HOTS Questions: Why do we fall ill? - UPSC MCQ

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness.

Common cold is an acute disease.

Common cold is a viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory system. It is a common illness that most people experience multiple times throughout their lives. Here's a detailed explanation of why common cold is considered an acute disease:
Definition of acute disease:

An acute disease is a condition that develops rapidly and lasts for a relatively short duration. It is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few days to a few weeks.
Reasons why common cold is an acute disease:
1. Sudden onset: Common cold typically starts suddenly, with symptoms appearing within a few days of exposure to the cold virus. The symptoms may include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and mild body aches.
2. Short duration: The symptoms of common cold usually resolve within 7-10 days. In some cases, symptoms may persist for up to 2 weeks, but they gradually improve over time.
3. Self-limiting: Common cold is a self-limiting condition, which means it tends to resolve on its own without any specific treatment. Rest, hydration, and symptomatic relief measures are usually sufficient to manage the symptoms.
4. No long-term complications: Unlike chronic diseases, common cold does not cause long-term complications or permanent damage to the body. It is a temporary illness that does not have lasting effects.
5. Highly contagious: Common cold is highly contagious and can spread easily from person to person through respiratory droplets. This contributes to its acute nature, as it can rapidly affect a large number of individuals in a short period.
In conclusion, common cold is considered an acute disease due to its sudden onset, short duration, self-limiting nature, lack of long-term complications, and high contagiousness.

The correct option is A.
Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease. Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Infection is usually acquired in childhood causing hidden damage to the lymphatic system.

Congenital hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by an absent or reduced level of clotting factor VIII(8) or factor IX(9). In a person with a normal amount of clotting factor, when bleeding starts, all of the clotting factors work together to form a clot that stops the bleeding.

Goitre is caused due to deficiency of Iodine.
Explanation:
Goitre is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck. It can be caused by various factors, but the most common cause is a deficiency of iodine in the diet.
Iodine is an essential mineral that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism and growth. When there is a deficiency of iodine, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to compensate for the lack of iodine.
Here are some key points to understand the relationship between goitre and iodine deficiency:
1. Iodine: Iodine is primarily obtained through the diet, especially from iodized salt, seafood, and certain dairy products. The body needs a small amount of iodine to make thyroid hormones.
2. Thyroid hormones: The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce hormones called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are responsible for regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development.
3. Iodine deficiency: When there is a lack of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones. As a result, the pituitary gland releases more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to signal the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. This increased stimulation causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, leading to the formation of a goitre.
4. Goitre symptoms: A goitre can cause a visible swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, hoarseness of voice, and coughing. In severe cases, it can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by low levels of thyroid hormones.
To prevent and treat goitre caused by iodine deficiency, it is important to ensure an adequate intake of iodine through the diet. This can be achieved by consuming iodized salt, seafood, and other iodine-rich foods. In some cases, iodine supplements may be prescribed by a healthcare professional.
Overall, goitre is primarily caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Adequate intake of iodine is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland and to prevent the development of goitre.

The interval between infection and appearance of a disease is known as the incubation period.
The incubation period is the time it takes for an infection to develop into a clinically detectable disease. During this period, the infectious agent is multiplying within the body, but the person does not yet exhibit any signs or symptoms of the disease. The length of the incubation period can vary depending on the specific infectious agent and the individual's immune response.
Key points:
- The incubation period is a crucial phase in the progression of a disease.
- It begins with the initial infection and ends when the first symptoms appear.
- The duration of the incubation period can vary from hours to years, depending on the specific disease.
- Factors that can influence the length of the incubation period include the infectious agent's characteristics, the route of transmission, the individual's immune system, and other host factors.
- During the incubation period, individuals may unknowingly transmit the infection to others, as they may not display any symptoms.
- Monitoring the incubation period is essential for disease control and prevention strategies, as it helps identify and isolate infected individuals before they become symptomatic and can spread the disease to others.
In conclusion, the incubation period is the interval between infection and the appearance of disease symptoms. It is an important concept in understanding the progression and transmission of infectious diseases.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: 1st December.
Explanation:
AIDS day is celebrated on 1st December every year. It is an international day dedicated to raising awareness about the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. The day is an opportunity to unite in the fight against HIV, show support for people living with HIV, and remember those who have died from AIDS-related illnesses.
Here are some key points about AIDS day:
- AIDS day is observed globally on 1st December each year.
- It was first observed in 1988 and has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) since then.
- The day aims to promote awareness, education, and understanding of HIV/AIDS.
- It is an opportunity to fight against discrimination and stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.
- Various events, campaigns, and activities are organized on this day to raise awareness about HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and support for those affected by the virus.
- The red ribbon is the universal symbol of awareness and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.
In conclusion, AIDS day is celebrated on 1st December to raise awareness, promote prevention, and support those affected by HIV/AIDS.

