UGC NET Paper 2 Sociology Mock Test - 8 - UGC NET MCQ

Eco-feminism is a new theoretical perspective that addresses the connection between gender and nature. It argues that women as a group contribute much less to the industrial and vehicular population than men.

Marriage between single pairs, without involving the rights of exclusive cohabitation with each other is referred to as Synadasnian family.

The Syndyasmian or pairing family was founded upon marriage between single pairs, without giving the right of exclusive cohabitation to any person over another. Consequently, such a marriage continued during the pleasure of the parties.

According to A.B. Fillipo, “In its simplest meaning, the term automation is applied to machine work process that is mechanized to the point of automatic self - regulation. Technology and Public Purpose Susan Winterberg shared that laid-off workers typically see a permanent 17-30% reduction in wages when they return to the workforce. If they don’t re-enter the job market within two months, resume callbacks drop dramatically and many are left with no choice but to join the gig economy as contractors without benefits. 

Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves dividing a population into smaller groups–called strata.

• The groups or strata are organized based on the shared characteristics or attributes of the members in the group. The process of classifying the population into groups is called stratification.
• Organizing a population into groups with similar characteristics helps researchers save time and money when the population being studied is too large to analyze on an individual basis. 
• Stratified random sampling can be used, for example, to study the polling of elections, people that work overtime hours, life expectancy, the income of varying populations, and income for different jobs across a nation.

The correct answer is Pauline Kolenda.Key Points

• The author of the book titled 'Regional Differences in Family Structure in India' is Pauline Kolenda.
• Pauline Kolenda observed Structurally, the Indian joint family includes three to four living generations, including grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, nieces, and nephews, all living together in the same household, utilizing a common kitchen and often spending from a common purse, contributed by all.

Additional Information

• Professor Arvind M. Shah retired from his professorship in the Department of Sociology at the University of Delhi in 1996. He had been a student of M. N. Srinivas in 1952 and became a teacher in sociology at Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda.
•  I.P. Desai, a renowned sociologist from India. He played a pioneering role in the shaping of teaching and research of sociology in India, including the study of education, family, untouchability, migration, social movements, and social change.
• Irawati Karve was a pioneering Indian sociologist, anthropologist, educationist, and writer from Maharashtra, India. She was one of the students of G.S. Ghurye, founder of Indian Sociology & Sociology in India. She has been claimed to be the first female Indian Sociologist

Thus,  the author of the book titled 'Regional Differences in Family Structure in India' is Pauline Kolenda.

The Correct answer is The amount fixed at marriage to be paid to the bride in case of divorce

Key PointsIn the literal sense, the Arabic term ‘mehar’ means dower. It is a sum of money that becomes payable by the husband to the wife on marriage. The mahr is executed either by agreement between the parties or by operation of law. 

• Sororal polygyny is a form of polygamous marriage in which a man marries two or more women who are sisters, i.e. when a person marries wife’s sister/sisters.
• The term Sororate was introduced by James Frazer, a British Anthropologist.
• This practice exists in some cultures and is often based on the belief that it strengthens family bonds, reduces jealousy, and enhances cooperation among the wives. This was a practice in at least 40 Native American cultures during the 19th century.

The correct answer is Caste exogamy. Key Points

• Caste exogamy refers to the practice of marrying outside one's caste or social group. Traditionally, in the Hindu marriage system, caste exogamy was generally not approved, and marriages were expected to occur within the same caste or sub-caste. This practice is rooted in the complex social structure and hierarchical organization of traditional Hindu society.
• The caste system traditionally promoted endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's caste. This was considered crucial for maintaining social order, preserving caste identities, and preventing the mixing of different social groups. Endogamy was believed to contribute to social stability and the continuity of caste-specific customs and traditions.
• The idea of maintaining purity within a caste was a significant factor in discouraging caste exogamy.

Additional Information

• Village exogamy is a marriage practice where individuals are required to marry someone from a different village. This practice aims to promote social connections and alliances between different villages.
• Clan exogamy involves the practice of marrying outside one's clan. Clans are typically larger kinship groups that trace their descent from a common ancestor. Clan exogamy helps prevent marriages between close relatives within the same clan, promoting genetic diversity and avoiding issues associated with consanguinity.
• Lineage exogamy pertains to the practice of marrying outside one's own lineage or descent group. A lineage consists of individuals who can trace their ancestry through a direct line of descent, such as a common ancestor or forebear.

Thus, Caste exogamy is not approved by the traditional Hindu marriage system.

