Spectrum Test: The Freedom Struggle- 1 - UPSC MCQ

Correct Answer:B

Chetty established Madras Native Association in 1852 as a platform for educated Indians to protest against any injustice on the part of the British. It was the first Indian political organization in the Madras Presidency. Chetty served as its first president. British Indian Association, The. British Indian Association, The was founded on October 29, 1851 at Calcutta with Raja radhakanta dev and debendranath tagore as its President and Secretary respectively.

The correct option is C.
Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan Barha, who were powerful in the Mughal Empire during the early 18th century.

• London: Dadabhai Nauroji organized the East India Association in London in 1867.


• Glasgow: Not the correct location for the organization of the East India Association.


• Aberdeen: Not the correct location for the organization of the East India Association.


• None of these: The correct location is London, not none of these.

• M.G. Ranade: The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was organised in the 1870s by Mahadev Govind Ranade, who was a prominent Indian scholar, social reformer, and author.

• Social Reforms: The Sabha aimed at promoting social reforms and addressing issues related to education, women's rights, and caste discrimination.


• Political Awareness: It also worked towards creating political awareness among the masses and advocating for the rights of the people.

• Role in Indian National Movement: The Sabha played a crucial role in the Indian national movement by mobilizing public opinion and fostering a sense of unity among the people.


• Contribution to Society: It made significant contributions to society by initiating various social welfare programs and advocating for the upliftment of the marginalized sections.

• Legacy: The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha left a lasting legacy in the history of India's struggle for independence and social reform, laying the foundation for future movements and organizations.

• Madras, Mahajan Sabha, and Bombay Presidency Association: These organizations were primarily focused on criticizing important administrative and legislative measures during their time.


• Founded years: The Madras and Mahajan Sabha were started in 1884, while the Bombay Presidency Association was established in 1885.


• Objective: The main aim of these associations was to voice concerns and objections regarding various government policies and decisions.


• Members: The organizations attracted members from different sections of society who were interested in participating in the political discourse of the time.


• Significance: These associations played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and advocating for reforms in the colonial administration.

• Founded by: S.N. Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose


• Year of Establishment: 1876

• It was one of the most important pre-Congress nationalist organizations in India.


• It played a crucial role in promoting nationalist sentiments and unity among Indians.


• The association provided a platform for discussing political issues and advocating for Indian rights.


• It laid the foundation for future political movements and organizations in India.

• The association organized meetings, conferences, and lectures to raise awareness about political issues.


• It also published newspapers and pamphlets to disseminate information and opinions on various topics.


• Members of the association actively participated in social and political reforms in India.

• The Indian Association of Calcutta paved the way for the Indian National Congress, which was established in 1885.


• It inspired a generation of Indian nationalists to work towards independence and self-governance.


• The ideals and principles of the association continued to influence the Indian freedom struggle in the years to come.

The first major issue that the Indian Association took up for agitation was the reform of the Civil Service regulations and the raising of the age limit for its examination. Surendranath Banerjea toured different parts of the country during 1877-78 in an effort to create an all-India public opinion on this question.

The correct answer is C as The Indian Association sponsored an All-india National Conference at Calcutta which was attended by several leaders from outside Bengal. It was held in 1883

• Year of Merger: 1886


• Reason for Merger: The Indian Association, founded by Dadabhai Naoroji, merged with the Indian National Congress in 1886 to form a stronger political organization to fight for Indian independence.


• Significance of Merger: The merger helped in uniting various political factions and leaders under one platform, leading to a more coordinated and effective freedom struggle against British colonial rule.


• Impact: The merger marked a significant turning point in the history of the Indian independence movement, setting the stage for future collective actions and protests against British imperialism.

• Founded in 1885: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, who was a retired English civil servant.

• Retired English Civil Servant: A.O. Hume was a retired civil servant who played a crucial role in initiating the formation of the Indian National Congress.

• Representation: The Congress was formed to provide a platform for Indians to express their political views and demands for greater representation in the British colonial government.

• Nationalist Movement: The Indian National Congress played a key role in the Indian nationalist movement and eventually became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.


• Political Platform: It provided a platform for Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and others to unite and work towards independence from British rule.

• Legacy: The Indian National Congress continues to be a prominent political party in India, reflecting its historical significance and contribution to the country's independence struggle.

The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta. Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued. Due to a cholera outbreak there, it was moved to Bombay.

• First Session of the Indian National Congress: The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in December 1885 in Bombay.


• Presided over by W.C. Banerjee: The session was presided over by Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee.


• Number of Delegates: There were a total of 72 delegates who attended the first session of the Indian National Congress.


• Significance: This session marked the beginning of the Indian National Congress as a political party that played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement.

• Date: December 1886


• Location: Calcutta


• Number of Delegates: 436


• Presiding Officer: Dadabhai Nauroji

• Contribution: Dadabhai Nauroji was a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress and is often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of India." He was known for his contributions to the Indian independence movement and his efforts towards achieving self-governance for India.


• Presiding Officer: Nauroji's leadership during the Second session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta showcased his dedication to the cause of Indian independence and his ability to unite delegates towards a common goal.

• Key Discussions: The Second session of the Indian National Congress saw important discussions on various issues related to the freedom struggle, including British colonial policies, economic exploitation, and the need for self-rule.


• Resolution: The session resulted in resolutions aimed at furthering the cause of Indian independence and mobilizing public support for the movement.


• Impact: The session laid the foundation for future sessions of the Indian National Congress and strengthened the resolve of delegates to work towards achieving independence from British colonial rule.

• Kadambini Ganguly: She was the first woman graduate of Calcutta University who addressed the Congress session in 1890.


• Pandita Rama Bai: Although a prominent figure in Indian history, she was not the first woman graduate of Calcutta University.


