UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 7 - UGC NET MCQ

Footnotes in research writing have several common usages, but summarizing the entire research methodology isn't typically one of them. Here's a bit more explanation on each option:

• A. Citing sources mentioned briefly in the text: Footnotes can be used as citation methods in certain citation styles, where the full citation is provided in the footnote and the text is minimally interrupted. Turabian/Chicago style often uses this approach.
• B. Clarifying complex or nuanced arguments: If an argument or a point in the main text requires additional explanation that might disrupt the flow if included in the main body, footnotes can be utilized to provide this extra information or context.
• C. Presenting alternative interpretations of data: In research papers, footnotes can be used to explain alternative interpretations without interrupting the narrative flow of the paper. Such footnotes provide readers interested in more depth with additional insights without detracting from the main argument.
• D. Summarizing the entire research methodology: This is not a common use of footnotes. Methodology needs to be transparent and easily accessible to the reader as it provides significant context for the study's results. Typically, the methodology is explained in-depth in its own section of a research paper, not relegated to footnotes. A footnote’s purpose is not to explain or summarise key elements of the paper, but rather to provide ancillary information or tangential notes that are not necessary to understand the central argument. For these reasons, the correct answer is D.

The logic followed here is:

So, '109' will complete the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Given:

Jason alone can complete a work in 20 days

Jason and Jamal together do the same work in 9 days

Formula Used:

Time taken = Total work/Efficiency

Calculations:

Total work = LCM of 20 and 9 = 180

Efficiency of Jason = 180/20 = 9

Efficiency of Jason and Jamal together = 180/9 = 20

Efficiency of Jamal = (Efficiency of both) - (Efficiency of Jason)

⇒ Efficiency of Jamal = 20 - 9 = 11

Now, time taken by Jamal = total work/efficiency of Jamal

Time taken = 180/11 = 16(4/11) days

∴ Jamal alone can complete a work in 16 4/11 days.

The correct answer is - Statement I is false but Statement Il is true.

Key PointsStatement I: Disk defragmentation makes files that are contiguous in a disk as fragmented.

• Disk defragmentation is a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems.
• It physically organizes the contents of the disk to store the pieces of each file close together and contiguously.
• It aims to create larger regions of free space using compaction, to impede the return of fragmentation.
• So, rather than making files fragmented, disk defragmentation does the opposite by making files more contiguous.
• Hence, Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: A device controller that controls a device will deal with the operating system through a device driver.

• In computer systems, a device controller is a hardware component that interfaces with a peripheral device.
• However, for the operating system to communicate with the device controller (and therefore the device), it uses a piece of software called a device driver.
• The device driver provides a standardized interface through which the operating system can issue commands to the device, abstracting away the hardware-specific details.
• Hence, Statement II is correct.

Key Points Statement I: The monastery of Vikramasila, possessed a University with six colleges.

• True: Historical accounts and archaeological evidence confirm that Vikramasila, a renowned Buddhist monastery in ancient India, housed a thriving university with six colleges dedicated to diverse fields of study, including philosophy, logic, grammar, medicine, and astronomy.

Statement II: Vikramasila was a well-known centre of Tantric Buddhism and attracted students from other countries.

• True: Vikramasila was widely recognized as a leading center of Tantric Buddhism, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism known for its emphasis on ritual practices and esoteric teachings. Its scholars garnered a reputation for expertise in Tantric doctrines, attracting students from across India and beyond, including Tibet, China, and Southeast Asia.

Therefore, the most appropriate answer is 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

An outlier is an observation that lies at an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample of a population. Outliers are important because they can have a large influence on statistics derived from the dataset. Outliers affect the mean value of the data but have little effect on the median or mode of a given set of data
Key Points
Effect of outlier on following statistical measures:
Median:

• The median is the middle value in a set of data. The median of 4, 1, and 7 is 4 because when the numbers are put in order (1, 4, 7), the number 4 is in the middle. Mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency. The mean is the only measure of central tendency that is always affected by an outlier, and that's why the median is appropriate to know central tendency as it is not affected by an outlier.

