Psychology: CUET Mock Test - 2 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Trait approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways. Hence option 2 is correct.
  • For example, one person may be less shy, whereas another may be more; or one person may be less friendly, whereas another may be more. Here “shyness” and “friendliness” represent traits along which individuals can be rated in terms of the degree of presence or absence of the concerned behavioural quality or a trait.
• The type approaches attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals.
• The interactional approach holds that situational characteristics play an important role in determining our behaviour.

The correct answer is Humanistic Approach.

Key Points

Humanistic Approach

• The humanistic theories are mainly developed in response to Freud’s theory. Hence option 4 is correct.
• Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have particularly contributed to the development of the humanistic perspective on personality.
• The most important idea proposed by Rogers is that of a fully functioning person.
• He believes that fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development.
• People try to express their capabilities, potential and talents to the fullest extent possible.
• There is an inborn tendency among persons that directs them to actualise their inherited nature.
• Rogers makes two basic assumptions about human behaviour.
  • One is that behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile.
  • The second is that people (who are innately good) will almost always choose adaptive, self-actualising behaviour.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Key Points

Behavioural Analysis

• A person’s behaviour in a variety of situations can provide meaningful information about their personality. Observation of behaviour serves as the basis of behavioural analysis.
• An observer’s report may contain data obtained from interviews, observation, ratings, nomination, and situational tests. Hence, answer D is correct.
• An interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality, involving talking to the person being assessed and asking specific questions.
• Although all of us watch people and form impressions about their personalities, the use of observation for personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by untrained people.
• Behavioural ratings are frequently used for the assessment of personality in educational and industrial settings.
• Nomination is often used in obtaining peer assessment and can be used with persons who have been in long-term interaction and know each other very well.
• A variety of situational tests have been devised for the assessment of personality. The most commonly used test of this kind is the situational stress test.

The correct answer is 1 only
Key Points

• A distinction is made between ‘personal’ and ‘social’ self. 
• The personal self leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily concerned with oneself. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Soon a child’s psychological and social needs in the context of her/his environment lead other components of the personal self to emerge. The emphasis comes to be laid on those aspects of life that relate only to the concerned person, such as personal freedom, personal responsibility, personal achievement, or personal comforts. 
• The social self emerges in relation to others and emphasises such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• This self values family and social relationships. Hence, it is also referred to as the familial or relational self.

• "The trait approach attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals."- Correct.
  The trait approach indeed focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics (traits), such as extroversion, agreeableness, etc., which are stable and observable patterns of behavior.

• "The type approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways."-Incorrect.
  This description actually matches the trait approach more closely.
  The type approach, on the other hand, categorizes people into distinct personality types, such as introvert vs. extrovert, or Type A vs. Type B, based on qualitative differences, not continuous traits.

Therefore, Correct Answer- Option D

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2
Key Points

• Freud has described many different kinds of defence mechanisms. The most important is repression, in which anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Other major defence mechanisms are projection, denial, reaction formation and rationalisation. In projection, people attribute their own traits to others. Thus, a person who has strong aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way toward her/him. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Statement 1:"This approach has given importance to the internal dynamics of behaviour."-Incorrect

• The behavioural approach deliberately ignores internal mental processes (thoughts, feelings, unconscious motives), focusing only on observable behaviour.
• It believes behaviour is shaped by the environment through learning (stimulus-response associations).
• Internal dynamics are central to psychoanalytic or cognitive approaches, not behavioural.

Statement 2:"It focuses on learning stimulus-response connections and their reinforcement."- Correct

• This is a core principle of the behavioural approach (seen in theories by Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson).
• It emphasizes conditioning (classical and operant) and how behaviour is learned and maintained through reinforcement and punishment

The correct answer is 1.
Key Points

- Gordon Allport is considered the pioneer of the trait approach. He proposed that individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature.
- Raymond Cattell developed a test, called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), for the assessment of personality. This test is widely used by psychologists.
- Psychodynamic Approach: This is a highly popular approach to studying personality. This view owes largely to the contributions of Sigmund Freud. He was a physician and developed this theory in the course of his clinical practice. Hence, option 1-a is correct.

The correct answer is option 1.
Key Points

• All definitions of attitudes agree that an attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views, or thoughts, regarding some topic (called the ‘attitude object’), which have an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality). 
• It is accompanied by an emotional component, and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. 
• The thought component is referred to as the cognitive aspect, the emotional component is known as the affective aspect, and the tendency to act is called the behavioural (or conative) aspect. Hence option 1 is correct.

Systematic desensitisation technique is a part of behaviour therapy. This is used for the treatment of phobia. This technique postulates that the phobias can be treated gradually by creating a hierarchy of least anxiety-provoking situations to the highest anxiety-provoking situations in combination of relaxation procedures.

The principle of reciprocal inhibition operates here. This principle states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force. Thus, the relaxation response is first built up and mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined, and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation. The client is able to tolerate progressively greater levels of anxiety because of her/his relaxed state.

