Biology: CUET Mock Test - 7 - CUET MCQ

Raising crops for the production of ethanol is known as energy cropping. Fermentation is carried out with the help of Yeast. After fermentation, alcohol is separated through distillation.

Key Points

• Escherichia coli is the bacterium used by 'Eli Lilly', an American company, to produce insulin chains. This bacterium is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals and is widely used in biotechnology for the production of various proteins, including human insulin.

Additional Information

• Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium used as a biological pesticide rather than for the production of insulin. It produces toxins that are harmful to certain insects.
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens is known for its ability to transfer DNA to plants, causing plant tumors (galls). It is utilized in genetic engineering for the creation of genetically modified plants.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes pneumococcal diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia in humans. It is not used in the production of insulin.

Key Points

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are designed to be more tolerant to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, making option (A) incorrect.
• GMOs are engineered to be pest-resistant to reduce the need for chemical pesticides, thereby making option (B) incorrect.
• One of the goals of GMOs is to reduce post-harvest losses through traits such as delayed ripening. Thus, stating that post-harvest losses are more (option C) is incorrect.
• Improving the efficiency of mineral usage by plants is another target in the genetic modification of crops, making option (D) incorrect as well.

Additional Information

• Therefore, the statements that are not correct about Genetically Modified Organisms, according to the options provided, are (C) Post harvest losses are more and (D) Reduced efficiency of mineral usage by plants, making option 3 the correct choice.
• The development of GMOs aims at enhancing crop yield, nutritional value, and resistance to environmental stressors, thereby contributing significantly to sustainable agriculture.

Key Points

• The birth rate is calculated as the number of offspring produced per individual per year.
• In this case, 20 new rose plants were added to the original 100 through reproduction, making the total number of offspring 20.
• To find the birth rate per rose per year, divide the total number of new rose plants (offspring) by the original number of rose plants. This calculation is 20/100 = 0.2.
• Therefore, the birth rate of rose is 0.2 offspring per rose per year.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (0.5) would imply 50 new plants were added, which is incorrect.
• Option 2 (5) would suggest each rose produced 5 offspring, which is not supported by the given information.
• Option 3 (0.02) significantly underestimates the birth rate, suggesting only 2 new plants for every 100 existing plants.
• Option 5 is not provided, indicating a lack of relevance to the correct answer.
• Understanding birth rates in plants can help in predicting their growth and planning for space and resources in gardening or agriculture.

Key Points

• Pacific salmon (Option C) and Bamboo (Option D) are the correct organisms that breed once in their lifetime, making option 4 the correct answer.
• Pacific salmon undergo a process called semelparity, where they die shortly after spawning (breeding) once.
• Bamboo species, particularly those known as monocarpic bamboos, flower, set seeds, and then die, which can occur over a cycle as long as 120 years.

Additional Information

• Squirrels (Option A) and House sparrows (Option B) are incorrect because they are capable of breeding multiple times throughout their lifetimes. They do not die after breeding and can produce several litters or clutches of offspring in a year.
• The lifecycle of organisms like squirrels and house sparrows, which breed multiple times over the course of their lives, is known as iteroparity.

In ecosystems, energy can flow through various channels, including the detritus food chain (DFC) and the grazing food chain (GFC). The distinction between these two pathways is crucial for understanding energy flow and nutrient cycling within different ecosystems.

Key Points

• In a terrestrial ecosystem, a significant amount of organic material is present in the form of dead matter, such as fallen leaves, dead trees, and other plant and animal remains. This organic matter is broken down by decomposers, leading to a large energy flow through the detritus food chain.
• The detritus food chain (DFC) is more prominent in terrestrial ecosystems due to the abundant availability of detritus material, which serves as a primary energy source for many organisms in these habitats.
• Grazing food chain (GFC), while present, plays a relatively smaller role in the overall energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems compared to aquatic ecosystems, where direct consumption of primary producers by herbivores is more common.

Additional Information

• Pond and lake ecosystems typically have a balanced mix of detritus and grazing food chains, but the availability of sunlight and open water encourages a significant flow of energy through the grazing food chain from phytoplankton to zooplankton to higher trophic levels.
• In river ecosystems, the flow of water can transport organic matter, but much of the energy is still transferred through the grazing food chain, from algae and aquatic plants to fish and other aquatic animals.
• While detritus food chains are present in all ecosystems, the proportion of energy that flows through them is particularly high in terrestrial ecosystems due to the large amount of detritus produced and the efficiency of terrestrial decomposers.

The correct answer is option 4.

Concept:

• A process that uses laboratory-based methods to change the genetic structure (DNA) of an organism is called genetic engineering.
• Enzymes like endonuclease, exonuclease, DNA polymerase, Ligase, etc, are the different enzymes used in genetic engineering.

Explanation:

Let us look at some of the enzymes and their use in genetic engineering

So, the correct answer is option 4.

Correct answer: 4)

Concept:

• Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms. It includes yeasts, mushrooms, molds, etc.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere.
• They are classified as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on the thickness of the peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

Explanation:

Option 1:

• Clostridium butylicum is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria.
• It produces butyric acid.
• It is also used in the artificial synthesis of some vitamins, acetone, and ethanol.

Option 2:

• Trichoderma is a fungus that is used to produce cyclosporin A.
• Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressant.
• It is used to prevent graft rejection during organ transplants.

Option 3:

• Monascus purpureus is a yeast used to produce statins.
• Statins are used to lower blood cholesterol.

Option 4:

• Aspergillus niger is a type of mold (fungus) that produces citric acid.
• It also causes diseases such as black mold on onions, grapes, etc.

So, the correct answer is option 4.

Fossils show the progression of life forms from simpler to more complex organisms, providing evidence for the theory of evolution.

Comparative anatomy shows similarities in body structures across species, which suggests common ancestry and supports the theory of evolution.

Homologous structures, such as the forelimbs of humans, whales, and bats, have different functions but share a common structural origin, indicating divergent evolution.

Similar fossils in different geographical locations suggest that life forms evolved from common ancestors and adapted to different environments.

Fossils provide a historical record of life forms, showing how species have changed over time and supporting the idea of evolution.

(A) Correct: Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genetic material using recombinant DNA technology.
(B) Incorrect: Bt crops are not harmful to humans; they contain a toxin that targets specific pests.
(C) Correct: Tissue culture is used to grow plant cells in controlled environments for propagation and disease recovery.
(D) Correct: Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and for the production of biological products.
(E) Incorrect: Golden rice is genetically modified to increase its vitamin A content, not vitamin C.

(A) Correct: The first clinical gene therapy was conducted in 1990 to treat a girl with ADA deficiency.
(B) Correct: Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the production of human insulin in bacteria for treating diabetes.
(C) Correct: Somatic hybridization involves fusing protoplasts from different plant species to create hybrid plants.
(D) Incorrect: Biotechnological applications raise ethical concerns, such as genetic modification and biopiracy.
(E) Correct: Gene therapy can treat hereditary diseases by introducing healthy copies of defective genes.

(A) Correct: Bt cotton produces an insecticidal protein that targets pests like the cotton bollworm.
(B) Correct: Gene therapy replaces defective genes with functional ones to treat genetic disorders.
(C) Incorrect: Transgenic plants can both increase yields and reduce pesticide use by being pest-resistant.
(D) Correct: Biotechnological applications include using microbes to produce therapeutic drugs like insulin and vaccines.
(E) Incorrect: Cloning refers to creating genetically identical organisms, but it involves whole organism duplication, not just transferring genes.

(A) Correct: The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) determines how fast a population grows under ideal conditions.
(B) Incorrect: Population density can also be measured by biomass, percent cover, or relative density, not just total number of individuals.
(C) Correct: Logistic growth happens when resources are limited, leading to a stabilized population at carrying capacity.
(D) Incorrect: Competition may not always lead to the extinction of the weaker species; species may evolve mechanisms for coexistence.
(E) Correct: In mutualism, both species benefit, such as in plant-pollinator interactions.

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, which is transmitted through contaminated food and water.

Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.

Pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, and it affects the alveoli of the lungs.

Malaria is transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, which carries the Plasmodium parasite.

Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan responsible for amoebiasis, which causes digestive issues and dysentery.

Wood most suitable for fuel should be highly combustible. It should be hard and it should have a high calorific value. It should burn with good flame and sufficient heat.

The first petroplant discovered was Euphorbia lathyrus by Calvin. 100 tonnes of the dry weight of this petroplant can yield 80 tonnes of crude oil and 200 tonnes of fermentable sugars.

Biogas formation yields manure for two crops in one acre and 2m³ of fuel gas having 9000 kcal of energy with useful one being 2700 kcal and at 30% burning efficiency.

Radioactive wastes are not organic wastes. Organic wastes include animal wastes, human wastes, agricultural wastes, crop residues, forest residues, aquatic weeds, etc.

 Wood used as a source of energy is called fuelwood. It is a renewable source of energy which can be harvested even by unskilled labours.

The various energy crops include Sugarcane, Sugar beet, Potato, Tapioca and Maize. Energy crops can be used to produce alcohol and other energy fuels.

Social forestry is the raising and exploitation of small forests on common village lands, roadsides, railway embankments and other vacant lands by groups of people for obtaining their requirements of firewood, fodder and minor timber at very low cost.

The full form of AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This means deficiency of the immune system, acquired during the lifetime of an individual indicating that it is not a congenital disease.