A is the correct option.In the case of malaria, the vector is the anopheline mosquito and the disease-causing organism is the malaria parasite. ... Not all mosquitoes can transmit human malarial parasites. Of the thousands of described mosquito species, only a fraction of those in the genus Anopheles serve as vectors.

Disease-causing factors existing within the body itself are called Intrinsic factors.
Intrinsic factors refer to the internal factors or conditions within the body that can contribute to the development of diseases. These factors are often related to the individual's genetic makeup, physiological functions, or underlying health conditions. Here are some key points to explain intrinsic factors:
1. Definition: Intrinsic factors are disease-causing factors that originate from within the body itself.
2. Examples: Some common examples of intrinsic factors include genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, immune system dysfunctions, metabolic disorders, and organ malfunctions.
3. Genetic factors: Inherited genetic mutations or variations can predispose individuals to certain diseases. These genetic factors can affect various bodily processes, such as cell growth, immune response, or enzyme production, leading to the development of diseases.
4. Physiological factors: Imbalances in hormone levels, neurotransmitters, or other chemicals within the body can contribute to the occurrence of diseases. For example, hormonal imbalances can lead to conditions like diabetes or thyroid disorders.
5. Underlying health conditions: Pre-existing health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or autoimmune disorders, can make individuals more susceptible to developing other diseases. These underlying conditions may weaken the body's defenses or affect its ability to regulate normal physiological functions.
6. Aging: The natural aging process can also be considered an intrinsic factor. As individuals grow older, they become more prone to age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or dementia.
Overall, intrinsic factors play a significant role in the development and progression of diseases. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Definition of a Healthy Person:
- A healthy person is someone who is free from disease and mental tension.
Explanation:
In order to define a healthy person, it is important to consider both physical and mental well-being. Let's break down the options and analyze them:
A: Disease
- Being free from disease is a crucial aspect of being healthy. Disease can significantly impact a person's physical health and overall well-being.
B: Mental tension
- Mental tension refers to stress, anxiety, and other psychological factors that can affect a person's mental health. Being free from mental tension is equally important for maintaining good health.
C: Disease and mental tension
- This option encompasses both physical and mental well-being. A healthy person should be free from both disease and mental tension.
D: Bacteria
- Bacteria are microorganisms that can cause various infections and illnesses. While it is important to minimize exposure to harmful bacteria, being free from bacteria alone does not define a healthy person.
Conclusion:
Based on the options provided, the correct answer is C: Disease and mental tension. A healthy person should be free from both physical disease and mental tension in order to maintain overall well-being. It is important to prioritize both physical and mental health in order to achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Fruits and vegetables bought from the market:
Reasons why they may be problematic:

• Coated with pesticides: Many farmers use pesticides to protect their crops from pests and diseases. However, these chemicals can remain on the surface of fruits and vegetables, posing a potential health risk when consumed.


• Carry germs: Fruits and vegetables can come into contact with various sources of contamination, such as dirty water, soil, or unhygienic handling practices. This can result in the presence of harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.


• Carry eggs of worms: Some fruits and vegetables can be a host for worms or their eggs. These worms can cause health issues such as gastrointestinal infections when consumed unknowingly.


• All the above: It is important to note that fruits and vegetables bought from the market can be affected by all of the mentioned factors simultaneously.

To minimize the risks associated with consuming fruits and vegetables bought from the market, the following steps can be taken:

• Wash thoroughly: Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water to remove any surface pesticides, dirt, and germs. Use a brush or sponge to scrub the produce with firm skin.


• Peel when possible: Peeling fruits and vegetables can further reduce the exposure to pesticides and microorganisms. However, keep in mind that some nutrients and fiber are lost when peeling.


• Proper storage: Store fruits and vegetables properly to prevent spoilage and minimize the growth of harmful microorganisms. Follow specific storage instructions for each type of produce.


• Buy from reliable sources: Choose reputable vendors or farmers who prioritize food safety and follow good agricultural practices.


• Consider organic options: Organic fruits and vegetables are grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, which can reduce the risk of pesticide residue.