Quartile range:

• When a data set has outliers or extreme values, we summarise a typical value using the median as opposed to the mean.
• When a data set has outliers, variability is often summarised by a statistic called the interquartile range, which is the difference between the first and third quartiles.
• The Interquartile Range is not affected by outliers.
• The interquartile range is a measure of where the “middle fifty” is in a data set.
• Where a range is a measure of where the beginning and end are in a set, an interquartile range is a measure of where the bulk of the values lie.
• 

Standard deviation:

• ​A standard deviation (or σ) is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean. Low standard deviation means data are clustered around the mean, and high standard deviation indicates data are more spread out. The more extreme the outlier, the more the standard deviation is affected. In general, an outlier pulls the mean towards it and inflates the standard deviation.
  • Let's examine what can happen to a data set with outliers. For the sample data set:
  • 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4
  • We find the following mean, median, mode, and standard deviation:
  • Mean = 2.58
  • Median = 2.5
  • Mode = 2
  • Standard Deviation = 1.08
  • If we add an outlier to the data set:
  • 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 400
  • The new values of our statistics are:
  • Mean = 35.38
  • Median = 2.5
  • Mode = 2
  • Standard Deviation = 114.74
  • As you can see, having outliers often has a significant effect on your mean and standard deviation. Because of this, we must take steps to remove outliers from our data sets.

Regression coefficients:

• The regression coefficients are a static measure which is used to measure the average functional relationship between variables.
• In regression analysis, one variable is dependent and the other is independent.
• Also, it measures the degree of dependence of one variable on the other(s).
• An outlier is a data point that does not fit with the rest of the data.
• An outlier can be higher or lower than expected or displaced more to the right or left than expected. Outliers can affect regression lines, making the regression lines less accurate in predicting other data.
• 

Therefore, we conclude that the correct answers are A and C only.

6LoWPAN stands for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks.

Key Points

• 6LoWPAN is a protocol standard that allows Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to be used over low-power wireless networks. This makes it possible for small, battery-powered devices to connect to the Internet and communicate with each other.
• 6LoWPAN is used in a variety of applications, including:
  • Smart homes and buildings
  • Industrial automation
  • Wearable devices
  • Wireless sensor networks
• 6LoWPAN is a key technology for the Internet of Things (IoT), as it allows low-power devices to connect to the Internet and share data.

The other options are incorrect:

• 6 Lower Wireless Public Area Network does not exist.
• 6 Longest Wireless Protocols And Networks does not exist.
• IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Public Access Network is not a standard protocol.

Answer: (C) Dharma (Religion), Darshan (Philosophy), Arth Shastra (Economics), and Niti (Ethics)

Key Points

• Higher education in ancient India was based on an integrated system of Dharma (Religion), Darshan (Philosophy), Arth Shastra (Economics), and Niti (Ethics).
• These four disciplines were interconnected and complementary, and they provided students with a holistic education.
  • Dharma was the foundation of higher education in ancient India. It taught students about their religious and moral obligations.
  • Darshan taught students about different philosophical systems and encouraged them to develop their own critical thinking skills.
  • Arth Shastra taught students about statecraft and economics.
  • Niti taught students about ethics and morality.

The other options are incorrect:

• (A) Dharma (Religion) and Darshan (Philosophy): This option does not include Arth Shastra (Economics) and Niti (Ethics), which were also important components of higher education in ancient India.
• (B) Arth Shastra (Economics) and Niti (Ethics): This option does not include Dharma (Religion) and Darshan (Philosophy), which were also important components of higher education in ancient India.
• (D) Ahimsa (Non-violence), Dharma (Religion), Darshan (Philosophy), Arth Shastra (Economics), and Niti (Ethics): Ahimsa (Non-violence) is a fundamental principle of Jainism, but it was not a central focus of higher education in ancient India.

The most accurate statement about the role of standard deviation in research is: C) A small standard deviation indicates that data points tend to be very close to the mean.Key Points

• A) Standard deviation is only used to estimate the range within which the population mean is likely to fall: While standard deviation can be used to estimate confidence intervals around the mean, it also provides more information about the spread of the data itself.
• B) A high standard deviation always indicates a mistake in data collection: While a very high standard deviation might raise questions about the data or measurement method, it doesn't automatically indicate a mistake. It's important to consider the context and expected variability within the specific field and population.
• D) The standard deviation is not used in constructing confidence intervals: Standard deviation is actually a crucial element in constructing confidence intervals for the population mean and other parameters. It provides information about the variability of the data, which is necessary to estimate the margin of error around the sample statistic.

Therefore, the statement highlighting the relationship between a small standard deviation and data points being close to the mean accurately captures a key function of this measure in research. It indicates that the data is relatively homogeneous and clustered around the central tendency (mean).

Remember, standard deviation is a versatile tool in research analysis. It helps us understand the distribution of data, identify potential outliers, and make informed inferences about the population based on the sample.

