Geography: CUET Mock Test - 4 - CUET MCQ

The correct answer is Option A N₂ and O₂
The atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

• The atmosphere of earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. A variable amount of water vapour is also present in the atmosphere (approx.1% at sea level) and it decreases with altitude.
• Carbon dioxide gas is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is transparent to the incoming solar radiation but is opaque to the outgoing terrestrial radiation. It absorbs a part of terrestrial radiation and reflects back some of it towards the earth’s surface.
• Dust particles are also present in the atmosphere. They originate from different sources like fine soil, smoke-soot, pollen, dust and disintegrated particles of meteors. Dust and salt particles act as\

As per NASA, the composition of the earth’s atmosphere is as mentioned below:

1. Nitrogen — 78 percent
2. Oxygen — 21 percent
3. Argon — 0.93 percent
4. Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent
5. Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapour

The Correct answer is Thermosphere.

•  A layer of the Earth’s atmosphere known as the thermosphere.
• The thermosphere is located right above the mesosphere and beneath the exosphere
• . It stretches from around 90 kilometers (56 miles) to 500 to 1,000 kilometers (311 to 621 miles) above our world.
• The thermosphere is the uppermost layer in the atmosphere, positioned above the mesosphere, based on the vertical temperature profile.

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

•  The atmosphere in a major sense gets heated from the bottom (from the surface).
• Direct heating from sun is rather low relative to surface heating.
• Temperature decreases with height throughout the mesosphere.
• The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -100° C are found near the top of this layer.
• Since mesosphere is far far away from the surface, the heating is rather low 

The correct answer is Stratosphere.

•  The ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
• The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet.
• The stratosphere gets its name because it is stratified, or layered: as elevation increases, the stratosphere gets warmer.
• The stratosphere increases in warmth with elevation because ozone gases in the upper layers absorb intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

The correct answer is Layers & Composition of Atmosphere.
As the passage consist with the different major gasses of atmosphere beside that the different layers of the atmosphere also mention in the passages so the title should be Layers & Composition of Atmosphere.

Birth Rate (A): Measures the number of live births per 1,000 people annually, matching (ii).
Death Rate (B): Measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people annually, aligning with (i).
Migration Rate (C): Represents the net difference between immigration and emigration per 1,000 people, fitting (iii).
Dependency Ratio (D): The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the working-age population (15-64 years), corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option a) the correct answer.

Infant Mortality Rate (A): Measures deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births, matching (i).
Life Expectancy (B): The average number of years a person is expected to live, aligning with (ii).
Total Fertility Rate (C): The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years, fitting (iii).
Population Density (D): The number of people per unit area (e.g., per square kilometer), corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct match is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

Health (A): Measured by life expectancy at birth, which reflects overall health and longevity, matching (i).
Education (B): Assessed using literacy rate (access to education) and mean years of schooling (duration), aligning with (ii).
Income (C): Represented by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, indicating economic well-being, fitting (iii).
Gender Equality (D): Quantified by the Gender Development Index (GDI), which compares male and female HDI, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

The rural settlements are concerned with the degree  of dispersion of the dwellings and life is supported by land based  primary economic activities. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relationship among them are intimate. 

The British established several significant cities in India, particularly focusing on three main locations:

• Mumbai (formerly Bombay)
• Chennai (formerly Madras)
• Kolkata (formerly Calcutta)

These cities were designed in a distinctive British style and served as major administrative and commercial hubs. Other cities like Madurai, Lucknow, and Pataliputra were important historically but were not primarily developed by the British as key nodes.

Semi-clustered settlements typically feature a distinct social structure. In these settlements:

• The land-owning and dominant community usually occupies the central part of the village.
• People from lower social strata, including menial workers, tend to settle on the outskirts.
• This pattern is common in regions like the Gujarat plain and parts of Rajasthan.

Such arrangements reflect the social hierarchy and economic roles within the community.

Industrial towns like Jamshedpur and Bhilai primarily focus on industrial production. These towns are characterised by:

• Presence of large factories and manufacturing units.
• Significant employment opportunities in various industries.
• Contribution to the economic growth of the region.
• Development of infrastructure to support industrial activities.

• Branches: Geography branches out into various sub-disciplines such as physical geography, human geography, environmental geography, and more. These branches help in studying different aspects of the Earth's landscapes, environments, and societies.


• Twigs: Within each branch of geography, there are smaller divisions or sub-fields known as twigs. These twigs focus on specific topics such as urban geography, economic geography, cultural geography, and so on, allowing for a more detailed analysis of various geographical phenomena.


