Test: Meaning And Scope Of Accounting - 1 - Commerce MCQ

Interpreting is the final function of accounting it is concerned with explaining the meaning and significance of the relationship as established by the analysis of accounting data. the recoded financial data is analyzed and interpreted in a manner that will enable the end users to make a meaningful judgement about the financial condition and Thus, option (d) is correct.

Summarising stage is concerned with the preparation and presentation of the classified data in a manner useful to the internal as well as external users of financial statements. This process leads to the preparation of the following financial statements. Therefore, Net Profit or Loss is derived at the summarising stage.

The correct answer is (b) A transaction.
A transaction is an economic event that involves the transfer of money or goods between two parties. In this case, Sohan paid rent of Rs. 5,000. This can be classified as a transaction because:
1. Two parties are involved: Sohan (the payer) and the landlord (the receiver).
2. Transfer of value: Sohan is transferring Rs. 5,000 to the landlord in exchange for the use of the rented property.
3. Recordable: This transaction can be recorded in the financial books (e.g., rent expense account for Sohan and rent income account for the landlord).
An event, on the other hand, is a happening or occurrence that may or may not have financial consequences. In this case, the payment of rent is a transaction and not just an event because it involves a transfer of value between parties and can be recorded in financial books.

Accounting is essential for recording transactions and events, providing useful data for decision making. Here’s how it works:

• Accounts record all financial transactions systematically.
• This information helps in analysing business performance.
• Accurate data aids in making informed decisions.

Luca Pacioli, in venice (1494) is considered as the first book on double entry book-keeping. A portion of this book contains knowledge of business and book-keeping.

The users of financial statements include:

• Shareholders - They use financial statements to assess the company's profitability and make informed investment decisions.
• Government - Government agencies rely on these statements for tax purposes and regulatory compliance.
• Vendors - Vendors evaluate the financial health of a company to determine credit terms and business relationships.

Therefore, all of the above are users of financial statements.

The purpose of an accounting system is to manage and report on financial data. It includes several key functions:

• Interpret and record the effects of business transactions.
• Classify transactions to make report preparation easier.
• Summarise and communicate information for decision-makers.

However, an accounting system does not dictate what types of business transactions an enterprise can engage in. This is beyond its scope.

To find the current assets, we use the accounting equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Capital

Step 1: Calculate Total Assets
Using the accounting equation:
Total Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Capital
Total Assets = Rs. 30,000 + Rs. 50,000 = Rs. 80,000

Step 2: Calculate Current Assets
Total Assets consist of Fixed Assets and Current Assets:
Total Assets = Fixed Assets + Current Assets
Rearrange to find Current Assets:
Current Assets = Total Assets - Fixed Assets
Current Assets = Rs. 80,000 - Rs. 70,000 = Rs. 10,000

Verification

Total Assets = Fixed Assets (Rs. 70,000) + Current Assets (Rs. 10,000) = Rs. 80,000.
This balances with Liabilities (Rs. 30,000) + Owner’s Capital (Rs. 50,000) = Rs. 80,000

a) Rs. 10,000

The correct answer is 4 - all of the above.

Users of accounting information include various stakeholders who have an interest in a company's financial performance and position. These stakeholders can use accounting information to make decisions regarding their engagement with the company. The users of accounting information can include trade payables/suppliers, lenders, customers, investors, regulatory authorities, employees, management, and others. All of the options given in the question - trade payables/suppliers, lenders, and customers - are users of accounting information, but there are also many others.

The correct answer is B: 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c
Let’s analyze each item in Column A and match it logically with the descriptions in Column B:
1. Financial Accounting - (b) Includes Profit and Loss account, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement: Financial accounting is specifically concerned with preparing these three key financial statements. These statements summarize a company's financial performance and position over a period of time (Profit & Loss), at a specific point in time (Balance Sheet), and its cash inflows and outflows (Cash Flow Statement).
2. Accounting - (a) Is the language of business: Accounting is a system of recording, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting financial data. This information is crucial for decision-making within a business and communicating its financial health to stakeholders. Therefore, it's considered the language through which businesses communicate their financial performance.
3. Bookkeeping - (d) Constitutes as a base for accounting: Bookkeeping is the foundational process of recording financial transactions. It involves systematically maintaining records of all financial activities. Accounting builds upon this recorded data to analyze, interpret, and present meaningful financial information. Without accurate bookkeeping, accounting is impossible.
4. Transactions - (c) Are the business performance of trading activities: Transactions represent individual business events that affect a company's financial position. These are the fundamental building blocks of accounting. They include sales, purchases, payments, receipts, etc., all of which contribute to the overall performance of the business.

Bookkeeping refers mainly to the record-keeping aspects of financial accounting, and involves preparing source documents for all transactions, operations, and other events of a business.