• Cook thoroughly: Cooking fruits and vegetables can further eliminate harmful microorganisms. Ensure that they are cooked to the appropriate temperature.


• Practice good hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly before handling fruits and vegetables, and ensure that cutting boards and utensils are clean to prevent cross-contamination.

By following these precautions and adopting good food safety practices, you can minimize the potential risks associated with consuming fruits and vegetables bought from the market.

Effects of Breathing Polluted Air on the Respiratory System:
- Reduced lung function: Inhaling polluted air can lead to irritation and inflammation of the respiratory system, causing a decrease in lung function. This can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
- Asthma: Polluted air can trigger asthma attacks and worsen symptoms in individuals with pre-existing asthma. It can cause airway inflammation and narrowing, leading to difficulty in breathing.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Long-term exposure to polluted air can contribute to the development of COPD, a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction. COPD includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Lung cancer: Breathing in carcinogenic pollutants present in polluted air increases the risk of developing lung cancer. These pollutants, such as asbestos, radon, and certain chemicals, can damage the cells in the lungs and lead to the development of cancerous tumors.
- Respiratory infections: Polluted air can weaken the immune system's ability to fight off respiratory infections, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
- Increased respiratory symptoms: Exposure to polluted air can worsen symptoms in individuals with respiratory conditions, such as allergies and sinusitis, leading to increased congestion, sneezing, and discomfort.
- Developmental effects: Children exposed to polluted air may experience negative effects on their lung development, potentially leading to long-term respiratory issues.
- Cardiovascular effects: While the focus is on the respiratory system, it's worth mentioning that breathing polluted air can also have adverse effects on the circulatory system. Fine particulate matter and other pollutants can enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases.
It is crucial to reduce exposure to polluted air by supporting measures to improve air quality and taking personal precautions such as wearing masks and avoiding areas with heavy pollution. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and maintaining a clean indoor environment can also help mitigate the effects of polluted air on the respiratory system.

Which disease is likely to occur in crowded areas?
In crowded areas, the risk of certain diseases is higher due to close contact and increased exposure to pathogens. The disease that is likely to occur in crowded areas is infections.
Here are the reasons why infections are more likely to occur in crowded areas:
1. Close proximity: Crowded areas often involve people being in close proximity to each other, which increases the risk of airborne or droplet transmission of infectious diseases.
2. Poor ventilation: In crowded areas, there may be limited ventilation, which can lead to the accumulation of pathogens in the air and increase the chances of respiratory infections.
3. Shared surfaces: In crowded areas, people frequently come into contact with shared surfaces such as doorknobs, handrails, and countertops. This can facilitate the transmission of diseases through contaminated surfaces.
4. Overcrowded living conditions: In densely populated areas, people may live in cramped spaces, making it easier for pathogens to spread from person to person.
5. Reduced personal space: In crowded areas, individuals may have limited personal space, making it challenging to maintain physical distance and avoid close contact with potentially infected individuals.
6. Poor hygiene practices: In crowded areas, it can be more difficult to maintain good hygiene practices such as regular handwashing, which further increases the risk of infections.
Examples of infectious diseases that are more likely to occur in crowded areas include respiratory infections like the common cold, influenza, and tuberculosis, as well as gastrointestinal infections like norovirus.
It is essential to take necessary precautions such as practicing good hygiene, maintaining physical distance, and wearing masks in crowded areas to reduce the risk of infections.

Arthritis is a chronic disease that affects the joints and causes inflammation. It is important to note that arthritis is not a single disease, but rather an umbrella term that encompasses more than 100 different types of joint diseases. The most common types of arthritis include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
Types of Arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis: This is the most common type of arthritis and occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time. It can affect any joint in the body but is commonly found in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: This is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation and damage. It commonly affects the hands, wrists, and feet.
- Gout: This type of arthritis is characterized by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to sudden and severe joint pain, usually in the big toe.
Characteristics of Arthritis:
- Chronic: Arthritis is a long-term condition that typically lasts for years or even a lifetime.
- Inflammatory: Inflammation is a key characteristic of arthritis, leading to joint pain, swelling, and stiffness.
- Degenerative: In some forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, the condition worsens over time as the joint tissues degenerate.
- Non-infectious: Arthritis is not caused by an infection and is not contagious.
In conclusion, arthritis is a chronic disease that affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness. It is not an acute, infectious, or communicable disease. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options for arthritis.

