CAT Mock Test- 3 - CAT

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Déjà vu — French for “already seen” — is a mental sensation of intense familiarity coupled with the awareness that the familiarity is mistaken. It’s a recognition we know is wrong, a memory we know doesn’t exist. This conflict between what we know and what we remember is why déjà vu feels so eerie — almost paranormal or out-of-body. This awareness is very common. Déjà vu is almost impossible to study — people are rarely hooked up to electrodes or undergoing internal scans when they experience it — so most information about the sensation comes from self-reports, which suggest at least two-thirds of people will experience this fleeting mental trickery at some point in their lives. People who travel often or who watch a lot of movies may be more prone to déjà vu than others who don’t. The sensation does not seem to occur before age 8-9 (or perhaps children younger than that don’t have the ability to describe it), and experiences of déjà vu become less common as we age.

But as for why we experience déjà vu at all — that’s less clear. Multiple theories attempt to explain it, with each being a potentially legitimate source of the sensation. Like a physical itch, the mental itch of déjà vu likely has many causes, experts say.

Probably the strongest theory, with some experimental backing, is that the false familiarity isn’t a sign of faulty memory, so much as it’s a sign of a well-functioning brain that actively fact-checks itself. Human memory is notoriously faulty and malleable; this theory holds that déjà vu occurs as our brains’ frontal regions evaluate our memories and flag an error.

Another explanation for déjà vu, with some experimental findings to back it up, is that our stored memories still influence our present perception even if we can’t consciously recall them. A 2012 study that immersed participants in different virtual reality scenes saw most report déjà vu when viewing a scene that appeared similar to a previous one — even if they could not directly recall the earlier scene or its similarity. They just found the new scene inexplicably familiar.

Other explanations for déjà vu are more speculative. One suggests that déjà vu occurs when a familiar object appears incongruously. Seeing known objects or people out of context or unexpectedly is when familiarity strikes us, not seeing them within the usual, expected context. For instance, seeing your building’s security guard at the gate wouldn’t feel familiar — it just is; but seeing him at a restaurant might bring feelings of familiarity, even if you can’t place him. In the moment of out-of-context perception, our brains process the familiarity of known things first, even if we don’t consciously recognize them, and that initial familiarity can color our perception of the whole otherwise-unfamiliar experience. But ultimately, the mechanisms behind the creeping been-here-done-this-before feeling are as mysterious as the sensation itself. But one thing scientists know for sure: déjà vu becomes more common when we are stressed and tired.

Q. In the first paragraph, what is the "conflict" that the author refers to?

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Déjà vu — French for “already seen” — is a mental sensation of intense familiarity coupled with the awareness that the familiarity is mistaken. It’s a recognition we know is wrong, a memory we know doesn’t exist. This conflict between what we know and what we remember is why déjà vu feels so eerie — almost paranormal or out-of-body. This awareness is very common. Déjà vu is almost impossible to study — people are rarely hooked up to electrodes or undergoing internal scans when they experience it — so most information about the sensation comes from self-reports, which suggest at least two-thirds of people will experience this fleeting mental trickery at some point in their lives. People who travel often or who watch a lot of movies may be more prone to déjà vu than others who don’t. The sensation does not seem to occur before age 8-9 (or perhaps children younger than that don’t have the ability to describe it), and experiences of déjà vu become less common as we age.

But as for why we experience déjà vu at all — that’s less clear. Multiple theories attempt to explain it, with each being a potentially legitimate source of the sensation. Like a physical itch, the mental itch of déjà vu likely has many causes, experts say.

Probably the strongest theory, with some experimental backing, is that the false familiarity isn’t a sign of faulty memory, so much as it’s a sign of a well-functioning brain that actively fact-checks itself. Human memory is notoriously faulty and malleable; this theory holds that déjà vu occurs as our brains’ frontal regions evaluate our memories and flag an error.

Another explanation for déjà vu, with some experimental findings to back it up, is that our stored memories still influence our present perception even if we can’t consciously recall them. A 2012 study that immersed participants in different virtual reality scenes saw most report déjà vu when viewing a scene that appeared similar to a previous one — even if they could not directly recall the earlier scene or its similarity. They just found the new scene inexplicably familiar.

Other explanations for déjà vu are more speculative. One suggests that déjà vu occurs when a familiar object appears incongruously. Seeing known objects or people out of context or unexpectedly is when familiarity strikes us, not seeing them within the usual, expected context. For instance, seeing your building’s security guard at the gate wouldn’t feel familiar — it just is; but seeing him at a restaurant might bring feelings of familiarity, even if you can’t place him. In the moment of out-of-context perception, our brains process the familiarity of known things first, even if we don’t consciously recognize them, and that initial familiarity can color our perception of the whole otherwise-unfamiliar experience. But ultimately, the mechanisms behind the creeping been-here-done-this-before feeling are as mysterious as the sensation itself. But one thing scientists know for sure: déjà vu becomes more common when we are stressed and tired.

Q. Which of the following statements best expresses the overall argument of this passage?

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Plato was one of the first and most influential thinkers to address the problem of tyranny. He argued that democratic states are destined to collapse into tyranny. He believed that democratic forms of government create a licentious and undisciplined populace who are easy prey for smooth-talking politicians skilled in the art of pandering to their desires. He tells us that such politicians entice the masses with unhealthy promises rather than nourishing the public good.

Consider the work of the German sociologist Max Weber who developed the concept of ‘charismatic authority’ - a ‘certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities’. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion, and are regarded as prophetic figures by their followers. The rising tyrant has a special, almost magical aura. His followers believe that he can work miracles and transform their lives.

Sigmund Freud was wrestling with similar ideas focusing on the psychological dynamics of followership. There are two main themes that stand out. First, Freud argued that those who are attracted to authoritarian leaders idealise them. The leader is seen as an exemplary, heroic human being shorn of every serious flaw. Second, he argued that followers identify with the leader by substituting him for what Freud called the ego ideal. The ego ideal is a mental representation of one’s guiding values. It consists of beliefs about right and wrong, what is obligatory and what is impermissible. It is our moral compass: essentially the same as one’s conscience. In taking the place of their ego ideal, the authoritarian leader becomes the conscience of his followers, and his voice becomes the voice of their conscience.

The fact that the community of followers has a common identification with the authoritarian leader has another important consequence. The followers identify with one another as parts of a ‘movement’, and they experience themselves as merging into a collective whole. This intoxicating sense of unity, and the subordination of personal self-interest to a greater cause, is a very important component of authoritarian systems.

Religious convictions are Freud’s prime examples of delusions. They are, he wrote, ‘fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. The wishes that underpin religious belief have to do with deliverance from human helplessness. We are vulnerable to the forces of nature, such as disease, natural disasters and ultimately death, and also to the acts of other human beings who can harm us, kill us or treat us unjustly. There are clear links between Freud’s analysis of the religious impulse, and psychological forces at play in the political sphere. Politics is, explicitly, a response to human vulnerability. Our deepest hopes and fears permeate the political arena, and this makes us susceptible to political illusions, which are often clung to with such impassioned tenacity, and so refractory to reasoned argument, that they fit Freud’s characterisation of delusions. From this perspective, authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions. Like God himself, the leader is omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent. His words define the horizons of reality. He must be praised and appeased, but never challenged. His enemies are, by definition, in league with the forces of evil.

Q. Authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions in that:

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Plato was one of the first and most influential thinkers to address the problem of tyranny. He argued that democratic states are destined to collapse into tyranny. He believed that democratic forms of government create a licentious and undisciplined populace who are easy prey for smooth-talking politicians skilled in the art of pandering to their desires. He tells us that such politicians entice the masses with unhealthy promises rather than nourishing the public good.