The correct answer is Simone de Beauvoir. Key Points

• "The Second Sex" is a foundational work of feminist philosophy written by Simone de Beauvoir. The book was first published in French in 1949 as "Le Deuxième Sexe."
• In this influential work, de Beauvoir explores how women have been historically oppressed and examines the social and existential implications of being a woman. She addresses issues such as gender roles, the concept of "otherness," and the construction of womanhood in patriarchal societies.
• De Beauvoir critiques the concept of the "eternal feminine," which she sees as a limiting and essentialist notion that reduces women to fixed, timeless stereotypes.
• She challenges the idea that there is a universal essence shared by all women, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of women's experiences.

Additional Information

• Judith Butler: Butler is renowned for her concept of "performativity," which challenges traditional views of gender as a fixed identity. She argues that gender is not something inherent but is performed and reiterated through actions, behaviors, and societal norms.
• Ann Oakley: Oakley is known for her research on the social construction of gender roles and the ways in which societal expectations shape and limit women's lives. In her book "The Sociology of Housework" (1974), Oakley examines the gendered division of labor in the home and the impact of traditional gender roles on women's experiences.
• Martha Nussbaum: Nussbaum is known for her capabilities approach, which focuses on the importance of providing individuals with the capabilities to lead a flourishing life. She emphasizes the need for social and political arrangements that enable individuals to achieve a range of essential capabilities.

Thus, Simone de Beauvoir has written the book The Second Sex.

The passage highlights that the expansion of Africa's urban population is taking place largely in secondary cities, which are defined as cities with fewer than half a million people that are not national political or economic hubs.

Important Points

• Secondary cities in Africa are experiencing rapid urbanization due to strong economic growth and better job opportunities.
• They are also more livable than primary cities, being less crowded and polluted.
• Understanding the dynamics of urbanization in secondary cities is crucial for policymakers and planners.
• This will help them address the challenges and opportunities associated with this trend, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and inadequate sanitation.

• Giddens argues that social structures and human agency are mutually constitutive.
• That social structures both enable and constrain individual action, and that individual action can also change social structures.
• Structuration is a key concept in Giddens' theory of structuration, and it has been used to explain a wide range of social phenomena, from gender inequality to social movements.

• Agency is a key concept in sociology and other social sciences.
• It is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own choices, rather than being determined by social structures or other external factors.
• Agency is often contrasted with structure.
• However, Giddens argues that agency and structure are not separate entities, but rather are mutually constitutive.

Giddens argues that social structures and human agency are not separate entities, but rather are mutually constitutive.

• This means that social structures are created and recreated through the actions of individuals, and that individual agency is shaped by social structures.

Important Points

• Giddens' theory of structuration is based on the idea that social structures are both the medium and the outcome of human agency.
• For example, consider the social structure of gender.
• Gender roles are created and maintained through the actions of individuals.
• When parents treat their sons and daughters differently, they are reinforcing gender stereotypes and contributing to the reproduction of gender inequality.

• In adelphic polyandry, the brothers share a wife, and the eldest brother is considered the head of the household. The children born from this marriage are considered the children of the eldest brother and heirs to the family's property

Additional Information

• Adelphic polyandry is a rare form of polyandry in which a group of brothers shares a wife. It is practiced in some parts of Tibet, Nepal, and Northern India.
• In this form of marriage, the eldest brother is considered to be the head of the household and the legal husband of the wife. The other brothers are regarded as his junior partners and do not have any sexual relations with the wife.
• However, they participate in household activities and contribute to the upbringing of the children. The children are considered to be the offspring of the eldest brother and inherit the property of the household.
• Adelphic polyandry is practiced in some areas due to the scarcity of land and resources and the need to keep the family property intact.

Hence, in the adelphic polyandry form of marriage, the children are treated as the offspring of the eldest brother.

The correct answer is c, a, e, d, and b. Key Points

• Among the major feminist theories are These perspectives are Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Black Feminism, and Post-Modern Feminism.
• It is typically separated into three waves, first-wave feminism, dealing with property rights, and right second wave feminism, focusing on equality and anti-discrimination third-wave feminism.
• Feminist movements aimed at Equality in personal and family life for women.

Additional Information

• Marxist feminism is a species of feminist theory and politics that takes its theoretical bearings from Marxism, notably the criticism of capitalism as a set of structures, practices, institutions, incentives, and sensibilities that promote the exploitation of labor.
• Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical re-ordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.
• Liberal feminism, also called mainstream feminism, is a main branch of feminism defined by its focus on achieving gender equality through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy.

Thus, Within the feminist movement, a wide and diverse range of theories has emerged. These perspectives are Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Black Feminism, and Post-Modern Feminism.