External Causes of Diseases:
- Jaundice: Jaundice can be caused by external factors such as hepatitis infection, alcohol abuse, or certain medications.
- Diabetes: Diabetes is primarily caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet. While external factors can contribute to the development of diabetes, it is primarily considered a non-communicable disease.
- Arthritis: Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints and can be caused by a variety of factors. While some forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, have an autoimmune component, external factors such as injury, infection, or wear and tear on the joints can also contribute to the development of arthritis.
- Cataract: Cataracts are primarily caused by aging and the natural breakdown of proteins in the lens of the eye. However, external factors such as prolonged exposure to sunlight, smoking, and certain medications can also increase the risk of developing cataracts.
Conclusion:
Among the given options, jaundice is the only condition that can be predominantly caused by external factors such as infections, alcohol abuse, or medications. Diabetes, arthritis, and cataract have internal factors, such as genetics or natural aging, playing a major role in their development.

House flies are the vectors of Cholera.
House flies, scientifically known as Musca domestica, are commonly found in and around human settlements. These insects are known for their ability to transmit various disease-causing pathogens, making them dangerous vectors. One such disease that house flies are known to transmit is Cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Here's how house flies can become carriers of cholera:
1. Feeding habits: House flies have a liquid diet and are attracted to various food sources, including human or animal feces. Cholera bacteria can be present in contaminated water or food, especially if it has been contaminated with fecal matter containing the bacteria.
2. Contamination: When house flies feed on fecal matter or other contaminated substances, they can pick up cholera bacteria on their legs and mouthparts. These bacteria can then be transferred to other surfaces, including human food, utensils, and even human skin.
3. Transmission: House flies have a habit of regurgitating and defecating while feeding. This behavior can lead to the direct transfer of cholera bacteria from the fly to a human or another surface. If contaminated food or water is ingested by a person, they can become infected with cholera.
4. Poor sanitation: House flies thrive in unsanitary conditions where there is poor sanitation and a lack of proper waste management. These conditions increase the likelihood of exposure to cholera bacteria and the transmission of the disease.
It is important to note that while house flies can carry cholera bacteria, they are not the sole cause of the disease. Cholera is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water or food. However, house flies can contribute to the spread of the disease, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
In conclusion, house flies can act as vectors for cholera by picking up the bacteria from contaminated sources and transferring them to human food and surfaces. Preventing fly infestations and maintaining proper sanitation and hygiene practices are crucial in reducing the risk of cholera transmission.

Mosquitoes spread:
- Influenza: Mosquitoes do not spread influenza. Influenza is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
- Rabies: Mosquitoes do not spread rabies. Rabies is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, such as a dog or a bat.
- Malaria: Mosquitoes are the primary vectors for malaria transmission. When an infected mosquito bites a person, it injects the malaria parasite into the bloodstream, leading to the development of the disease.
- AIDS: Mosquitoes do not spread AIDS. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, cannot survive in mosquitoes and therefore cannot be transmitted through mosquito bites.
Conclusion: Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as malaria, but they do not spread influenza, rabies, or AIDS. It is important to take measures to prevent mosquito bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites, to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases.

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium

When answering this question, it is important to provide a clear and concise explanation of the cause of tuberculosis. Here is a detailed solution:

Introduction:
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
- It is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Description of Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacterium that can survive in various environments, such as air, water, and soil.
- It is transmitted from person to person through the air, typically when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air.
Infection and Disease Development:
- When a person inhales these infected droplets, the bacteria can enter the lungs and establish an infection.
- The bacteria can then multiply and spread within the lung tissues, leading to the development of tuberculosis.
- The immune system of the infected person may be able to control the infection, leading to latent tuberculosis, where the bacteria are present but not actively causing symptoms.
- In some cases, however, the immune system may fail to control the infection, resulting in active tuberculosis disease.
Symptoms and Transmission:
- Tuberculosis can cause a range of symptoms, including persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
- It is a highly contagious disease, but it is not easily transmitted compared to some viral infections.
- Close and prolonged contact with an infected individual is usually required for transmission to occur.
Treatment and Prevention:
- Tuberculosis can be treated with a combination of antibiotics over a prolonged period.
- Prevention strategies include early detection and treatment of infected individuals, vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and implementation of infection control measures in healthcare settings.
Conclusion:
- Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is primarily transmitted through the air.
- Understanding the cause of tuberculosis is crucial for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

The infectious agents responsible for which disease can be spread when the patient coughs?
Answer: C - TB and influenza
Explanation:
When a patient coughs, certain infectious agents can be spread through the respiratory droplets expelled from their mouth and nose. In this case, the diseases that can be spread through coughing are tuberculosis (TB) and influenza.
- TB (Tuberculosis):
- TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- It primarily affects the lungs and can be spread through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes.
- The bacteria can remain suspended in the air for extended periods and can be inhaled by others, leading to infection.
- Influenza:
- Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is caused by various strains of the influenza virus.
- It can also be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
- The virus can infect others who come into contact with the droplets, either by inhaling them or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching their face.
It is important to take precautions such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and getting vaccinated to prevent the spread of these diseases.

Freshwater Fish

• Catla and rohu are examples of freshwater fish.


• Freshwater fish are those that live in rivers, lakes, ponds, and other freshwater habitats.


• They cannot survive in saltwater environments.


• They have adapted to the specific conditions of freshwater ecosystems.


• These fish have a wide distribution and are commonly found in various regions of the world.


• They play an important role in the aquatic food chain and are often targeted by fishermen.


• Catla and rohu are popular freshwater fish in India and are commonly consumed as food.


• Freshwater fish have certain physiological adaptations that allow them to survive in freshwater environments, such as specialized gills for extracting oxygen from water.


• They have also developed specific behaviors and feeding habits to thrive in their habitat.


• Freshwater fish are an important part of freshwater ecosystems and contribute to the overall biodiversity of these environments.

HIV kills immune system cells that help the body fight infections and diseases.

DPT Vaccine and its Purpose
The DPT vaccine is a combination vaccine that helps develop immunity against three different diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). It is often given in childhood as part of routine vaccinations.
Why are these vaccines important?
Each of these diseases can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children. The DPT vaccine provides protection against all three, helping to prevent the spread of these diseases and reduce the risk of complications.
Tetanus
- Tetanus is caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani.
- It enters the body through cuts, wounds, or puncture injuries.
- It leads to muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck.
- Severe cases can cause breathing difficulties and even death.
Diphtheria
- Diphtheria is caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
- It mainly affects the respiratory system, causing a thick coating in the throat and nose.
- It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart problems, and paralysis.
- Severe cases can be fatal.
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
- Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
- It is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets.
- It causes severe coughing fits, often accompanied by a "whooping" sound when inhaling.
- It can lead to complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and even death, especially in infants.
Benefits of the DPT vaccine
- The DPT vaccine provides immunity against all three diseases simultaneously.
- It helps prevent the spread of these diseases and protects individuals from potential complications.
- Vaccination also contributes to herd immunity, reducing the overall prevalence of these diseases in the community.
Conclusion
The DPT vaccine is an essential immunization that helps develop immunity against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. By receiving this vaccine, individuals can protect themselves and contribute to the overall prevention of these diseases.

Inland fisheries is referred to:
There are different activities and practices that fall under the category of inland fisheries. Inland fisheries typically involve fish farming, capture, and management in freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. The main focus is on the cultivation and utilization of fish resources in inland waters. The answer to the question is option A, which states that inland fisheries are referred to as culturing fish in freshwater.
Here are the details of each option and why option A is the correct answer:
1. Option A: Culturing fish in freshwater
- Inland fisheries primarily involve the cultivation of fish in freshwater bodies.
- Fish are bred, raised, and harvested in controlled environments such as fish farms, ponds, or tanks.
- This method is widely used to meet the demand for fish consumption and for commercial purposes.
2. Option B: Trapping and capturing fish
- While trapping and capturing fish can be a part of inland fisheries, it is not the sole definition.
- Inland fisheries focus on the sustainable management and utilization of fish resources rather than solely capturing fish.
3. Option C: Deep sea fisheries
- Deep sea fisheries refer to the fishing activities conducted in the open ocean, far from the coast.
- This is not considered inland fisheries as it involves marine species and not freshwater fish.
4. Option D: Extraction of oil from fish
- Extracting oil from fish is not the primary activity associated with inland fisheries.
- Inland fisheries primarily focus on fish production and management rather than extracting oil.
In conclusion, inland fisheries are predominantly concerned with culturing fish in freshwater bodies. Fish farming and cultivation in controlled environments such as ponds and tanks are the main activities associated with inland fisheries.

It is an infectious disease mostly found in cattle... mores, caused by Paramyxovirus.It is characterized by fever,dysentery and inflammation of mucous membrane and etc.