Consider the work of the German sociologist Max Weber who developed the concept of ‘charismatic authority’ - a ‘certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities’. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion, and are regarded as prophetic figures by their followers. The rising tyrant has a special, almost magical aura. His followers believe that he can work miracles and transform their lives.

Sigmund Freud was wrestling with similar ideas focusing on the psychological dynamics of followership. There are two main themes that stand out. First, Freud argued that those who are attracted to authoritarian leaders idealise them. The leader is seen as an exemplary, heroic human being shorn of every serious flaw. Second, he argued that followers identify with the leader by substituting him for what Freud called the ego ideal. The ego ideal is a mental representation of one’s guiding values. It consists of beliefs about right and wrong, what is obligatory and what is impermissible. It is our moral compass: essentially the same as one’s conscience. In taking the place of their ego ideal, the authoritarian leader becomes the conscience of his followers, and his voice becomes the voice of their conscience.

The fact that the community of followers has a common identification with the authoritarian leader has another important consequence. The followers identify with one another as parts of a ‘movement’, and they experience themselves as merging into a collective whole. This intoxicating sense of unity, and the subordination of personal self-interest to a greater cause, is a very important component of authoritarian systems.

Religious convictions are Freud’s prime examples of delusions. They are, he wrote, ‘fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. The wishes that underpin religious belief have to do with deliverance from human helplessness. We are vulnerable to the forces of nature, such as disease, natural disasters and ultimately death, and also to the acts of other human beings who can harm us, kill us or treat us unjustly. There are clear links between Freud’s analysis of the religious impulse, and psychological forces at play in the political sphere. Politics is, explicitly, a response to human vulnerability. Our deepest hopes and fears permeate the political arena, and this makes us susceptible to political illusions, which are often clung to with such impassioned tenacity, and so refractory to reasoned argument, that they fit Freud’s characterisation of delusions. From this perspective, authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions. Like God himself, the leader is omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent. His words define the horizons of reality. He must be praised and appeased, but never challenged. His enemies are, by definition, in league with the forces of evil.

Q. The purpose of the first three paragraphs is to

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Plato was one of the first and most influential thinkers to address the problem of tyranny. He argued that democratic states are destined to collapse into tyranny. He believed that democratic forms of government create a licentious and undisciplined populace who are easy prey for smooth-talking politicians skilled in the art of pandering to their desires. He tells us that such politicians entice the masses with unhealthy promises rather than nourishing the public good.

Consider the work of the German sociologist Max Weber who developed the concept of ‘charismatic authority’ - a ‘certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities’. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion, and are regarded as prophetic figures by their followers. The rising tyrant has a special, almost magical aura. His followers believe that he can work miracles and transform their lives.

Sigmund Freud was wrestling with similar ideas focusing on the psychological dynamics of followership. There are two main themes that stand out. First, Freud argued that those who are attracted to authoritarian leaders idealise them. The leader is seen as an exemplary, heroic human being shorn of every serious flaw. Second, he argued that followers identify with the leader by substituting him for what Freud called the ego ideal. The ego ideal is a mental representation of one’s guiding values. It consists of beliefs about right and wrong, what is obligatory and what is impermissible. It is our moral compass: essentially the same as one’s conscience. In taking the place of their ego ideal, the authoritarian leader becomes the conscience of his followers, and his voice becomes the voice of their conscience.

The fact that the community of followers has a common identification with the authoritarian leader has another important consequence. The followers identify with one another as parts of a ‘movement’, and they experience themselves as merging into a collective whole. This intoxicating sense of unity, and the subordination of personal self-interest to a greater cause, is a very important component of authoritarian systems.

Religious convictions are Freud’s prime examples of delusions. They are, he wrote, ‘fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. The wishes that underpin religious belief have to do with deliverance from human helplessness. We are vulnerable to the forces of nature, such as disease, natural disasters and ultimately death, and also to the acts of other human beings who can harm us, kill us or treat us unjustly. There are clear links between Freud’s analysis of the religious impulse, and psychological forces at play in the political sphere. Politics is, explicitly, a response to human vulnerability. Our deepest hopes and fears permeate the political arena, and this makes us susceptible to political illusions, which are often clung to with such impassioned tenacity, and so refractory to reasoned argument, that they fit Freud’s characterisation of delusions. From this perspective, authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions. Like God himself, the leader is omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent. His words define the horizons of reality. He must be praised and appeased, but never challenged. His enemies are, by definition, in league with the forces of evil.

Q. All of the following have not been discussed in the passage except:

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Plato was one of the first and most influential thinkers to address the problem of tyranny. He argued that democratic states are destined to collapse into tyranny. He believed that democratic forms of government create a licentious and undisciplined populace who are easy prey for smooth-talking politicians skilled in the art of pandering to their desires. He tells us that such politicians entice the masses with unhealthy promises rather than nourishing the public good.

Consider the work of the German sociologist Max Weber who developed the concept of ‘charismatic authority’ - a ‘certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities’. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion, and are regarded as prophetic figures by their followers. The rising tyrant has a special, almost magical aura. His followers believe that he can work miracles and transform their lives.

Sigmund Freud was wrestling with similar ideas focusing on the psychological dynamics of followership. There are two main themes that stand out. First, Freud argued that those who are attracted to authoritarian leaders idealise them. The leader is seen as an exemplary, heroic human being shorn of every serious flaw. Second, he argued that followers identify with the leader by substituting him for what Freud called the ego ideal. The ego ideal is a mental representation of one’s guiding values. It consists of beliefs about right and wrong, what is obligatory and what is impermissible. It is our moral compass: essentially the same as one’s conscience. In taking the place of their ego ideal, the authoritarian leader becomes the conscience of his followers, and his voice becomes the voice of their conscience.

The fact that the community of followers has a common identification with the authoritarian leader has another important consequence. The followers identify with one another as parts of a ‘movement’, and they experience themselves as merging into a collective whole. This intoxicating sense of unity, and the subordination of personal self-interest to a greater cause, is a very important component of authoritarian systems.

Religious convictions are Freud’s prime examples of delusions. They are, he wrote, ‘fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. The wishes that underpin religious belief have to do with deliverance from human helplessness. We are vulnerable to the forces of nature, such as disease, natural disasters and ultimately death, and also to the acts of other human beings who can harm us, kill us or treat us unjustly. There are clear links between Freud’s analysis of the religious impulse, and psychological forces at play in the political sphere. Politics is, explicitly, a response to human vulnerability. Our deepest hopes and fears permeate the political arena, and this makes us susceptible to political illusions, which are often clung to with such impassioned tenacity, and so refractory to reasoned argument, that they fit Freud’s characterisation of delusions. From this perspective, authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions. Like God himself, the leader is omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent. His words define the horizons of reality. He must be praised and appeased, but never challenged. His enemies are, by definition, in league with the forces of evil.

Q. Which of the following cannot be said to be true based on the passage?

I. Submission of personal objectives for a greater collective cause is an essential feature of authoritarian regimes. 

II. According to the author, oppositions of the authoritarian leader are allies of evil.

III. Followers of monotheistic religions are highly supportive of authoritarian political systems.

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Plato was one of the first and most influential thinkers to address the problem of tyranny. He argued that democratic states are destined to collapse into tyranny. He believed that democratic forms of government create a licentious and undisciplined populace who are easy prey for smooth-talking politicians skilled in the art of pandering to their desires. He tells us that such politicians entice the masses with unhealthy promises rather than nourishing the public good.

Consider the work of the German sociologist Max Weber who developed the concept of ‘charismatic authority’ - a ‘certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities’. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion, and are regarded as prophetic figures by their followers. The rising tyrant has a special, almost magical aura. His followers believe that he can work miracles and transform their lives.

Sigmund Freud was wrestling with similar ideas focusing on the psychological dynamics of followership. There are two main themes that stand out. First, Freud argued that those who are attracted to authoritarian leaders idealise them. The leader is seen as an exemplary, heroic human being shorn of every serious flaw. Second, he argued that followers identify with the leader by substituting him for what Freud called the ego ideal. The ego ideal is a mental representation of one’s guiding values. It consists of beliefs about right and wrong, what is obligatory and what is impermissible. It is our moral compass: essentially the same as one’s conscience. In taking the place of their ego ideal, the authoritarian leader becomes the conscience of his followers, and his voice becomes the voice of their conscience.

The fact that the community of followers has a common identification with the authoritarian leader has another important consequence. The followers identify with one another as parts of a ‘movement’, and they experience themselves as merging into a collective whole. This intoxicating sense of unity, and the subordination of personal self-interest to a greater cause, is a very important component of authoritarian systems.

Religious convictions are Freud’s prime examples of delusions. They are, he wrote, ‘fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. The wishes that underpin religious belief have to do with deliverance from human helplessness. We are vulnerable to the forces of nature, such as disease, natural disasters and ultimately death, and also to the acts of other human beings who can harm us, kill us or treat us unjustly. There are clear links between Freud’s analysis of the religious impulse, and psychological forces at play in the political sphere. Politics is, explicitly, a response to human vulnerability. Our deepest hopes and fears permeate the political arena, and this makes us susceptible to political illusions, which are often clung to with such impassioned tenacity, and so refractory to reasoned argument, that they fit Freud’s characterisation of delusions. From this perspective, authoritarian political systems echo monotheistic religions. Like God himself, the leader is omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent. His words define the horizons of reality. He must be praised and appeased, but never challenged. His enemies are, by definition, in league with the forces of evil.

Q.  A commonality between Weber's and Freud's observations on the dynamics of followership would be:

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Authenticity, which in its modern sense dates back to the Romantics of the late 18th century, has never had a single meaning. In much of our everyday usage, the term means something more or less analogous to the way that we speak of an object being authentic - as the genuine article, not a copy or a fake. We think of people as authentic when they’re being themselves, consistent with their own personality and without pretence or pretending. 

But, as an ethical ideal...authenticity means more than self-consistency or a lack of pretentiousness. It also concerns features of the inner life that define us. While there is no one ‘essence’ of authenticity, the ideal has often been expressed as a commitment to being true to yourself, and ordering your soul and living your life so as to give faithful expression to your individuality, cherished projects and deepest convictions. Authenticity in this ethical sense also had a critical edge, standing against and challenging the utilitarian practices and conformist tendencies of the conventional social and economic order. Society erects barriers that the authentic person must break through. Finding your true self means self-reflection, engaging in candid self-appraisal and seeking ‘genuine self-knowledge’, in the words of the American philosopher Charles Guignon. 

In his book The Society of Singularities (2017), the German social theorist Andreas Reckwitz argues that a larger ‘authenticity revolution’ has swept the world during the past 40 years. Authenticity has become an obligation. Reckwitz captures this conundrum with the paradoxical concept of ‘performative authenticity’. Authenticity, in this sense, is the way to be because to be ‘somebody’ is to develop your unique self, your differentness from others and your noninterchangeable life. 

Performative authenticity is tied to economic success and social prestige, which means - and this is a further paradoxical feature - that your specialness and self-realisation have to be performed. In order for people to distinguish themselves, they must seek attention and visibility, and positively affect others with their self-representations, personal characteristics and quality of life. In doing so, they have to take great care that their performance isn’t perceived as staged. 

Performative authenticity shares with older, inner conceptions of authenticity the notion that each of us has our own unique way of being in the world. But the concepts otherwise diverge. The inner ideal aims at a way of being that is unfeigned and without illusions. It resists the cultivation of an affirming audience, because being a ‘whole’ person, with a noninstrumental relation to self and others, is often at odds with the demands of society. In the performative mode, by contrast, this tension between self and society disappears. Self-elaboration still requires self-examination, but not necessarily of any inner or even aesthetic kind.

Performing your difference isn’t necessarily a zero-sum game. Markets and digital technologies have greatly expanded the infrastructure of possibilities. It is, however, a competition for scarce attention that requires continuous assessment and feedback, and offers little respite. Even if you pull off a good performance, there’s a need to be flexible, to be ready to reinvent your difference. There’s always the danger of becoming inconspicuous.

Q. Which of the following best describes the reason why the author terms the concept 'performative authenticity' paradoxical?

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Authenticity, which in its modern sense dates back to the Romantics of the late 18th century, has never had a single meaning. In much of our everyday usage, the term means something more or less analogous to the way that we speak of an object being authentic - as the genuine article, not a copy or a fake. We think of people as authentic when they’re being themselves, consistent with their own personality and without pretence or pretending. 

But, as an ethical ideal...authenticity means more than self-consistency or a lack of pretentiousness. It also concerns features of the inner life that define us. While there is no one ‘essence’ of authenticity, the ideal has often been expressed as a commitment to being true to yourself, and ordering your soul and living your life so as to give faithful expression to your individuality, cherished projects and deepest convictions. Authenticity in this ethical sense also had a critical edge, standing against and challenging the utilitarian practices and conformist tendencies of the conventional social and economic order. Society erects barriers that the authentic person must break through. Finding your true self means self-reflection, engaging in candid self-appraisal and seeking ‘genuine self-knowledge’, in the words of the American philosopher Charles Guignon. 

In his book The Society of Singularities (2017), the German social theorist Andreas Reckwitz argues that a larger ‘authenticity revolution’ has swept the world during the past 40 years. Authenticity has become an obligation. Reckwitz captures this conundrum with the paradoxical concept of ‘performative authenticity’. Authenticity, in this sense, is the way to be because to be ‘somebody’ is to develop your unique self, your differentness from others and your noninterchangeable life. 

Performative authenticity is tied to economic success and social prestige, which means - and this is a further paradoxical feature - that your specialness and self-realisation have to be performed. In order for people to distinguish themselves, they must seek attention and visibility, and positively affect others with their self-representations, personal characteristics and quality of life. In doing so, they have to take great care that their performance isn’t perceived as staged. 

Performative authenticity shares with older, inner conceptions of authenticity the notion that each of us has our own unique way of being in the world. But the concepts otherwise diverge. The inner ideal aims at a way of being that is unfeigned and without illusions. It resists the cultivation of an affirming audience, because being a ‘whole’ person, with a noninstrumental relation to self and others, is often at odds with the demands of society. In the performative mode, by contrast, this tension between self and society disappears. Self-elaboration still requires self-examination, but not necessarily of any inner or even aesthetic kind.

Performing your difference isn’t necessarily a zero-sum game. Markets and digital technologies have greatly expanded the infrastructure of possibilities. It is, however, a competition for scarce attention that requires continuous assessment and feedback, and offers little respite. Even if you pull off a good performance, there’s a need to be flexible, to be ready to reinvent your difference. There’s always the danger of becoming inconspicuous.

Q. According to Charles Guignon, finding one's true self involves all of the following, EXCEPT:

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Authenticity, which in its modern sense dates back to the Romantics of the late 18th century, has never had a single meaning. In much of our everyday usage, the term means something more or less analogous to the way that we speak of an object being authentic - as the genuine article, not a copy or a fake. We think of people as authentic when they’re being themselves, consistent with their own personality and without pretence or pretending. 

But, as an ethical ideal...authenticity means more than self-consistency or a lack of pretentiousness. It also concerns features of the inner life that define us. While there is no one ‘essence’ of authenticity, the ideal has often been expressed as a commitment to being true to yourself, and ordering your soul and living your life so as to give faithful expression to your individuality, cherished projects and deepest convictions. Authenticity in this ethical sense also had a critical edge, standing against and challenging the utilitarian practices and conformist tendencies of the conventional social and economic order. Society erects barriers that the authentic person must break through. Finding your true self means self-reflection, engaging in candid self-appraisal and seeking ‘genuine self-knowledge’, in the words of the American philosopher Charles Guignon. 