In accounting:

• A transaction involves a transfer of money or goods/services and affects the financial position of a business, such as purchases, sales, or payments.
• An event is an occurrence that affects the financial position but does not necessarily involve a transaction or exchange of value.

Analysis of options:

• a) Sale of goods for Rs.5,000 – This is a transaction, as it involves the exchange of goods for money.
• b) Closing stock of worth Rs.4,000 – This is an event. It reflects the value of remaining inventory at the end of an accounting period. No exchange of goods or money takes place at this point.
• c) Purchase of goods for Rs.8,000 – This is a transaction, as it involves acquiring goods in exchange for money.
• d) Rent paid Rs.2,000 – This is a transaction, as it involves payment of money for a service.

Therefore, only option (b) qualifies as an event.

The correct answer is: (Current Asset + Fixed Asset) – (Current Liabilities + Long term Liabilities)
Here's a detailed explanation:
Owner's Equity, also known as shareholder's equity or net worth, represents the residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting its liabilities. In other words, it shows the amount that belongs to the owners of the company after all the obligations have been settled.
The formula for Owner's Equity can be derived from the basic accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
To find Owner's Equity, we need to rearrange the equation:
Owner's Equity = Assets - Liabilities

The direct benefits of accounting include:

• Preparation of financial statements
• Ascertainment of profit or loss
• Providing information to interested groups

Competitive advantage is not a direct benefit of accounting.

To understand why the correct answer is option 'A' (an event), we need to first define what a transaction and an event are in accounting.

Transaction: In accounting, a transaction refers to a business activity that involves the exchange of goods, services, or money between two or more parties. For example, buying inventory on credit, selling goods for cash, or paying rent.

Event: An event, on the other hand, is a happening that affects a company's financial position but does not involve an exchange transaction. For example, a fire that destroys inventory, a change in government regulations, or a natural disaster.

In the given scenario, the sale of goods worth Rs. 2,000 is a transaction because it involves the exchange of goods for money. However, the closing inventory of Rs. 10,000 is an event because it is a change in the company's financial position, but it does not involve any exchange transaction.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' (an event).

The main objective of book-keeping is to keep a complete and accurate record of all the financial transactions in a systematic orderly, logical manner. This ensures that the financial effects of these transactions are reflected in the books of accounts.

Then the second main objective is to ascertain the overall effect of all recorded transactions on the final statement of the company. Book-keeping will eventually ascertain the final accounts of the company, namely the Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet.

The Accounting Principles Board (APB) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) was responsible for enumerating and defining the functions of accounting. The APB issued opinions and guidance on accounting practices before it was replaced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

Financial statement is a formal record of the financial activities and position of a business, person or other entity. Financial statement are major part of accounting as accounting is incomplete without financial statements. 

The financial position of a business is determined by various elements:

• Records created through the book-keeping process provide raw data.
• The trial balance helps verify the accuracy of financial records.
• Accounting reports offer a comprehensive view of the business's finances.

Among these, accounting reports are essential for understanding the financial health of the business.

Wealth maximization is a modern approach to financial management. Maximization of profit used to be the main aim of a business and financial management till the concept of wealth maximization came into being. It is a superior goal compared to profit maximization as it takes broader arena into consideration.

Ledger posting is a 'book-keeping' exercise whereas the others are purely accounting in nature, which are done in accordance with various accounting standards, policies, etc

The Financial Statements of a company typically include:

• Total Sales: Represents the revenue generated from selling goods or services.
• Total Profit & Loss: Shows the net income or loss, indicating the company's performance.
• Capital: Reflects the financial resources available for business operations.

However, the Cost of Production is not directly listed as a separate item in the financial statements. Instead, it is usually part of the cost of goods sold in the income statement, which contributes to calculating the gross profit.

Financial statements are written records of a business's financial situation. They include standard reports like the balance sheet, income or profit and loss statements, and cash flow statement. They stand as one of the more essential components of business information, and as the principal method of communicating financial information about an entity to outside parties. In a technical sense, financial statements are a summation of the financial position of an entity at a given point in time. 

The primary focus of financial reporting is information about earnings and its components. Hence financial statement do not consider assets and liabilities expressed in non-monetary terms.

The correct answer is A: Accrual Concept.

•  In the accrual concept, accounting entries are made when transactions occur, regardless of when cash is received or paid.
• This concept ensures that revenues and expenses are recorded in the period they are earned or incurred, not when cash changes hands.
• It provides a more accurate picture of a company's financial position and performance by matching income with related expenses in the same period.

• Gross Book Value refers to the original cost of acquiring a fixed asset.
• It is recorded at the Historical Cost, which is the purchase price or construction cost.
•  This value does not account for depreciation or any market fluctuations.
•  Depreciation is later subtracted from the gross book value to find the net book value.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Historical Cost.