Given:
MP = ₹1687.5
Discount = 25%
Profit = 12.5%
Formula Used:
CP / MP = 100 - Discount / 100 + Profit
Calculation:
According to the question
CP / MP = 100 - 25 / 100 + 12.5 = 75/112.5
⇒ MP = 112.5 units
Actual MP = ₹1687.5
⇒ 1 unit = 1687.5 ÷ 112.5 = 15
CP = 75 units = 75 × 15 = ₹1125
∴ The CP of the trolley bag is ₹1125.

• The standard progression of data measurements in computers is from kilobyte (KB), to megabyte (MB), to gigabyte (GB), and then to terabyte (TB). Each unit is 1024 times larger than the previous one.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• A) Gigabyte, Megabyte, Kilobyte, Terabyte: This places Gigabyte before Megabyte, which is incorrect.
• B) Kilobyte, Megabyte, Terabyte, Gigabyte: This places Terabyte before Gigabyte, which is incorrect.
• C) Terabyte, Gigabyte, Megabyte, Kilobyte: This starts with the largest unit (Terabyte) and goes down, which is the opposite of the desired order.

• The University of Calcutta was established on January 24, 1857. It is one of the oldest universities in India.
• The University of Madras and the University of Mumbai were also founded in the same year but a few months later.
• The University of Delhi was founded much later, in 1922.

The correct response is Acceptance of subjective experiences and qualitative data.
Key Points

• Positivism emphasizes the scientific method and objective knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.
• It prioritizes quantitative data and statistical analysis to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Subjective experiences and qualitative data, such as interviews or open-ended surveys, are considered less reliable and objective by Positivists. While some Positivists might acknowledge their existence, their role in research is limited.

(1), (2), and (3) are all core principles of Positivism.

• (1) emphasizes the reliance on empirical evidence, not theoretical constructs, for building knowledge.
• (2) highlights the researcher's role as a neutral observer, minimizing personal biases.
• (3) underscores the importance of quantifiable data for testing hypotheses and drawing conclusions.

Additional Information
Positivism:

• Fact-finder: Focuses on objective data like test scores (think lab coats and microscopes!).
• Numbers rule: Prefers quantitative data to understand cause-and-effect relationships.
• Neutral observer: Believes researchers can be completely unbiased.

Post-Positivism:

• Reality is complex: Acknowledges the researcher's influence and the value of qualitative data like interviews (think open-ended questions and diverse perspectives).
• Interpretation matters: Focuses on how data is interpreted within its context.
• Open to perspectives: Encourages considering multiple viewpoints for a richer understanding.

Given:
Jason alone can complete a work in 20 days
Jason and Jamal together do the same work in 9 days
Formula Used:
Time taken = Total work/Efficiency
Calculations:
Total work = LCM of 20 and 9 = 180
Efficiency of Jason = 180/20 = 9
Efficiency of Jason and Jamal together = 180/9 = 20
Efficiency of Jamal = (Efficiency of both) - (Efficiency of Jason)
⇒ Efficiency of Jamal = 20 - 9 = 11
Now, time taken by Jamal = total work/efficiency of Jamal
Time taken = 180/11 = 16(4/11) days
∴ Jamal alone can complete a work in 16 4/11 days.

MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) and MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14) are both digital multimedia container formats, but they're used for different purposes:

• MP3 is a coding format for digital audio. Originally defined as the third audio format of the MPEG-1 standard, MP3 primarily stores audio data. The MP3 format uses lossy data compression, which greatly reduces the file size, making it a popular choice for storing and playing music.
• MP4, on the other hand, is a digital multimedia container format most commonly used to store video and audio, but it can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. Because MP4 can hold video as well as audio data, it's often a larger file than the same audio stored in MP3 format.
• So, choice a) is the correct answer: MP3 files typically have a smaller file size compared to MP4 files of the same length.
• This is because MP3 is an audio-only format with a data compression method that results in smaller file sizes, while MP4 is a multimedia format that can contain both audio and video data, which naturally leads to larger file sizes.

The correct answer is option 2: A, C, E only.

Important Points

SPSS:

• SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a widely used software for data analysis in research.
• It provides various statistical and analytical tools to analyze and interpret data.

Microsoft Excel:

• While Microsoft Excel is primarily a spreadsheet application, it is often used for basic data analysis tasks.
• It offers functions and tools that can be used for organizing, sorting, and performing simple calculations on data.

PSPP:

• PSPP is a free and open-source alternative to SPSS.
• It also provides statistical analysis capabilities and is particularly useful for researchers who need data analysis tools without the cost associated with proprietary software like SPSS.

Options B and D are incorrect because:

Microsoft Teams:

• Microsoft Teams is a collaboration platform that facilitates communication and teamwork among individuals and groups.
• It is not specifically designed for data analysis.

Prezi/soft Prezi:

• Prezi is a presentation software that uses a visual, non-linear format.
• While it can be used for presenting research findings, it is not primarily used for data analysis.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2 (A, C, E only), as SPSS, Microsoft Excel, and PSPP are software tools commonly used for data analysis in research.

Calculation
The total phones sold by A = 180
The total phones sold by B = 240
The number of Cell phones sold by C = {2320k - (8000 × 200)}/6000
= 120
The total phones sold by C = 120 + 200 = 320
The total phones sold by D = 140
The total phones sold by E = 120
The total sum = (180 + 240 + 320 + 140 + 120) = 1000
The answer is 1000.

Calculation
Total revenue of A = 1240000
The price of each Smartphone sold by A = 10000
The price of each Cell phone sold by A before = (1240000 - 10000 × 100)/80
⇒ 240000/80 = 3000
The price of each Cell phone sold by A after = (1240000 - 10000 × 100)/64
⇒ 240000/64 = 3750
The per cent increase in price = (3750 - 3000)/3000 × 100 = 25%
The answer is 25%.

The position and positional value of English Alphabets are:

The logic followed here is:
For, ‘BUREAU’ is written as ‘RUBUAE’

For, ‘NUMBER’ is written as ‘MUNREB’

Similarly, 'DETECT' will be written as:

So, 'DETECT' will be written as 'TEDTCE'.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'The burning of fossil fuels, employment in industrial activities, and deforestation'.
Key Points

• As stated in the passage "The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial activities have caused a dramatic escalation in the concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our atmosphere." This clarifies that these are the primary sources of the human-induced increase in greenhouse gases.
• The passage does not mention agricultural activities, burning of renewable sources, urbanization, overpopulation, nuclear energy, or excessive use of electricity as primary sources of anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'Climate change has no significant impact on global food security'.
Key Points

• The passage contradicts the third statement by mentioning: "The impact on agriculture is profound, with crop yields expected to decline, threatening global food security." Hence, the passage clearly establishes that climate change does have a significant impact on global food security.
• The first statement, "Global warming is leading to the intensification of droughts, storms, and heatwaves," aligns with the passage's information that global warming is indeed intensifying such weather phenomena.
• The second statement, that wildlife are experiencing habitat destruction due to climate change, is supported by the passage, which states that wildlife are experiencing habitat destruction and changes in their geographical ranges.
• Finally, the fourth statement, that a global response is required to integrate climate considerations into public policies, is a key point made in the passage, emphasizing the need for a global measure to mitigate and adapt to changes brought about by the climate crisis.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'The influence of human behavior on Earth's climate'.
Key Points

• The term 'anthropogenic' is derived from the Greek words 'anthropo' meaning 'human' and 'genic' meaning 'caused by'.
• In environmental studies and climate science, 'anthropogenic' refers to environmental changes, including climate change and global warming, that are caused or influenced by human activities.
• In the passage, the term 'anthropogenic' is used in the context of the increase in greenhouse gases.
• The passage states, "This anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases is intensifying Earth's natural greenhouse effect, leading to global warming."
• This sentence clearly implies that human activities are contributing to the increase of greenhouse gases, which leads to global warming.
• Furthermore, the passage identifies certain human activities that contribute to climate change, such as "the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial activities."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Historical research design

• It is qualitative research.
• Historical research is a study and analysis of past events to predict the future.
• It involves the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past events.
• It is a process of reconstructing the past.
• The historian collects data, analyses them, and then comes to conclusions about the tenability of the hypothesis.
• The researcher analyses the previous information or events minutely and testing their validity.

Hence,

• Mostly based on qualitative data
• Data are examined for validity and authenticity
• Content-analysis is used for data treatment

These statements are true for a historical research design.

Given:
Total Persons = 750
Employed : Unemployed = 3 : 2
Calculation:
Unemployed persons = 2/5 × 750 = 300
∴ The number of unemployed persons are 300.

In the early years of childhood, intelligence, personality and social behaviour develop rapidly.

• The first six years of life are critical for development as the rate of development is most rapid in this period, aid consequently, this is the time when environmental enrichment or deprivation makes its greatest impact
• Freidrich Wilhem August Froebel was founder of Kindergarten.

Key Points Froebal's concept of Kindergarten:

• Froebel considered childhood as not merely a preparation for adulthood; rather, it has a value in itself and it possesses its own creativity.
• Froebel believed that the growth of the child is directed by an inner force
• Play, he felt, is an essential factor in the growth of the child.
• He opened the first Kindergarten, an institution for children between ages four and six, at Blackenberg in 1837.
• Kindergarten is a German word which literally means 'Children's garden.'
• Froebel conceived the school as a garden, the teacher as the gardener and the students as tender plants.

Hence, it can be concluded that kindergarten is the main contribution to the development of education given by Froebel.

We use the following symbols,

From the given information,

As we can see from the family tree P is Father-in-law of B.
Hence, the correct answer is "Father-in-law".

Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• Statement I is correct because an IP address is a unique identifier for a device on a network. It is used to route traffic between devices on the internet.
• Statement II is also correct because IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. A static IP address is a fixed address that is assigned to a device and does not change. A dynamic IP address is an address that is assigned to a device by a DHCP server and can change over time.

Therefore, the correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Here are some examples where a static IP address may be needed:

• Hosting a website or server
• Using a VPN to connect to a remote network
• Using certain types of security software
• Running certain types of applications
• Most people do not need a static IP address and are assigned a dynamic IP address by their ISP. Dynamic IP addresses are more efficient to use and less expensive.

The National Digital Library (NDL) is a project to develop a framework for a virtual repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility.

Key PointsStatement I: National Digital Library (NDL) has more than 60 types of learning resources available - books, articles, manuscripts, video lectures, thesis, etc.

National Digital library of India

• It is sponsored and mentored by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, through its National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT).
• Its objective is to collect and collate metadata and provide a full-text index from several national and international digital libraries, as well as other relevant sources.
• The Library was dedicated to the nation on June 19, 2018
• Repository hosts contents from multiple subject domains like Technology, Science, Humanities, Agriculture, and others.
• More than 60 types of learning resources are available - books, articles, manuscripts, video lectures, thesis, etc.
• Currently NDLI hosts 4,58,25,715+ (4.5 crore+) items in its repository, with over 1,50,000 volumes in English.

Hence Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Items are available only in English and Hindi languages.

National Digital library of India:​

• NDL has been designed to benefit all kinds of users like students (of all levels), teachers, researchers, librarians, library users, professionals, differently-abled users, and all other lifelong learners.
• Repository integrates contents from different Indian institutional repositories.
• Items are available in more than 400 languages.
• The Library is developed and managed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.

Hence Statement II is false.

Thus we can conclude that statement I is true but statement II is false.

Skewness:
The skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution assuming a unimodal distribution (assuming there is only one peak in the distribution of values) .
We can say that the skewness indicates how much our underlying distribution deviates from the normal distribution since the normal distribution has skewness 0. Generally, we have three types of skewness.

• Symmetrical: When the skewness is close to 0 and the mean is almost the same as the median
• Negative skew: When the left tail of the histogram of the distribution is longer and the majority of the observations are concentrated on the right tail. In this case, we can use also the term “left-skewed” or “left-tailed”. and the median is greater than the mean.

Positive skew: When the right tail of the histogram of the distribution is longer and the majority of the observations are concentrated on the left tail. In this case, we can use also the term “right-skewed” or “right-tailed”. and the median is less than the mean.

The mean, mode, and median can be used to figure out if you have a positively or negatively skewed distribution.

• If the mean is greater than the mode, the distribution is positively skewed.
• If the mean is less than the mode, the distribution is negatively skewed.
• If the mean is greater than the median, the distribution is positively skewed.
• If the mean is less than the median, the distribution is negatively skewed.

Hence, Mean > Median is a feature of + vely skewed distribution.

A document on the internet written and constructed using HTML and translated by the web browser is known as a web page.

Key Points

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a markup language used to create web pages. It defines the structure and content of a web page. Web browsers translate HTML into a visual representation of the web page that is displayed on the user's screen.
• Web pages are typically stored on web servers. When a user requests a web page, the web server sends the HTML code of the web page to the user's web browser.
• The web browser then translates the HTML code into a visual representation of the web page that is displayed on the user's screen.
• Web pages are the basic building blocks of the internet. They are used to display a wide variety of content, such as text, images, videos, and interactive applications.

Additional Information

• Web servers are computers that store and deliver web pages.
• The internet is a global network of computers.
• A domain is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet.