Psychology: CUET Mock Test - 5 - CUET MCQ

The assertion is true, as identifying with a source increases attitude change. However, the reason is incorrect because admiration for the source actually makes it more likely for the attitude to change.

Attitude polarization occurs when an existing attitude becomes more extreme after exposure to supportive information, often due to selective processing or confirmation bias (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). Cognitive dissonance involves attitude-behavior conflict, incongruent attitude change involves a shift against the original attitude, and stereotyping involves generalized beliefs, none of which apply here.

The extent of heritability varies across disorders. People who are prone to anxiety disorders are born with something called behavioural inhibition (see Kagan & Snidman, 1991). Children who are behaviourally inhibited are shy, quiet, fearful, socially avoidant and have high levels of physiological arousal (i.e. they are aroused easily and are very reactive to stimulation and stress). These children are more likely to develop an anxiety disorder (e.g. Hirschfeld et al., 1992).
Regarding biological factors, there a number of pathways in the limbic system that are hypothesized to produce various types of anxiety reactions (e.g. Gray, 1982). Although some forms of biological dysfunction may be associated with anxiety in general, each anxiety disorder may also have unique biological causes. Cognitive, behavioural and life stress factors all affect risk for anxiety disorders. In fact, stress is, by definition, the cause of PTSD.

Johann Weyer emphasized and insisted that witches were mentally disturbed and required medical treatment rather than theological punishment.

The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy, i.e. understanding the clients experience as if it were her/his own, is warm and has unconditional positive regard, i.e., total acceptance of the client as s/he is.

The ethical standards in psychotherapy include informed consent, confidentiality, integrity of the client-therapist relationship, sole aim of alleviation of client's distress, professional competence of the therapist and respect for human rights and dignity.

The process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited is called positive reinforcement.

Systematic desensitisation technique is a part of behaviour therapy. This is used for the treatment of phobia. This technique postulates that the phobias can be treated gradually by creating a hierarchy of least anxiety-provoking situations to the highest anxiety-provoking situations in combination of relaxation procedures.

The principle of reciprocal inhibition operates here. This principle states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force. Thus, the relaxation response is first built up and mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined, and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation. The client is able to tolerate progressively greater levels of anxiety because of her/his relaxed state.

The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy, i.e. understanding the clients experience as if it were her/his own, is warm and has unconditional positive regard, i.e., total acceptance of the client as s/he is.

The ethical standards in psychotherapy include informed consent, confidentiality, integrity of the client-therapist relationship, sole aim of alleviation of client's distress, professional competence of the therapist and respect for human rights and dignity.

The process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited is called positive reinforcement.

Systematic desensitisation technique is a part of behaviour therapy. This is used for the treatment of phobia. This technique postulates that the phobias can be treated gradually by creating a hierarchy of least anxiety-provoking situations to the highest anxiety-provoking situations in combination of relaxation procedures.

The principle of reciprocal inhibition operates here. This principle states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force. Thus, the relaxation response is first built up and mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined, and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation. The client is able to tolerate progressively greater levels of anxiety because of her/his relaxed state.

The correct answer is Albert Ellis.

Key Points

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

• The most popular therapy presently is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).
• Research into the outcome and effectiveness of psychotherapy has conclusively established CBT to be a short and efficacious treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, borderline personality, etc.
• CBT adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology. It combines cognitive therapy with behavioural techniques.
• Cognitive therapies locate the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs.
• Albert Ellis formulated Rational Emotive Therapy (RET). Hence option 2 is correct.
  • The central thesis of this therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their consequences.

The correct answer is Reduction.

Key Points

• It has been found that individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone.
• This points to a phenomenon referred to as ‘social loafing’.
• Social loafing is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task, i.e. one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group members. Hence option 4 is correct.
• An example of such a task is the game of tug-of-war. It is not possible for you to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting. Such situations give opportunities to group members to relax and become a free rider

Psychologists study different factors which are a consequence of a person’s occupation, age , gender, place, caste etc.

Ecological environment includes physical factors like climate and region affecting behavior. ‘Psycho-social’ refers to psychological and social interactions, not primarily physical. Correct answer should be C

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.

Social facilitation is a social phenomena in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance.

Modelling is a method used in certain cognitive-behavioural techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist, and a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behaviour to be imitated by the others. This process is most commonly discussed with respect to children in developmental psychology.

A  crowd is defined as a group of people that have gathered for a common purpose or intent such as at a demonstration, a sports event, or during looting, or may simply be made up of many people going about their business in a busy area.

Affective component: this involves a person's feelings / emotions about the attitude object.For example: “I am scared of spiders”.

Systematic desensitisation is an evidence-based therapy approach that combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia.

Aaron Temkin Beck was an American psychiatrist who was a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The primary focus of this treatment approach is to suggest changes in thinking that will lead to changes in behavior, thereby alleviating or improving symptoms.

Mesomorphs have large bone structure, well-defined muscles, broad shoulders, narrow waists, and attractive, strong bodies. According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless. They are curious and enjoy trying new things, but can also be obnoxious and aggressive.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the superego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the superego.

Repression is a key concept of psychoanalysis, where it is understood as a defense mechanism that "ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering into it."

In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.