• Trees: The culmination of branches and twigs in geography forms a vast network of interconnected knowledge known as the "trees" of geography. These trees represent the extensive scope and depth of geographical studies, encompassing a wide range of topics and areas of research.

What is the reach of geography?

• A: Comprehensive


• B: Extensive


• C: Numerous


• D: None

Answer: B - Extensive

Detailed

• Geography is a comprehensive field: Geography encompasses the study of the Earth's physical features, environment, and human interactions.



• Geography is extensive: The reach of geography is vast, covering a wide range of topics such as physical geography, human geography, environmental geography, and more.



• Geography is numerous: Geography involves the study of numerous aspects of the Earth, including landforms, climates, ecosystems, population distribution, urbanization, and globalization.



• Geography is not limited: The reach of geography is not limited to a specific area or topic, making it a versatile and far-reaching discipline.

• Friction: Understanding the concept of friction helped us discover fire as early humans learned that rubbing two objects together could create heat.


• Heat: The understanding of heat energy and its transfer allowed humans to control fire, leading to various advancements in cooking, providing warmth, and later in industrial processes.


• Discovery of Fire: The discovery of fire revolutionized human civilization, enabling them to cook food, stay warm, protect themselves from predators, and eventually lead to the development of various technologies.


• Survival: Fire played a crucial role in human survival and evolution, shaping the course of history and allowing for further scientific discoveries and innovations.

What did the secrets of DNA and genetics enable us to conquer?

• A: Growth


• B: Diseases


• C: Nutrition


• D: None

• Diseases: Understanding DNA and genetics has allowed us to conquer various diseases by developing targeted treatments and therapies.


• Genetic Testing: DNA analysis has enabled the identification of genetic predispositions to diseases, leading to early detection and prevention.


• Personalized Medicine: By studying genetics, we can tailor medical treatments to individual genetic profiles, improving outcomes and reducing side effects.


• Gene Therapy: Advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to treat genetic disorders by modifying or replacing faulty genes.


• Research: DNA and genetics research has provided insights into the underlying causes of diseases, leading to the development of new treatments and cures.

USA accounts for 33% of the world's total motorable road length.

It is the longest national highway in India with a length of 3,745 kilometres running from Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the South. This highway connects 11 states and about 30 important cities with each other.

The longest double tracked and electrified transcontinental railway in the world is the Trans-Siberian railway.

The correct option is 'A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I'.

Key Points

• Mixed farming is most commonly practiced in North-Western Europe (A - II).
  • Mixed farming involves growing crops alongside the raising of livestock. This method is sustainable and efficient in regions such as North-Western Europe, where the climate and soil conditions are conducive to both arable and pastoral farming.
• Dairy farming is predominant in New Zealand and Tasmania (B - III).
  • These regions are known for their extensive dairy farms, owing to their rich pastures and temperate climate, which are ideal for cattle and sheep rearing. The dairy industry is a significant part of their agricultural sector.
• Mediterranean Agriculture is characteristic of the Southern coast of Europe and North Africa (C - IV).
  • This type of agriculture takes advantage of the Mediterranean climate, which is suitable for growing olives, grapes, and citrus fruits. The hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters create perfect conditions for these crops.
• Viticulture, or the cultivation of grapevines, is prevalent in the Mediterranean region (D - I).
  • The Mediterranean region, with its ideal climate and topography, is famous for its wine production. The tradition of viticulture in this region dates back thousands of years.

Therefore, the correct pairing is:
A - II: Mixed farming - North-Western Europe
B - III: Dairy farming - New Zealand and Tasmania
C - IV: Mediterranean Agriculture - Southern coast of Europe and North Africa
D - I: Viticulture - Mediterranean region

The correct option is 'A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II'.

Key Points

• Pleasant climate - Mediterranean regions (A - III).
  • Mediterranean regions are known for their mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This pleasant climate attracts a high population density due to favorable living conditions and agriculture.
• Minerals - Katanga-Zambia (B - I).
  • Katanga (in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Zambia are regions rich in minerals, especially copper and cobalt. The abundance of minerals has led to the development of mining industries, which in turn attracts workers and leads to higher population densities.
• Industrialization - Kobe Osaka region of Japan (C - IV).
  • The Kobe Osaka region in Japan is highly industrialized, with a variety of industries including manufacturing and technology. Industrialization brings job opportunities, leading to urbanization and a higher population density.
• Landscape and landforms - The Ganga plains (D - II).
  • The Ganga plains are characterized by fertile land and a flat landscape, making it ideal for agriculture. This has led to a dense population due to ample food production and availability of water resources.