Behaviour therapies postulate that psychological distress arises because of faulty behaviour patterns or thought patterns.
It is, therefore, focused on the behaviour and thoughts of the client in the present. The past is relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the faulty behaviour and thought patterns. The past is not activated or relived.

Conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. Example: One example of aversive conditioning can be eating Nicotex tablet to get rid of smoking. Here, the undesired behaviour of smoking is weakened when the person feels nauseous due to eating of Nicotex tablet.

Vicarious learning, i.e., learning by observing others, is used and through process of rewarding Small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.

The ethical standards in psychotherapy include informed consent, confidentiality, integrity of the client-therapist relationship, sole aim of alleviation of client's distress, professional competence of the therapist and respect for human rights and dignity.

The process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited is called positive reinforcement.

All of the above have been identified as motives related to our need for affiliation and to seek out the company of others.

• Proximity and Similarity are key factors that help in forming groups.
• People who live close to each other or share common goals and interests tend to form groups more easily.

Social facilitation refers to an increase in dominant responses in the presence of others of the same species, leading to improved performance on well-learned/easy tasks and deterioration in performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks

Social support refers to feeling supported by others, whether in one’s broader social network (which impacts positively on health and stress) or within a small group (which helps one to resist pressures to comply with an outside majority or obey an immoral authority).

According to research by Latane and Darley, witnesses failed to intervene and help Kitty Genovese before she was murdered due to several psychological factors:

• Ignorance about how others were interpreting the situation led witnesses to remain passive.

• The diffusion of responsibility made individuals feel less accountable for taking action.

• Many feared embarrassment if they acted inappropriately in front of others.

All these factors contributed to a lack of intervention during the incident.

The emotional response (sadness) reflects an attitude, but since there is no corresponding behavior (action), it doesn't indicate a direct behaviour or belief.

Self-esteem reflects how we perceive our worth. Attitudes that shape how we view ourselves are closely related to our self-esteem.

Advertising aims to change attitudes in order to influence consumer behavior, encouraging actions like purchasing a product or service.

The correct answer is Menarche

Key Points

• Menarche is defined as the first menstrual period in a female adolescent.
• Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, with the average age of onset being 12.4 years.
• Menarche happens during a time of physical and sexual maturation in adolescence known as puberty.
• It is common for menarche to occur and then for a young girl not to get another period for a few months.
• This is because it can take a while for the hormone cascade that is responsible for ovulation and regular menstruation to mature.
• Even if a girl’s menstrual cycles are not regular, they have still passed menarche because they have had their first period.

The Onset of Menarche:

• The onset of menarche is sort of predictable. Typically menarche will occur about 2 ½ to 3 years after the first appearance of breast buds.
• The time between breast buds and menarche is when girls may start to have problems with skin breakouts.
• It is also a time when girls can become moodier and start to talk back to their parents. A girl’s growth spurt typically happens a few months before menarche.
• Menarche is a normal process of maturation in girls along with the other changes that happen to a girl’s body during puberty.
• The timing of menarche is important.
• If a young girl has her first period before the age of 8 she likely has a condition known as precocious puberty. This is not normal and needs further medical attention.
• If a girl has had an otherwise normal development of her breasts and pubic hair but does not have her first period by the age of 16, she could also have a problem. This is known as delayed menarche or primary amenorrhea.

The correct answer is Reception of stimulus.
Key Points:

• The listening process begins with reception, where the ears detect auditory stimuli (sounds).
• Subsequent steps include attending (focusing on the stimuli) and interpreting (assigning meaning to the sounds).

The correct answer is C: Exorcism.
Key Points:

Exorcism is a ritual aimed at expelling evil spirits from an individual using counter-magic or prayer, practiced in various cultures.

Explanation:

Option A (Decorcism) is not a recognized term.

Option B (Reportism) is unrelated to the concept.

Option D is incorrect, as exorcism is a valid practice.

As Cognitive Therapy suggests, repeated occurrence of negative thoughts leads to the development of feelings of anxiety and depression. The therapist uses gentle questioning and does non-threatening disputation of the client's beliefs and thoughts. Examples of such question would be, "Why should everyone love you?", "What does it mean to you to succeed?", etc. The questions make the client think in a direction opposite to that of the negative automatic thoughts whereby s/he gains insight into the nature of her/his dysfunctional schemas and is able to alter her/his cognitive structures.

The correct answer is B: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).
Key Points:

RET, developed by Albert Ellis, targets irrational beliefs (e.g., needing universal approval) by challenging them to reduce emotional distress.

Explanation:

CBT (A) addresses negative thoughts but is broader than RET’s focus on irrational beliefs.

Behaviour therapy (C) focuses on actions, not beliefs.

Logotherapy (D) emphasizes meaning, not cognitive restructuring.

Hans Selye is titled as “The Father of Modern Stress Research” for his psychological study on stress and its effects.