In his book The Society of Singularities (2017), the German social theorist Andreas Reckwitz argues that a larger ‘authenticity revolution’ has swept the world during the past 40 years. Authenticity has become an obligation. Reckwitz captures this conundrum with the paradoxical concept of ‘performative authenticity’. Authenticity, in this sense, is the way to be because to be ‘somebody’ is to develop your unique self, your differentness from others and your noninterchangeable life. 

Performative authenticity is tied to economic success and social prestige, which means - and this is a further paradoxical feature - that your specialness and self-realisation have to be performed. In order for people to distinguish themselves, they must seek attention and visibility, and positively affect others with their self-representations, personal characteristics and quality of life. In doing so, they have to take great care that their performance isn’t perceived as staged. 

Performative authenticity shares with older, inner conceptions of authenticity the notion that each of us has our own unique way of being in the world. But the concepts otherwise diverge. The inner ideal aims at a way of being that is unfeigned and without illusions. It resists the cultivation of an affirming audience, because being a ‘whole’ person, with a noninstrumental relation to self and others, is often at odds with the demands of society. In the performative mode, by contrast, this tension between self and society disappears. Self-elaboration still requires self-examination, but not necessarily of any inner or even aesthetic kind.

Performing your difference isn’t necessarily a zero-sum game. Markets and digital technologies have greatly expanded the infrastructure of possibilities. It is, however, a competition for scarce attention that requires continuous assessment and feedback, and offers little respite. Even if you pull off a good performance, there’s a need to be flexible, to be ready to reinvent your difference. There’s always the danger of becoming inconspicuous.

Q. Which of the following statements is the author LEAST likely to agree with?

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Authenticity, which in its modern sense dates back to the Romantics of the late 18th century, has never had a single meaning. In much of our everyday usage, the term means something more or less analogous to the way that we speak of an object being authentic - as the genuine article, not a copy or a fake. We think of people as authentic when they’re being themselves, consistent with their own personality and without pretence or pretending. 

But, as an ethical ideal...authenticity means more than self-consistency or a lack of pretentiousness. It also concerns features of the inner life that define us. While there is no one ‘essence’ of authenticity, the ideal has often been expressed as a commitment to being true to yourself, and ordering your soul and living your life so as to give faithful expression to your individuality, cherished projects and deepest convictions. Authenticity in this ethical sense also had a critical edge, standing against and challenging the utilitarian practices and conformist tendencies of the conventional social and economic order. Society erects barriers that the authentic person must break through. Finding your true self means self-reflection, engaging in candid self-appraisal and seeking ‘genuine self-knowledge’, in the words of the American philosopher Charles Guignon. 

In his book The Society of Singularities (2017), the German social theorist Andreas Reckwitz argues that a larger ‘authenticity revolution’ has swept the world during the past 40 years. Authenticity has become an obligation. Reckwitz captures this conundrum with the paradoxical concept of ‘performative authenticity’. Authenticity, in this sense, is the way to be because to be ‘somebody’ is to develop your unique self, your differentness from others and your noninterchangeable life. 

Performative authenticity is tied to economic success and social prestige, which means - and this is a further paradoxical feature - that your specialness and self-realisation have to be performed. In order for people to distinguish themselves, they must seek attention and visibility, and positively affect others with their self-representations, personal characteristics and quality of life. In doing so, they have to take great care that their performance isn’t perceived as staged. 

Performative authenticity shares with older, inner conceptions of authenticity the notion that each of us has our own unique way of being in the world. But the concepts otherwise diverge. The inner ideal aims at a way of being that is unfeigned and without illusions. It resists the cultivation of an affirming audience, because being a ‘whole’ person, with a noninstrumental relation to self and others, is often at odds with the demands of society. In the performative mode, by contrast, this tension between self and society disappears. Self-elaboration still requires self-examination, but not necessarily of any inner or even aesthetic kind.

Performing your difference isn’t necessarily a zero-sum game. Markets and digital technologies have greatly expanded the infrastructure of possibilities. It is, however, a competition for scarce attention that requires continuous assessment and feedback, and offers little respite. Even if you pull off a good performance, there’s a need to be flexible, to be ready to reinvent your difference. There’s always the danger of becoming inconspicuous.

Q. The inner and performative modes of authenticity differ in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Dinosaur and fossil aficionados are intimately familiar with the meteorite strike that drove Tyrannosaurus rex and all nonavian dinosaurs to extinction around 66 million years ago. But it is often overlooked that the impact also wiped out entire ecosystems. A new study shows how those casualties, in turn, led to another particularly profound evolutionary outcome: the emergence of the Amazon rain forest of South America, the most spectacularly diverse environment on the planet. Yet the Amazon’s bounty of tropical species and habitats now face their own existential threat because of unprecedented destruction from human activity, including land clearing for agriculture.
Modern-day rain forests are integral to life on Earth. The Amazon, in particular, plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s freshwater cycle and climate. Yet Western European and North American palaeontologists have paid little attention to tropical forests, focusing instead on temperate latitudes. Many academic and amateur fossil hunters have also tended to write off warm, wet locales as a lost cause for finds because they have assumed that conditions there would prevent organic materials from being preserved long enough to fossilize. “It’s this combination of factors that has led us to this absence of much data in the tropics,” says Bonnie Jacobs, a paleobiologist at Southern Methodist University.
Scientists already knew that the effects of the meteorite collision and its aftermath—at least in temperate zones—varied with local conditions and distance from the Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. New Zealand forests, for example, escaped relatively unscathed. But researchers have had no idea how the event changed the tropical rain forests of Africa or, until now, those of South America.
The new study, published in Science, analyzed tens of thousands of plant fossils and "represents a fundamental advance in knowledge,” says Peter Wilf, a geoscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in the research. The findings paint a picture of a sudden, cataclysmic annihilation of life after the impact—but also of a phoenix-like rebirth in the millions of years afterward. Prior to the meteorite, the authors determined, South America’s forests featured many conifers and a brightly lit open canopy supporting a lush understory of ferns. Dinosaurs likely played key roles in maintaining these Cretaceous forests by knocking down trees and clearing out vegetation, among other things. Within moments of the Chicxulub meteorite’s impact, however, this ecosystem was irrevocably altered. Fires, which likely burned for several years, engulfed South America’s southerly forests.
It took six million years for the forests to return to the level of diversity they had before the meteorite, and the species that slowly grew back were completely different than what came before. Legumes—plants that form symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow them to fix nitrogen from the air—were the first to appear, and they enriched the formerly nutrient-poor soil. This influx of nitrogen, along with phosphorus from the meteorite’s ash, enabled other flowering plants to thrive alongside the legumes and to displace conifers. As flowering species competed for light, they formed dense canopies of leaves and created the layered Amazon rain forest we know today.