Therefore, the correct pairing is:
A - III: Pleasant climate - Mediterranean regions
B - I: Minerals - Katanga-Zambia
C - IV: Industrialization - Kobe Osaka region of Japan
D - II: Landscape and landforms - The Ganga plains

Concept:

Migration:

• When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the place of origin and the place they move to is called the place of destination.
• The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination.
• Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal.
• It may take place from rural to rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas.
• Migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants.
• Migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants.
• People migrate for a better economic and social life.

Urbanization:

• Urban areas are characterised by high human population density and vast human-built features.
• Urban areas are like cities or towns, developed by the process of urbanisation.

• South America is a highly urbanized region, with over 80 percent of people living in cities.
• Central America and the Caribbean are slightly less urbanized at around 70 percent. Development and human settlement are not spread evenly across the region, however.
• Several countries in Middle and South America have a primate city.
• Primate cities are those which are the largest city in a country, are more than twice as large as the next largest city, and are representative of the national culture.
• The region is also home to several megacities. A megacity is a metropolitan area with over 10 million people.
• Megacities often have large populations of homeless people and, particularly in Middle and South America, sprawling slums.
• In general, the cities of Middle and South America follow a similar model of urban development.
• The central business district or CBD is located in the center of the city often alongside a central market.
• As industrialization occurred, additional industrial and commercial development extended along the spine, which might be a major boulevard. The spine is often connected to the major retail area or mall.
• In Brazil, these sprawling slums are known as favelas and over 11 million people in this country alone live in favelas.
• Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro is Brazil’s largest favela and is home to almost 70,000 people. It has transitioned from a squatter area with temporary housing to more permanent structures with basic sanitation, electricity, and plumbing.

According to the United Nations, for a city to qualify as a Megacity it needs to have a minimum population of 10 million people.

• The UN takes into account urban sprawl and measure populations beyond official city limits.
• India has currently five megacities – New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
• China has the most urban agglomerations.
• Largest is the city of Tokyo, Jakarta, and Shanghai.

The correct answer is Only (A), (B) and (C).

Key Points

• The place where a building or settlement develops is called a site.
• Natural conditions for selection for an ideal site are:
  • favourable climate
  • availability of water
  • suitable land
  • fertile soil
• People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture.
• Settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes and springs where water can be easily obtained.

Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

• A city may be regarded as a leading town, which has outstripped its local or regional rivals.
• In the words of Lewis Mumford, “the city is in fact the physical form of the highest and most complex type of associative life”.
• Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions.
• They tend to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and regional administrative offices.

Human activities that generate income are known as economic activities.
Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, and tertiary activities.

1. Primary activities are directly dependent on the environment as these refer to the utilization of the earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials, and minerals.
2. It, thus includes hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, and agriculture.
3. People engaged in primary activities are called red-collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.

Tertiary activities include both production and exchange.

1. The production involves the ‘provision’ of services that are ‘consumed. The exchange involves trade, transport, and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance.
2. Banking, transportation, and advertising are examples of tertiary activities.

Hence, Primary activities are concerned with the use of natural resources. And tertiary activities are concerned with the Services provided by people. 

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

• Assertion: Tertiary sector includes those activities that help in the development of primary and secondary sectors.
  • The tertiary sector involves a wide range of services like transportation, communication, healthcare, banking, insurance, financial services, education, electricity, real estate, etc.
  • The tertiary sector helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors by offering various services to both the producers and consumers in the primary and secondary sectors.
  • For example, transportation of goods produced in the primary and secondary sectors to the consumers and facilitating the availability of funds for investment through banking and financial services.

Thus, the assertion is true.

• Reason: Dry cleaners, barbers, teachers, and doctors are included in the service sector.
  • Doctors, lawyers, teachers, dry cleaners, barbers, career consultants, etc. are a part of the tertiary or services sector as they provide their specialized services to the consumers.
  • These service providers do not exchange any tangible goods but offer services that provide utility to the consumers.

Thus, the reason is also true.
On the basis of the above information, it can be concluded that both the assertion and reason are true but, the given reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Drought Prone Areas Programme was initiated during the Fourth Five-Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.

As part of target area planning in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas, integrated tribal development project of Bharmour region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.
Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during the Fifth Five-Year Plan covering 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir Hill and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu.