Test: Human Memory- 1 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Stage Model of Memory in 1968, describing sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems.

Topic in NCERT: Stage Model of Memory

Line in NCERT: "The first model of memory, which was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. It is known as Stage Model."

The visuospatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial information in the working memory model proposed by Baddeley.

Topic in NCERT: Working Memory Components

Line in NCERT: "The second component visuospatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial information and like phonological loop the capacity of the sketchpad too is limited."

Semantic processing, which involves understanding the meaning of information, leads to deeper memory retention, as proposed by Craik and Lockhart.

Topic in NCERT: LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Line in NCERT: "if an information is analysed and encoded semantically, which is the deepest level of processing, then it leads to better retention."

Chunking expands the capacity of short-term memory by grouping information into meaningful units, such as years or events.

Topic in NCERT: Chunking in Short-Term Memory

Line in NCERT: "Another control process, which operates in STM to expand its capacity, is Chunking."

The central executive organizes information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, distributing attentional resources as needed.

Topic in NCERT: Working Memory

Line in NCERT: "Like a true executive, it allocates attentional resources to be distributed to various information needed to perform a given cognitive operation and monitors, plans, and controls behaviour."

The visuospatial sketchpad is a component of working memory that holds visual and spatial information with a limited capacity.

Topic in NCERT: Working Memory Components

Line in NCERT: "The second component visuospatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial information and like phonological loop the capacity of the sketchpad too is limited."

Long-term memory primarily encodes information semantically, based on the meaning of the information, which contributes to its permanence.

Topic in NCERT: LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Line in NCERT: "However, there is a third and the deepest level at which information can be processed. In order to ensure that the information is retained for a longer period, it is important that it gets analysed and understood in terms of its meaning."

Baddeley proposed the multicomponent view of short-term memory, introducing the concepts of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.

Topic in NCERT: Working Memory

Line in NCERT: "The multi-component view of short-term memory was first proposed by Baddeley (1986) who suggested that the short-term memory is not a passive storehouse but rather a work bench that holds a wide variety of memory materials that are constantly handled, manipulated and transformed as people perform various cognitive tasks."

Declarative memory refers to facts and information, such as the knowledge that a frog is an amphibian, while procedural memory is related to tasks and skills like riding a bicycle or playing basketball.

Topic in NCERT: TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY

Line in NCERT: "All information pertaining to facts, names, dates, such as a rickshaw has three wheels or that India became independent on August 15 1947 or a frog is an amphibian or you and your friend share the same name, are part of declarative memory."

Episodic memory refers to personal, biographical details and is often emotional, like memories of specific events in one's life.

Topic in NCERT: Episodic Memory

Line in NCERT: "Episodic memory contains biographical details of our lives. Memories relating to our personal life experiences constitute the episodic memory and it is for this reason that its contents are generally emotional in nature."