Q. Which of the following statements is definitely TRUE according to the passage?

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Dinosaur and fossil aficionados are intimately familiar with the meteorite strike that drove Tyrannosaurus rex and all nonavian dinosaurs to extinction around 66 million years ago. But it is often overlooked that the impact also wiped out entire ecosystems. A new study shows how those casualties, in turn, led to another particularly profound evolutionary outcome: the emergence of the Amazon rain forest of South America, the most spectacularly diverse environment on the planet. Yet the Amazon’s bounty of tropical species and habitats now face their own existential threat because of unprecedented destruction from human activity, including land clearing for agriculture.
Modern-day rain forests are integral to life on Earth. The Amazon, in particular, plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s freshwater cycle and climate. Yet Western European and North American palaeontologists have paid little attention to tropical forests, focusing instead on temperate latitudes. Many academic and amateur fossil hunters have also tended to write off warm, wet locales as a lost cause for finds because they have assumed that conditions there would prevent organic materials from being preserved long enough to fossilize. “It’s this combination of factors that has led us to this absence of much data in the tropics,” says Bonnie Jacobs, a paleobiologist at Southern Methodist University.
Scientists already knew that the effects of the meteorite collision and its aftermath—at least in temperate zones—varied with local conditions and distance from the Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. New Zealand forests, for example, escaped relatively unscathed. But researchers have had no idea how the event changed the tropical rain forests of Africa or, until now, those of South America.
The new study, published in Science, analyzed tens of thousands of plant fossils and "represents a fundamental advance in knowledge,” says Peter Wilf, a geoscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in the research. The findings paint a picture of a sudden, cataclysmic annihilation of life after the impact—but also of a phoenix-like rebirth in the millions of years afterward. Prior to the meteorite, the authors determined, South America’s forests featured many conifers and a brightly lit open canopy supporting a lush understory of ferns. Dinosaurs likely played key roles in maintaining these Cretaceous forests by knocking down trees and clearing out vegetation, among other things. Within moments of the Chicxulub meteorite’s impact, however, this ecosystem was irrevocably altered. Fires, which likely burned for several years, engulfed South America’s southerly forests.
It took six million years for the forests to return to the level of diversity they had before the meteorite, and the species that slowly grew back were completely different than what came before. Legumes—plants that form symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow them to fix nitrogen from the air—were the first to appear, and they enriched the formerly nutrient-poor soil. This influx of nitrogen, along with phosphorus from the meteorite’s ash, enabled other flowering plants to thrive alongside the legumes and to displace conifers. As flowering species competed for light, they formed dense canopies of leaves and created the layered Amazon rain forest we know today.

Q. According to the passage, academic and amateur fossil hunters paid little attention to tropical forests because:

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Dinosaur and fossil aficionados are intimately familiar with the meteorite strike that drove Tyrannosaurus rex and all nonavian dinosaurs to extinction around 66 million years ago. But it is often overlooked that the impact also wiped out entire ecosystems. A new study shows how those casualties, in turn, led to another particularly profound evolutionary outcome: the emergence of the Amazon rain forest of South America, the most spectacularly diverse environment on the planet. Yet the Amazon’s bounty of tropical species and habitats now face their own existential threat because of unprecedented destruction from human activity, including land clearing for agriculture.
Modern-day rain forests are integral to life on Earth. The Amazon, in particular, plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s freshwater cycle and climate. Yet Western European and North American palaeontologists have paid little attention to tropical forests, focusing instead on temperate latitudes. Many academic and amateur fossil hunters have also tended to write off warm, wet locales as a lost cause for finds because they have assumed that conditions there would prevent organic materials from being preserved long enough to fossilize. “It’s this combination of factors that has led us to this absence of much data in the tropics,” says Bonnie Jacobs, a paleobiologist at Southern Methodist University.
Scientists already knew that the effects of the meteorite collision and its aftermath—at least in temperate zones—varied with local conditions and distance from the Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. New Zealand forests, for example, escaped relatively unscathed. But researchers have had no idea how the event changed the tropical rain forests of Africa or, until now, those of South America.
The new study, published in Science, analyzed tens of thousands of plant fossils and "represents a fundamental advance in knowledge,” says Peter Wilf, a geoscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in the research. The findings paint a picture of a sudden, cataclysmic annihilation of life after the impact—but also of a phoenix-like rebirth in the millions of years afterward. Prior to the meteorite, the authors determined, South America’s forests featured many conifers and a brightly lit open canopy supporting a lush understory of ferns. Dinosaurs likely played key roles in maintaining these Cretaceous forests by knocking down trees and clearing out vegetation, among other things. Within moments of the Chicxulub meteorite’s impact, however, this ecosystem was irrevocably altered. Fires, which likely burned for several years, engulfed South America’s southerly forests.
It took six million years for the forests to return to the level of diversity they had before the meteorite, and the species that slowly grew back were completely different than what came before. Legumes—plants that form symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow them to fix nitrogen from the air—were the first to appear, and they enriched the formerly nutrient-poor soil. This influx of nitrogen, along with phosphorus from the meteorite’s ash, enabled other flowering plants to thrive alongside the legumes and to displace conifers. As flowering species competed for light, they formed dense canopies of leaves and created the layered Amazon rain forest we know today.

Q. Which of the following statements CAN be inferred from the passage?

I. The tropical rain forest ecosystem would not have developed had the dinosaurs not gone extinct. 

II. Location of the impact crater is crucial to understanding the effects of the meteoritic collision.

III. The effects of the collision on African tropical rain forests were not known until recently.

IV. Fires caused by the meteoritic collision led to the depletion of soil nutrients.

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

Dinosaur and fossil aficionados are intimately familiar with the meteorite strike that drove Tyrannosaurus rex and all nonavian dinosaurs to extinction around 66 million years ago. But it is often overlooked that the impact also wiped out entire ecosystems. A new study shows how those casualties, in turn, led to another particularly profound evolutionary outcome: the emergence of the Amazon rain forest of South America, the most spectacularly diverse environment on the planet. Yet the Amazon’s bounty of tropical species and habitats now face their own existential threat because of unprecedented destruction from human activity, including land clearing for agriculture.
Modern-day rain forests are integral to life on Earth. The Amazon, in particular, plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s freshwater cycle and climate. Yet Western European and North American palaeontologists have paid little attention to tropical forests, focusing instead on temperate latitudes. Many academic and amateur fossil hunters have also tended to write off warm, wet locales as a lost cause for finds because they have assumed that conditions there would prevent organic materials from being preserved long enough to fossilize. “It’s this combination of factors that has led us to this absence of much data in the tropics,” says Bonnie Jacobs, a paleobiologist at Southern Methodist University.
Scientists already knew that the effects of the meteorite collision and its aftermath—at least in temperate zones—varied with local conditions and distance from the Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. New Zealand forests, for example, escaped relatively unscathed. But researchers have had no idea how the event changed the tropical rain forests of Africa or, until now, those of South America.
The new study, published in Science, analyzed tens of thousands of plant fossils and "represents a fundamental advance in knowledge,” says Peter Wilf, a geoscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in the research. The findings paint a picture of a sudden, cataclysmic annihilation of life after the impact—but also of a phoenix-like rebirth in the millions of years afterward. Prior to the meteorite, the authors determined, South America’s forests featured many conifers and a brightly lit open canopy supporting a lush understory of ferns. Dinosaurs likely played key roles in maintaining these Cretaceous forests by knocking down trees and clearing out vegetation, among other things. Within moments of the Chicxulub meteorite’s impact, however, this ecosystem was irrevocably altered. Fires, which likely burned for several years, engulfed South America’s southerly forests.
It took six million years for the forests to return to the level of diversity they had before the meteorite, and the species that slowly grew back were completely different than what came before. Legumes—plants that form symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow them to fix nitrogen from the air—were the first to appear, and they enriched the formerly nutrient-poor soil. This influx of nitrogen, along with phosphorus from the meteorite’s ash, enabled other flowering plants to thrive alongside the legumes and to displace conifers. As flowering species competed for light, they formed dense canopies of leaves and created the layered Amazon rain forest we know today.

Q. According to the passage, all of the following aided in the emergence of the Amazon rainforest ecosystem, EXCEPT:

DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:

1. Competition is the driving force behind the real benefits such systems achieve, but the logic of competition also imprisons its players to stay within their roles.
2. Liberal democracy is like capitalism, a game designed to make its players compete against each other for points and prizes.
3. As a result, democracies are surprisingly vulnerable to take over, as we have seen from the recent examples of Turkey, Hungary, and India.
4. It is no one's job to defend the system of rules governing that competition.

DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:

1. By definition, parasites live in or on a host and take something from that host.
2. Scientists warn of dire consequences if we disregard the rest.
3. This has made them the pariahs of the animal world.
4. But not all parasites cause noticeable harm to their hosts, and only a small percentage affect humans.

The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.

The magnitude of plastic packaging that is used and casually discarded — air pillows, Bubble Wrap, shrink wrap, envelopes, bags — portends gloomy consequences. These single-use items are primarily made from polyethylene, though vinyl is also used. In marine environments, this plastic waste can cause disease and death for coral, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Plastic debris is often mistaken for food, and microplastics release chemical toxins as they degrade. Data suggests that plastics have infiltrated human food webs and placentas. These plastics have the potential to disrupt the endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream that help control growth and development during childhood, among many other important processes.

DIRECTIONS for the question: Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.

• The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed the paradox that while we are more connected, we are also more divided.
• The age of individualism is passing.
• A politics that strengthens belonging can reverse the excesses of individualism.
• Now Covid-19 has highlighted our mutual dependence on one another and a desire for community.
• The past 50 years in the West saw a celebration of unfettered freedom.

The question consists of two sentences, each with an italicised word. Mark the appropriate answer.
A. The minimal energy requirement for you to carry out basic bodily functions is one thousand two hundred calories.
B. The minimum age of the string of race horses participating in this year's Derby is two years.
1. if the use of the word in statement one is correct, but in two it is not
2. if the use of the word in statement two is correct, but in one it is not
3. if the use of the words in both sentences is correct
4. if the use of the words in both sentences is incorrect

Choose the correct word which will fit from among the two given words in the sets of five sentences given below.
The principal enjoyed the quietude [A] / tranquility [B] of retirement.
The minister surpassed [A] / superseded [B] the king, assuming more political and military power than the king ever had.
The situation was exasperated [A] / exacerbated [B] as the police arrived late on the scene of the accident.
Some of the top brass of the police force consists of percipient [A] / perceptible [B] officers.
The previous government had a more practical [A] / pragmatic [B] plan to tackle terrorism.
1. AAAAB
2. AABAB
3. AABBB
4. ABBAB

CEOs of 8 companies came together to have a meeting to discuss the business practices followed in their industry. The names of the CEOs were Achraj, Bibhu, Chandan, Dhanush, Eelam, Farhan, Gautam and Harish. A circular table was booked for the meeting in a banquet hall with had 8 equally-spaced chairs for the CEOs to sit. Each CEO came to the meeting in a different car and is from a different native city. The following things are known about their seating arrangement. 

1. The person from Bangalore is sitting opposite the CEO who came in Mercedes.
2. Harish came in BMW 
3. Dhanush is neither from Hyderabad nor Delhi.
4. Eelam is the CEO of the rival company of Harish and hence sits exactly opposite to him. Also, Eelam  is sitting next to the CEO who is from Guwahati and drives Honda City
5. CEO whose native is Bangalore drives an Audi and sits next to the CEO who is from Faizabad
6. Achraj drives Mercedes and is 3 places left of Harish.
7. Chandan who drives Honda City is sitting next to a person who is from Hyderabad. One of the CEO is from Erode
8. Farhan came to the meeting in Camaro and sits opposite Gautam who came to the meeting in Lancer
9. CEO who came in Jaguar is from Chennai and sits opposite to the person from Faizabad
10. There is exactly 1 person between Harish and the CEO from Delhi
11. Guy from Agra has BMW owner  as his neighbour on the table
12. Bibhu drives Fortuner and sits opposite Chandan.lo

Q. How many seating arrangement are possible?

CEOs of 8 companies came together to have a meeting to discuss the business practices followed in their industry. The names of the CEOs were Achraj, Bibhu, Chandan, Dhanush, Eelam, Farhan, Gautam and Harish. A circular table was booked for the meeting in a banquet hall with had 8 equally-spaced chairs for the CEOs to sit. Each CEO came to the meeting in a different car and is from a different native city. The following things are known about their seating arrangement. 

1. The person from Bangalore is sitting opposite the CEO who came in Mercedes.
2. Harish came in BMW 
3. Dhanush is neither from Hyderabad nor Delhi.
4. Eelam is the CEO of the rival company of Harish and hence sits exactly opposite to him. Also, Eelam  is sitting next to the CEO who is from Guwahati and drives Honda City
5. CEO whose native is Bangalore drives an Audi and sits next to the CEO who is from Faizabad
6. Achraj drives Mercedes and is 3 places left of Harish.
7. Chandan who drives Honda City is sitting next to a person who is from Hyderabad. One of the CEO is from Erode
8. Farhan came to the meeting in Camaro and sits opposite Gautam who came to the meeting in Lancer
9. CEO who came in Jaguar is from Chennai and sits opposite to the person from Faizabad
10. There is exactly 1 person between Harish and the CEO from Delhi
11. Guy from Agra has BMW owner  as his neighbour on the table
12. Bibhu drives Fortuner and sits opposite Chandan.lo

Q. Who is from Erode?

CEOs of 8 companies came together to have a meeting to discuss the business practices followed in their industry. The names of the CEOs were Achraj, Bibhu, Chandan, Dhanush, Eelam, Farhan, Gautam and Harish. A circular table was booked for the meeting in a banquet hall with had 8 equally-spaced chairs for the CEOs to sit. Each CEO came to the meeting in a different car and is from a different native city. The following things are known about their seating arrangement. 

1. The person from Bangalore is sitting opposite the CEO who came in Mercedes.
2. Harish came in BMW 
3. Dhanush is neither from Hyderabad nor Delhi.
4. Eelam is the CEO of the rival company of Harish and hence sits exactly opposite to him. Also, Eelam  is sitting next to the CEO who is from Guwahati and drives Honda City
5. CEO whose native is Bangalore drives an Audi and sits next to the CEO who is from Faizabad
6. Achraj drives Mercedes and is 3 places left of Harish.
7. Chandan who drives Honda City is sitting next to a person who is from Hyderabad. One of the CEO is from Erode
8. Farhan came to the meeting in Camaro and sits opposite Gautam who came to the meeting in Lancer
9. CEO who came in Jaguar is from Chennai and sits opposite to the person from Faizabad
10. There is exactly 1 person between Harish and the CEO from Delhi
11. Guy from Agra has BMW owner  as his neighbour on the table
12. Bibhu drives Fortuner and sits opposite Chandan.lo

Q. Which of the following is definitely the correct combination of the CEO's car and his native place?

CEOs of 8 companies came together to have a meeting to discuss the business practices followed in their industry. The names of the CEOs were Achraj, Bibhu, Chandan, Dhanush, Eelam, Farhan, Gautam and Harish. A circular table was booked for the meeting in a banquet hall with had 8 equally-spaced chairs for the CEOs to sit. Each CEO came to the meeting in a different car and is from a different native city. The following things are known about their seating arrangement. 

1. The person from Bangalore is sitting opposite the CEO who came in Mercedes.
2. Harish came in BMW 
3. Dhanush is neither from Hyderabad nor Delhi.
4. Eelam is the CEO of the rival company of Harish and hence sits exactly opposite to him. Also, Eelam  is sitting next to the CEO who is from Guwahati and drives Honda City
5. CEO whose native is Bangalore drives an Audi and sits next to the CEO who is from Faizabad
6. Achraj drives Mercedes and is 3 places left of Harish.
7. Chandan who drives Honda City is sitting next to a person who is from Hyderabad. One of the CEO is from Erode
8. Farhan came to the meeting in Camaro and sits opposite Gautam who came to the meeting in Lancer
9. CEO who came in Jaguar is from Chennai and sits opposite to the person from Faizabad
10. There is exactly 1 person between Harish and the CEO from Delhi
11. Guy from Agra has BMW owner  as his neighbour on the table
12. Bibhu drives Fortuner and sits opposite Chandan.lo

Q. How many people are sitting between guy from Delhi and Dhanush

There are 4 cricketers, A , B, C, D, each having a different age among 24, 28, 32 and 36 years. Also, they have 4 different roles among a left-hand batsman, a right-hand batsman, a spinner and a fast bowler. It is known that only one of them is a truth-teller, and also, there is at least one each of an alternator and a liar. A truth-teller always speaks the truth, a liar always lies and an alternator always alternates between a truth and a lie. Each of them says 3-4 statements as recorded below.