The correct answer is Matriarchy replaces patriarchy. Key Points

• The general trends emerging in the realm of families today reflect significant shifts in societal attitudes, values, and structures.
• These trends are influenced by various factors such as globalization, urbanization, and changing gender roles.
• Declining Influence of Wider Kin-based Groups: Today, many individuals rely more on immediate family members or non-kin networks for support and social connections.
• Trend Towards Free Selection of Spouses: Individuals are increasingly seeking partners based on personal compatibility, shared values, and emotional connection rather than familial or societal expectations.
• Granting and Extension of Children's Rights: This trend is reflected in legal reforms, policies, and programs aimed at safeguarding children's well-being.

Additional Information

• Reproductive Rights: Encompasses individuals' rights to make autonomous decisions about their reproductive health, including access to contraception, abortion.
• Fertility Rates: The average number of children born to women of childbearing age within a specific population or society.
• Marriage Patterns: Refers to the various forms of marriage arrangements and practices observed within societies, including monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, and group marriage.

Thus, Not representing general trends emerging in the realm of families today is Matriarchy replaces patriarchy.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

Key Points

Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media. Mass media is an agent of secondary socialization that takes place throughout one's life.

Mass Media is becoming a very important agency of socialization as mass media is a form of media which:

• helps us to connect with a large number of people at one time.
• helps individuals to form and shape their opinions, beliefs, and values.
• helps children to directly interact with the world through various online portals.

Hence, it could be concluded that the statement 'access to mass media is growing and mass media influences attitudes, values, and beliefs' is most appropriate in the context.

The first science policy formulated by the Government of India was in 1958.Key Points

• The first science policy of India, also known as the Scientific Policy Resolution, was adopted by the Indian government in 1958.
• The policy aimed to promote scientific research and development in the country and emphasized the importance of utilizing science and technology for the country's economic and social development.
• The resolution was formulated by a committee headed by the renowned physicist Meghnad Saha, and it laid the foundation for the establishment of several scientific institutions and research centres in the country, including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs).
• The policy also recognized the need for international collaborations in science and technology and emphasized the importance of training and educating a new generation of scientists and researchers in the country.

• Overall, the Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 was a significant milestone in the development of science and technology in India and set the stage for the country's rapid progress in these fields over the subsequent decades.

Hence we can conclude that the first science policy formulated by the Government of India was in 1958.

Under the Ministry of Science and Technology, The Survey of India (SOI) was set up in 1767.

Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the country under the Department of Science & Technology, is the OLDEST SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT. OF INDIA. It has evolved rich traditions over the years.

The sex ratio meant by the number of females per 1000 males in a population. The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be 1:1. This tendency is explained by Fisher's principle. For various reasons, however, many species deviate from anything like an even sex ratio, either periodically or permanently.

Environmental pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings. A substance, which causes pollution, is known as pollutant.

Liberalisation did not form part of the early phase of India's development policy. Though planning, cooperative farming, self sufficiency were ideas that were introduced in the early phase of India's development policy, Liberalisation came much later in year 1991.

At the time of independence, development was about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West, to be involved with the break down of traditional social structure as well as rise of capitalism and liberalism.

A Deconstruction is an approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning. Deconstruction perceives that language, especially ideal concepts such as truth and justice, is irreducibly complex, unstable, or impossible to determine.

Civil society is not usually understood as a framework within which people who lack political authority conduct their lives. The whole population of a state; it is usually distinguished from the institutions of government. However, it is not restricted to 'civilized' people, or to retired civil servants.

Technological change refers to the process by which new products and processes are generated. When new technologies involve a new way of making existing products, technological change is called process innovation. When they include entirely new products, the change is referred to as product innovation.

Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production. Often (yet not always), a productivity measure is expressed as the ratio of aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input.

MacIver divides the functions of the family into two categories – essential and non-essential. The satisfaction of sex needs production and rearing of children and provision of the home are included under essential functions whereas economic educational, health, recreation, religious and socialization are covered under non-essential function.

Pandemic is disease that becomes unusually widespread globally. Endemic is something that belongs to a particular person or country, an epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region.

Society possesses the following elements:

1. Likeness: The likeness of members in a social group is the primary basis of their mutuality.

2. Reciprocal Awareness: Likeness is generative of reciprocity.

3. Differences: Sense of likeness is not always sufficient.

The correct answer is B, A, E, C, D, F.

Using statistics, hypothesis testing is a formal process for examining our theories about the world. Scientists most frequently employ it to examine particular hypotheses that result from theories.

Process of Hypothesis Testing are as follows:

1. Setup Null and Alternate Hypothesis
2. Select the Significance Level
3. Select Test Statistics
4. Establish the Decision Rule
5. Performance Computations
6. Draw Conclusions

The correct answer is a - i, b - iii, c - iv, d - ii.

• The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the Sasaram town of Bihar state, India.
• Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India.
• The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum, in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas.
• Akbar's tomb was built in 1605–1613.
• The Tomb of Jahangir is a 17th-century mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.