct pairing is:
A - II: Mixed farming - North-Western Europe
B - III: Dairy farming - New Zealand and Tasmania
C - IV: Mediterranean Agriculture - Southern coast of Europe and North Africa
D - I: Viticulture - Mediterranean region

The correct option is 'A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II'.

Key Points

• Pleasant climate - Mediterranean regions (A - III).
  • Mediterranean regions are known for their mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This pleasant climate attracts a high population density due to favorable living conditions and agriculture.
• Minerals - Katanga-Zambia (B - I).
  • Katanga (in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Zambia are regions rich in minerals, especially copper and cobalt. The abundance of minerals has led to the development of mining industries, which in turn attracts workers and leads to higher population densities.
• Industrialization - Kobe Osaka region of Japan (C - IV).
  • The Kobe Osaka region in Japan is highly industrialized, with a variety of industries including manufacturing and technology. Industrialization brings job opportunities, leading to urbanization and a higher population density.
• Landscape and landforms - The Ganga plains (D - II).
  • The Ganga plains are characterized by fertile land and a flat landscape, making it ideal for agriculture. This has led to a dense population due to ample food production and availability of water resources.

Therefore, the correct pairing is:
A - III: Pleasant climate - Mediterranean regions
B - I: Minerals - Katanga-Zambia
C - IV: Industrialization - Kobe Osaka region of Japan
D - II: Landscape and landforms - The Ganga plains

The correct answer is '(a), (b) and (d)'.

Key Points

• Widely specialized urban services (Statement A)
  • This statement is correct because urban marketing centers often provide a wide array of specialized services catering to diverse consumer needs and preferences, distinguishing them from less developed markets.
• Offer manufactured goods as well as many specialized markets (Statement B)
  • This statement is also correct.
  • Urban marketing centers are known for offering a variety of manufactured goods, alongside specialized markets that may cater to niche or luxury segments, reflecting the complex economic activities within urban areas.
• Have only retail trading centres (Statement C)
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • While retail trading is a significant aspect of urban marketing centers, they encompass much more, including wholesale, services, and other forms of trade and business activities, making them multifaceted economic hubs.
• Have services of educational institutions and professionals (Statement D)
  • This statement is correct.
  • Urban marketing centers often include services provided by educational institutions and professionals, contributing to their role as centers of knowledge, innovation, and expertise.
• Trading centres of the most rudimentary type (Statement E)
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • Urban marketing centers are typically more advanced and sophisticated in their operations and offerings, rather than being of the most rudimentary type.

Hence, Statements A, B, and D are correct, making option 1 the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'D, A, B, C

Key Points

• The correct sequence of land transport development is as follows:
  • Initially, human beings were used as carriers, which highlights the earliest form of transport where humans themselves carried goods and other humans over distances.
  • Later, animals were used as beasts of burden. This was an advancement in land transport as animals like horses, donkeys, and camels were domesticated for carrying loads, allowing for more efficient movement of goods and people.
  • The invention of the wheel and the use of carts and wagons represented a significant leap in transport technology. This innovation greatly increased the efficiency of land transport by enabling the movement of heavier loads over longer distances with less effort.
  • Finally, the development of railway lines and transport marked the beginning of the modern era of land transportation, facilitating mass movement of goods and people over great distances with unprecedented speed and efficiency.

Hence, the correct option is 1) D, A, B, C, which corresponds to human beings as carriers, animals used as beasts of burden, invention of the wheel, use of carts and wagons, and railway line development and transport, in that order.

Concept:

Migration:

• When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the place of origin and the place they move to is called the place of destination.
• The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination.
• Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal.
• It may take place from rural to rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas.
• Migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants.
• Migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants.
• People migrate for a better economic and social life.

Urbanization:

• Urban areas are characterised by high human population density and vast human-built features.
• Urban areas are like cities or towns, developed by the process of urbanisation.

• South America is a highly urbanized region, with over 80 percent of people living in cities.
• Central America and the Caribbean are slightly less urbanized at around 70 percent. Development and human settlement are not spread evenly across the region, however.
• Several countries in Middle and South America have a primate city.
• Primate cities are those which are the largest city in a country, are more than twice as large as the next largest city, and are representative of the national culture.
• The region is also home to several megacities. A megacity is a metropolitan area with over 10 million people.
• Megacities often have large populations of homeless people and, particularly in Middle and South America, sprawling slums.
• In general, the cities of Middle and South America follow a similar model of urban development.
• The central business district or CBD is located in the center of the city often alongside a central market.
• As industrialization occurred, additional industrial and commercial development extended along the spine, which might be a major boulevard. The spine is often connected to the major retail area or mall.
• In Brazil, these sprawling slums are known as favelas and over 11 million people in this country alone live in favelas.
• Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro is Brazil’s largest favela and is home to almost 70,000 people. It has transitioned from a squatter area with temporary housing to more permanent structures with basic sanitation, electricity, and plumbing.

According to the United Nations, for a city to qualify as a Megacity it needs to have a minimum population of 10 million people.

• The UN takes into account urban sprawl and measure populations beyond official city limits.
• India has currently five megacities – New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
• China has the most urban agglomerations.
• Largest is the city of Tokyo, Jakarta, and Shanghai.

The correct answer is Only (A), (B) and (C).

Key Points

• The place where a building or settlement develops is called a site.
• Natural conditions for selection for an ideal site are:
  • favourable climate
  • availability of water
  • suitable land
  • fertile soil
• People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture.
• Settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes and springs where water can be easily obtained.

Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

• A city may be regarded as a leading town, which has outstripped its local or regional rivals.
• In the words of Lewis Mumford, “the city is in fact the physical form of the highest and most complex type of associative life”.
• Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions.
• They tend to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and regional administrative offices.

As part of target area planning in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas, integrated tribal development project of Bharmour region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.
Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during the Fifth Five-Year Plan covering 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir Hill and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu.

The Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) is the result of the unified approach of the GOI for treatment and development of the new generation watersheds in a realistic and holistic manner. The Central and State share for the IWMP projects is in the ratio of 90:10.

The Planning Commission of India supervised the fiveyear plans for the economic development of the country. However, the 65-year-old Planning Commissionwas dissolved and a think tank – NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) took its place in 2015.
Unlike its predecessor (The Planning Commission) which had the power to allocate funds to States for regional development, the NITI Aayog has no such powers.

The Brundtland Commission, formerly the World Commission on Environment and Development, was a sub-organization of the United Nations (UN) that aimed to unite countries in pursuit of sustainable development. It was founded in 1983 when Javier Perez de Cuellar, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, appointed Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway, as chairperson of the commission.

In the year 1981, the greatest decennial expansion of towns in terms of urbanisation trends happened, which was 46.14%. Average growth rates in cities today are declining, and some city centers are losing population to the urban periphery. Urbanisation is shifting towards small and intermediate cities. The region is starting to age rapidly, a trend that is especially pronounced in urban areas.

A satellite port can either be one that is already existing or is created near a port that is reaching capacity. The government-run ports in Chennai, Paradip and the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) in Mumbai developed satellite ports as part of their expansion plans.

Potential resources are resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy.

Cyberspace is the world of electronic computerised space. As billions use the internet each year, cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through e-mail, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance. Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time.

Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The theory is divided into three stages and tells that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.

Both the goals of reducing environmental degradation and increasing the income can be achieved by engaging in alternative employment opportunities. Alternative employment opportunities in agriculture sector include poultry farming, horticulture, dairy farming, etc. These would help to reduce farm-based environmental degradation and also provide an opportunity to farmers to make money.

Russia has a large number of developed waterways, of which Volga is one of the most important. It provides a navigable waterway of 11,200 km and drains into the Caspian Sea. The Volga-Moscow Canal connects it with the Moscow region and the Volga-Don Canal with the Black Sea.

The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. This report introduced the concept of 'sustainable development' and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book entitled 'Our Common Future'.

Co-operative movement originated over a century ago and has been successful in many Western European countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, etc.

Canberra was planned as the capital of Australia in 1912 by American landscape architect, Walter Burley Griffin. He had envisaged a garden city for about 25,000 people taking into account the natural features of the landscape.

Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the Gross National Happiness (GNH) as the measure of the country's progress. Material progress and technological developments are approached more cautiously taking into consideration the possible harm they might bring to the environment or other aspects of cultural and spiritual life of the Bhutanese. This simply means material progress cannot come at the cost of happiness. GNH encourages us to think of the spiritual, non-material and qualitative aspects of development.

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws. For example, understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire. Similarly, understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

Statement I is false as all those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system.
Statement II is false as biotic resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.

Size of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development. Often smaller countries have done better than larger ones in human development. Similarly, relatively poorer nations have been ranked higher than richer neighbours in terms of human development. For example, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago have a higher rank than India in the Human Development Index despite having smaller economies. Similarly, within India, Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development despite having lower per capita income.

Planned settlements are the sites that are not spontaneously chosen by villagers themselves; these are constructed by the government by providing shelter, water and other infrastructure on acquired lands. The scheme of villagisation in Ethiopia and the canal colonies in Indira Gandhi canal command area in India are good examples.