• Malvika Mukherjee: There is no record of Malvika Mukherjee being the first woman graduate of Calcutta University.


• None of these: The correct answer is Kadambini Ganguly, making this option incorrect.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: Kadambini Ganguly, who was the first woman graduate of Calcutta University to address the Congress session in 1890.

• Wedderburn twice presided over the sessions of the Indian National Congress.


• G. Yule did not preside over the sessions of the Indian National Congress.


• Malvika Mukherjee did not preside over the sessions of the Indian National Congress.


• None of these refers to individuals who did not preside over the sessions of the Indian National Congress.

• First Session of the Indian National Congress (INC): The Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College was where the first session of the INC was held. This marked the beginning of a significant political movement in India.


• Notable Alumni: S.N. Banerjee and Dadabhai Naoroji, who played crucial roles in the Indian independence movement, were products of this college. Their education and experiences at the college shaped their contributions to modern India.


• Association with A.O. Hume: A.O. Hume, the founder of the INC, served as the Principal of the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College. His leadership and vision at the college had a lasting impact on the political landscape of India.

The methods of the Moderates can be best described as ‘Constitutional agitation’. Their main demands were –
1.Holding of Indian Civil Services examination simultaneously in England and in India.
2.Reduction of military expenditure.
3.Separation of judiciary from the executive.
4.Grant of self-government to India within the British Empire.

• Background: The Moderates were a group within the Indian National Congress who believed in gradual reforms and cooperation with the British government.


• Demand for Expansion: The Moderates demanded the expansion of the Legislative Councils to give Indians more representation in the decision-making process.


• Reasoning: They argued that a larger Indian presence in the Legislative Councils would lead to better governance and address the grievances of the Indian population.


• Reform Proposals: The Moderates also proposed reforms such as increasing the number of elected Indian members, granting more powers to the Councils, and allowing for more discussions on important issues.


• Impact: The demands of the Moderates laid the foundation for future constitutional reforms in India and paved the way for increased Indian participation in the legislative process.

• Background: In 1905, the demand for swarajya or self-government within the British empire was raised from the Congress platform.


• Role of G.K. Gokhale: G.K. Gokhale was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress during this time.


• Advocating for Swarajya: Gokhale played a significant role in advocating for self-government or swarajya within the British empire.


• Push for Reforms: He pushed for political reforms that would lead to greater autonomy for Indians within the British system.


• Influence on Congress: Gokhale's advocacy for swarajya influenced the Congress party's agenda and approach towards achieving self-government.

• Dadabhai Nauroji: He declared as early as 1881 that British rule was "an everlasting, increasing, and everyday increasing foreign invasion" that was "utterly, though gradually, destroying the country".

Correct Answer :- b

Explanation : Students in Poona and in other towns of Maharashtra publicly burnt foreign clothes in 1861 as part of the larger swadeshi campaign

• Agitation for reduction in land revenue: Nationalists during this period did indeed agitate for a reduction in land revenue to alleviate the burden on farmers and promote agricultural prosperity.


• Agitation for improvement in working conditions of plantation labourers: The nationalists also worked towards improving the working conditions of plantation labourers, who often faced harsh conditions and exploitation.


• Demand for reduction in military expenditure: Another key demand of the nationalists was the reduction in the military expenditure of the Government of India, as they believed that excessive spending on the military was detrimental to the overall development of the country.

A is the correct option.Demands of Early Nationalists were divided in to four parts:
Constitutional Reforms
Economic Reforms
Administrative Demands
Defence of Civil Rights

The Early Nationalists made the following demands in the administrative sphere:
Repeal of the Arms act and License act
“Indianisation of services by taking exams of Indian Civil Services in India and England.”
Spread of primary education among the masses
Increase in the power of local bodies and reduction of official control over them.
 

• Significance: The arrest of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1897 marked the beginning of a new phase in the nationalist movement in India.


• Impact: Tilak's arrest galvanized the Indian nationalist movement and sparked widespread protests and demonstrations.


• Role in Nationalist Movement: Tilak was a prominent nationalist leader who advocated for Swaraj or self-rule for India.


• Contribution to Freedom Struggle: Tilak's arrest energized the Indian masses and led to a surge in nationalist sentiments across the country.


• Legacy: Tilak's imprisonment and subsequent release further fueled the demand for independence from British colonial rule.

'The British Committee of the Indian National congress' was established in Britain by the Indian National Congress in 1889. Its purpose was to raise awareness of Indian issues to the public in Britain, to whom the Government of India was responsible.

The correct option is D.
In 1887, Dufferin attacked the Early Nationalists in a speech and ridiculed it as representing only a microscopic minority of the people.

• Quote: The quote "The Congress is tottering to its fall, and one of my great ambitions, while in India, is to assist it to a peaceful demise" was remarked by Curzon.


• Context: Lord Curzon was a British statesman and served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. He had a controversial tenure in India and was known for his imperialistic policies.


• Attitude towards Congress: Curzon had a negative view of the Indian National Congress, the leading political party advocating for Indian independence. His quote reflects his desire to see the Congress weakened and ultimately fail.


• Imperialistic Policies: Curzon's policies in India were often criticized for being oppressive and aimed at strengthening British control over the country.


• Legacy: Curzon's time as Viceroy left a lasting impact on India's history, with his actions influencing the Indian freedom struggle and shaping the country's future trajectory.

The correct option is B.
Gokhale's speech on the budget in 1901 expounded nationalist economic theory on the floor of the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time, and, as Bipan.

The correct option is A.
The 1899 session of the l.N.C. passed a resolution clearly demanding both permanent fixation of revenue in ryotwari areas and a ceiling on zamindari rent.  It was presided over by R.C. Dutt. b).