A: 1) I am not a spinner.
2) I am 32 years old.
3) B is not a liar.
4) C is not a left-hand batsman.

B: 1) A is not a liar.
2) D is a liar.
3) C is 32 years old.

C: 1) I am a truth-teller.
2) I am 36 years old.
3) B is 32 years old.
4) A is a liar.

D: 1) C is not a liar.
2) C is not 36 years old.
3) I am 28 years old.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow:

Q. Who is the spinner?

There are 4 cricketers, A , B, C, D, each having a different age among 24, 28, 32 and 36 years. Also, they have 4 different roles among a left-hand batsman, a right-hand batsman, a spinner and a fast bowler. It is known that only one of them is a truth-teller, and also, there is at least one each of an alternator and a liar. A truth-teller always speaks the truth, a liar always lies and an alternator always alternates between a truth and a lie. Each of them says 3-4 statements as recorded below.

A: 1) I am not a spinner.
2) I am 32 years old.
3) B is not a liar.
4) C is not a left-hand batsman.

B: 1) A is not a liar.
2) D is a liar.
3) C is 32 years old.

C: 1) I am a truth-teller.
2) I am 36 years old.
3) B is 32 years old.
4) A is a liar.

D: 1) C is not a liar.
2) C is not 36 years old.
3) I am 28 years old.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow:

Q. Who is the right-hand batsman?

There are 4 cricketers, A , B, C, D, each having a different age among 24, 28, 32 and 36 years. Also, they have 4 different roles among a left-hand batsman, a right-hand batsman, a spinner and a fast bowler. It is known that only one of them is a truth-teller, and also, there is at least one each of an alternator and a liar. A truth-teller always speaks the truth, a liar always lies and an alternator always alternates between a truth and a lie. Each of them says 3-4 statements as recorded below.

A: 1) I am not a spinner.
2) I am 32 years old.
3) B is not a liar.
4) C is not a left-hand batsman.

B: 1) A is not a liar.
2) D is a liar.
3) C is 32 years old.

C: 1) I am a truth-teller.
2) I am 36 years old.
3) B is 32 years old.
4) A is a liar.

D: 1) C is not a liar.
2) C is not 36 years old.
3) I am 28 years old.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow:

Q. What is the age(in years) of the left-hand batsman?

There are 4 cricketers, A , B, C, D, each having a different age among 24, 28, 32 and 36 years. Also, they have 4 different roles among a left-hand batsman, a right-hand batsman, a spinner and a fast bowler. It is known that only one of them is a truth-teller, and also, there is at least one each of an alternator and a liar. A truth-teller always speaks the truth, a liar always lies and an alternator always alternates between a truth and a lie. Each of them says 3-4 statements as recorded below.

A: 1) I am not a spinner.
2) I am 32 years old.
3) B is not a liar.
4) C is not a left-hand batsman.

B: 1) A is not a liar.
2) D is a liar.
3) C is 32 years old.

C: 1) I am a truth-teller.
2) I am 36 years old.
3) B is 32 years old.
4) A is a liar.

D: 1) C is not a liar.
2) C is not 36 years old.
3) I am 28 years old.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow:

Q. For how many players can we uniquely identify their ages?

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

For the year 2019, the company had a profit percentage of 10%. Which of the following sectors had the maximum profit percentage.

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

For 2019, the company had a profit percentage 10%. Which of the following sectors had the maximum profit compared to other departments

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

For the year 2020, the automobile sector had a profit percentage of 20%. What is the profit percentage of DG Pvt Ltd for the year 2020

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

If for the year 2018 and 2020, the Apparel unit did not make any profit or loss. Then how many the other units were profitable for both years?

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

If for the year 2020, the Apparel unit did not make any profit or loss. Then what was profit/loss% for the IT  in the same year

DG Pvt Ltd is a multinational conglomerate that has many subsidiaries in various industries. In India, the company has penetration in 5 industries which are Apparel, IT, Telecom, Petroleum and Automobile. Raj is overseeing the overall function. He is supposed to present the annual report for the companies profits and expenses for the previous 3 years which will be reviewed by the Board. He made the following two charts which represent the percentage of revenue and expenses contributed by each of the five industries across the three years.

If the petroleum department did not make any profit/loss for all the 3 years. For which all years, was the company not in profit?

There are 6 students A, B, C, D, E, F who appeared in 6 different subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Maths, Biology, Computer Science and English such that no two students appeared for the same subject. They got different marks from among 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89 and their ranks in the particular subjects are among 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, such that no two people got the same rank. Also, the following information is known regarding these 6 students:

1. The numerical sum of the ranks and the marks of C and D are the same.
2. 88 was scored in Biology.
3. 84 was scored in Computer Science and the one who scored it was the topper.
4. The score in English was not 86.
5. 82 was not scored in Maths.
6. B was not second, the person who was second scored 82.
7. Neither A nor E had scored 82, nor were their scores scored in Biology or Physics.
8. C had scored 86, but not in Physics.
9. A did not score 84 or 89.
10. D's score was in Maths.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

Q. In which subject was 80 scored?

There are 6 students A, B, C, D, E, F who appeared in 6 different subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Maths, Biology, Computer Science and English such that no two students appeared for the same subject. They got different marks from among 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89 and their ranks in the particular subjects are among 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, such that no two people got the same rank. Also, the following information is known regarding these 6 students:

1. The numerical sum of the ranks and the marks of C and D are the same.
2. 88 was scored in Biology.
3. 84 was scored in Computer Science and the one who scored it was the topper.
4. The score in English was not 86.
5. 82 was not scored in Maths.
6. B was not second, the person who was second scored 82.
7. Neither A nor E had scored 82, nor were their scores scored in Biology or Physics.
8. C had scored 86, but not in Physics.
9. A did not score 84 or 89.
10. D's score was in Maths.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

Q. Who scored 89?

There are 6 students A, B, C, D, E, F who appeared in 6 different subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Maths, Biology, Computer Science and English such that no two students appeared for the same subject. They got different marks from among 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89 and their ranks in the particular subjects are among 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, such that no two people got the same rank. Also, the following information is known regarding these 6 students:

1. The numerical sum of the ranks and the marks of C and D are the same.
2. 88 was scored in Biology.
3. 84 was scored in Computer Science and the one who scored it was the topper.
4. The score in English was not 86.
5. 82 was not scored in Maths.
6. B was not second, the person who was second scored 82.
7. Neither A nor E had scored 82, nor were their scores scored in Biology or Physics.
8. C had scored 86, but not in Physics.
9. A did not score 84 or 89.
10. D's score was in Maths.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

Q. Whose rank was 6?

There are 6 students A, B, C, D, E, F who appeared in 6 different subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Maths, Biology, Computer Science and English such that no two students appeared for the same subject. They got different marks from among 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89 and their ranks in the particular subjects are among 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, such that no two people got the same rank. Also, the following information is known regarding these 6 students:

1. The numerical sum of the ranks and the marks of C and D are the same.
2. 88 was scored in Biology.
3. 84 was scored in Computer Science and the one who scored it was the topper.
4. The score in English was not 86.
5. 82 was not scored in Maths.
6. B was not second, the person who was second scored 82.
7. Neither A nor E had scored 82, nor were their scores scored in Biology or Physics.
8. C had scored 86, but not in Physics.
9. A did not score 84 or 89.
10. D's score was in Maths.

Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

Q. For how many people can we uniquely identify both the marks scored and the subject in which they appeared?

Due to the bad conditions of Government schools in Dholakpur, Rani Indumati has tasked Bheem to carry out a survey and make a report of facilities lacking in each of the schools. Bheem has to check whether the schools have a) Proper Sanitisation b) Internet Connectivity c) Mid-day meals and d)  Emergency Evacuation Plan. He went along with Kaaliya to make the observations. Upon the full survey he knew the following things

• 75 schools had all 4 facilities
• Out of surveyed school 375 schools had Internet connectivity
• Number of schools that have none of the 4 facilities is 40% of the number of schools having at least 1 facility.
• Among the schools having mid-day meals and emergency evacuation plan, the number of school having proper sanitisation is equal to the number of schools having internet connectivity
• 50 schools have only an Emergency evacuation plan
• Number of schools having only internet connectivity is1/3rd the number of schools having all 4 facilities. Overall 190 schools have both proper sanitation and internet connectivity out of which 25 schools have no other facilities
• 210 schools have exactly 3 of the facilities which is 10 more than half the number of schools having mid-day meals
• 35 schools have only proper sanitisation and mid-day meal, which is half the number of schools having only mid-day meals
• 215 schools have both mid-day meals and emergency evacuation plan.
• 370 schools have proper sanitisation out of which 30 schools have no other facilities

Q. Total of how many schools were surveyed?

Directions: Answer the questions on the basis of the information below.
In the recently concluded Indian Premier League, the batsmen who were the top seven run scorers were Adam, Rohit, Gautam, Mahendra, Shaun, Sanath and Virendra not necessarily in that order. Seven groups namely Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, Group 5, Group 6 and Group 7 were formed such that each group had six of the above mentioned batsmen and no group of six batsmen was repeated. The following bar - graph provides information about the aggregate number of runs scored by batsmen in each group.

Find the number of runs scored by the batsmen who scored minimum runs out of the given batsmen.

A dishonest milkman sells milk to three customers- A, B and C. He replaces 20% of pure milk with water before selling to A. After this, he replaces 25% of the mixture with water before selling to B and furthermore 30% of the mixture is replaced before selling to C. What is the percentage of pure milk in the mixture sold by the milkman to C?

A cricket camp invited 500 cricket players who were batsmen, bowlers, and all-rounders(who can both bat and bowl). 60% of the players were batsman and 70% of them were bowlers. 50% of the pure batsmen (who can only bat), 60% of the pure bowlers (who can only bowl) and 20% of the all-rounders were left-handed. How many right-handed players were part of the cricket camp?

A company was purchasing 30 barrels of oil every month during lockdown from March 2020 till August 2020. The price per barrel paid by the company increased every month by a constant amount of $10. They purchased the barrels at $25 in March 2020. In September 2020, the company then sold half of the barrels at $45 each, half of the remaining at $50 each and all the remaining barrels at $70 each. What is the company's profit in percentage?

Prasoon purchased a new bike M15, which soon met with an accident. He went to the service centre and the service centre charged him for repairs. The labour cost, tyre replacement cost, accessory replacement cost and the servicing costs were 5%, 15%, 25% and 35% of the total servicing cost respectively. The remaining charges were for oil replacement (brake oil, engine oil, etc.). Luckily Prasoon was the lucky customer that day and got discounts of 10% each for labour, servicing and oil replacement costs and discounts of 20% on the accessory replacement. The insurance company paid him 80% of the cost paid by him in the service centre by giving him Rs. 56,960. What was the original bill amount (before discount) for accessory replacements in Rupees?

A compound 'M' is to be created, one unit of which consists of 3 units of 'X', 4 units of 'Y' and 6 units of 'Z'.  1 unit of X is made by A and B in the ratio 5:7 respectively, 1 unit of Y is made by B and C in the ratio 2:3 respectively, and 1 unit of Z is made by A and D in the ratio 1:4 respectively. What is the approximate percentage contribution of A in 1 unit of M?

f(x) is a polynomial function of degree 4 such that f(0) = 1, f(1)=3 , f(2) = 9 and f(3) = 19.

What will be f(-1) if the coefficient of x⁴ is 2 in f(x)

If x³ + 2x²−Ax has only one of its three real and unequal roots between [-1,3). Then the value of A can lie between?

Shruti was wrapping gifts for her brothers and found that the amount of gift paper used to wrap 6 similar spherical gift boxes of radius 7 cm each is exactly same as the amount of gift papers used to wrap 14 similar cube gift boxes. What was the length of the body diagonal of the cube gift boxes?

Assume that π = 22/7

A pizza store sold pizzas in 3 sizes- Small, medium and large with diameters of pizza equal to 8 inches, 11 inches and 14 inches. If the cost of the pizza depends on the volume of the pizza and the prices of the pizza are in the ratio 2:3:4, then the ratio of thickness of the small, medium and large pizza is in the ratio-

A laptop had 40 medium-sized keys of size 1 cm\times×1 cm, 20 small keys and 10 large keys, such that the area covered by one small key and one large key are 60% and 150% of that covered by one medium key respectively. If the touchpad covers the same area as 8 large keys, what is the approximate percentage of area in the keyboard panel that is not in use? Consider the keyboard panel to have an area of 300 square cm and that nothing else other than the keys and touch pad to be present in the panel.

There is a dumbbell which consists of a solid long cylinder of radius r and height 10r with a solid hemisphere of radius 3r attached at either end as follows:

If this is molten and restructured into a maximum of N solid spheres of radius r/10, what is the value of N?

The values for which |(x-2)-|x+2||-5\ge\≥ 0 holds are:

What is the value of x for which 2^(1+3+5+...x) = (0.0625)⁻²⁵

If log₁₂₅​ 40= a and log_5​ 98 = b. Then how can log₁₄​ 5 be represented in terms of a and b?

If the number of factors of N is 8 and that of 5N is 16, then the number of factors of 2*N can be

The number of even factors of S, where S = 1³ + 2³ + 3³ +... 1000³ is

In how many ways can we select a square of side length at most 4 units from a chess board if one square of the chess board is considered to have a side length of 1 unit?

Raghav went to an orphanage of 5 kids with 22 similar notebooks to gift the children. Kids in the orphanage demanded at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 and at least 5 notebooks with no two kids demanding the same minimum number of books. In how many ways can Raghav distribute the notebooks to them?

What is the sum of the first 10 terms of an increasing A.P. where the first, second and fourth terms are in G.P. and the fifth term of the A.P. is 13?

If a quadratic equation x²−ax+b has roots in the ratio 1:4, then the minimum value of b-4a+3 can be written in the form −p/q​, where p and q are co-prime natural numbers. Then the value of p-q=?

On the market of Covent Garden, Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Jones sell apples. Mrs. Jones sells her apples for two per rupee. The apples of Mrs. Smith are a bit smaller; she sells hers for three per rupee. At a certain moment, when both ladies have the same number of apples left, Mrs. Smith is being called away. She asks her neighbor to take care of her goods. To make everything not too complicated, Mrs. Jones simply puts all apples to one big pile, and starts selling them for two rupee per five apples. When Mrs. Smith returns the next day, all apples have been sold out. But when they start dividing the money, there appears to be a shortage of seven rupees. Supposing they divide the amount equally, how much in Rupees does Mrs. Jones lose in this deal?

If all the diagonals of a regular hexagon are drawn, the number of points intersection, not counting the corners of the hexagon is