MPTET Varg 1 Political Science Mock Test - 2 - MPTET MCQ

'उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति - इन अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द है- 'रिक्थ'

स्पष्टीकरण 

• अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य संबंधित बिंदु

कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द:-

• जिस पर मुकदमा चल रहा हो - अभियुक्त
• किसी एक में ही आस्था रखने वाला - अनन्य
• वह चीज जिसकी चाहत हो - इच्छित
• जिसके ऊपर किसी का उपकार हो - उपकृत
• जो इन्द्रियों से संबंधित हो - ऐन्द्रिय
• जिसकी बुद्धि बहुत तेज हो - कुशाग्र
• जिसका कुछ ही समय में नाश हो जाए - क्षणभंगुर
• जो दूसरों में केवल दोषों को ही खोजता हो - छिद्रान्वेषी

सही उत्तर है - 'स्थापत्यकला।'

• दिए गये विकल्पों में से 'स्थापत्यकला।' रिक्त स्थान के लिए सर्वश्रेष्ठ शब्द है।

संपूर्ण वाक्य - "ताजमहल स्थापत्यकला एक अदभूत नमूना है।"
स्पष्टीकरण
स्थापत्यकला का अर्थ है - भवन बनाने की कला
अन्य विकल्प -

• शिल्पकला - दस्तकारी का कौशल।
• चित्रकला - चित्र बनाने की कला।
• मूर्तिकला - मूर्ति बनाने की कला।

अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु
विकल्पों में दिए गये अन्य शब्दों का वाक्य प्रयोग:-

• भारत की शिल्पकला प्राचीन काल से ही उत्कृष्ट है।
• भवन में उत्कृष्ट चित्रकला के नमूने है।
• मंदिर की मूर्तिकला अतुल्य है।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से अपना उल्लू सीधा करना' मुहावरे का अर्थ - अपना काम निकालना।
वाक्य प्रयोग: अपना उल्लू सीधा करने के लिए लोग अपने मित्रों को भी धोखा देने से नहीं चूकते।
स्पष्टीकरण
मुहावरे की परिभाषा:
मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है।
इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।
अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु

The correct answer is Tigwa.

ExplanationTigwa -

• The Kankali Devi Temple is most notable and is a Gupta period temple.
• It is one of the oldest surviving Hindu temples.
• Ancient Kankali Devi Temple is in good condition and is usually dated to about 400-425 CE.
• The formative stages of Hindu temple architecture and the essential elements found in the north Indian style through the modern era.
• It has a sanctum and an open portico supported on four pillars.
• The sides of the portico were filled in with walls containing panels at a later period.
• The Kankali Devi Temple has reliefs showing Vishnu and is generally considered to have been dedicated to Vishnu of Vaishnavism.
• Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is placed inside the sanctum.
• The portico has an image of the Sheshashai Vishnu (Narayana).
• Another shows Varaha, the man-boar avatar of Vishnu.

Other Related Points

• ​Nachna-Kuthara -
  • Nachna Hindu temples, also referred to as Nachana temples or Hindu temples at Nachna-Kuthara, in Panna district, Madhya Pradesh.
  • India is some of the earliest surviving stone temples in central India along with those at Bhumara and Deogarh.
• Satna -
  • Bhumara Temple, sometimes called Bhumra, Bhubhara or Bharkuleswar, is a 5th or 6th-century Gupta era Hindu stone temple site dedicated to Shiva near Satna, in the Indian state Madhya Pradesh.
  • The temple has a square plan with a sanctum and Mandapa.
• Deogarh -
  • From the 6th century CE, Gupta temples were built on a platform and a good example is the Dashavatara temple at Deogarh in Madhya Pradesh.

Educational psychology is a branch of modern psychology that is concerned with the learning processes and psychological problems associated with the teaching and training of students. It is the scientific study of human behavior in the educational situation and concerned with the factors, principles, concepts, methods, and techniques which relates to the various aspect of learners' growth and development.

Important Points

Educational psychology has contributed considerably to the creation of a teaching-learning environment. It helps in the following ways:​

• Educational psychology has contributed considerably to the creation of the modern system of education.
• It has helped teachers and administrators to develop an impartial and democratic attitude towards learners and helps them into integrated personalities.
• It helps to know about the learner, in fostering the classroom environment, about individual differences,
• It helps to identify children with special needs, tackle classroom problems, skills & interest in teaching, effective methods of teaching, the influence of heredity & environment on the child, the mental health of the child, the procedure of curriculum-making, guidance & counseling, assessment & evaluation, in maintaining positive creative discipline, educational psychology & research, in facilitating context, socialization in classroom and professional growth, changing attitude and innovative thinking of teachers. Hence it helps in all-around development.

Hence, we can conclude that it helps in all-around development.

The correct answer is Article 49.Explanation

• Article 49 states that It Shall Be the Obligation of The State to Protect Every Monument or Place or Object of Artistic or Historic Interest. It is indicated under Liberal and Intellectual Principles of Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Directive Principles of State Policy are from Articles 36-51 of the Indian Constitution and taken from Irish Constitution.
• These are Non-Justiciable in nature i.e. if they are Violated they can't be questioned in court.

Other Related Points

The correct answer is 'Nagarpalika'.

Explanation

• All States have a uniform three-tier Panchayati Raj structure.
• Part IX of the Indian Constitution is related to the Panchayats.
• It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of Panchayat Raj Institutions:
  • the Gram Panchayats at the village level
  • the Mandal or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti at the block level and
  • the Zila Parishad at the district level.
• Panchayati Raj is the system of local self-government of villages in rural India as opposed to urban and suburban municipalities.
• Nagarpalika also known as a municipality, is an urban local body in India.
• So, Nagarpalika doesn't belong to the Panchayati Raj structure.

Confusion Points

• In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants, there are only two levels of PRIs. For example, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Goa, Lakshadweep, Manipur, Puducherry, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• West Bengal, on the other hand, adopted a four-tier Panchayati Raj structure.

The correct answer is Kofi Annan.

Explanation

• Kofi Annan, former General Secretary of the United Nations was awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
  • ​In 2001, the United Nations and its Secretary-General Kofi Annan were chosen to receive the prize “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”.
• Kofi Annan
  • He was from Kumasi, Ghana.
  • He was the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations.
  • He served from 1997 to 2006.
  • He was a constant advocate for human rights, the rule of law, and the Millennium Development Goals and Africa.
• Ban Ki Moon
  • ​He was the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations.
  • He held office from on 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016.
  • On 21 June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly for a second mandate.
  • He had sought to be a bridge-builder, to give voice to the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people, and to strengthen the Organization itself.
• Boutros Boutros Ghali
  • ​He became the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations on 1 January 1992.
  • He served till 1996.
  • At the time of his appointment by the General Assembly on 3 December 1991, he had been Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt.
• Trygve Lie
  • ​He served as Norwegian foreign minister during the critical years of the Norwegian government in exile in London from 1940 to 1945.
  • On 1 February 1946, he was elected the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.
  • He resigned as Secretary-General of the United Nations in November 1952.
• Present General Secretary of United Nations (as of Sep 2022)- António Guterres.

The correct answer is Pressure groups seek to exert influence on governmental policies.

Explanation

• A pressure group is a collection of individuals who have come together actively to advance and protect their shared interests. It is so named because it tries to influence the government in order to modify public policy. It serves as a point of contact for the government's citizens.
• The term "pressure groups" can also refer to interest or vested groups. They vary from political parties in that they don't run for office or strive to take over the government. They only work to influence the government in order to safeguard and advance the interests of their members.
• Significance of Pressure Groups Interest Articulation:
  • Pressure groups alert decision-makers to the demands and requirements of the populace. Interest articulation is the process by which the claims of the people become clear and expressed.
  • Agents of Political Socialization: Insofar as they have an impact on how individuals view politics, pressure organisations act as agents of political socialisation. These organisations are essential conduits for two-way communication between the populace and the government. Pressure groups are crucial to the legislative process because they actively persuade legislators to pass desired laws or make changes to existing laws and policies. They also serve as significant institutions for articulating interests.
  • Pressure groups and the government: Pressure groups are quite active in the administrative process.
  • Pressure organisations frequently have the ability to sway how policies are implemented through influencing the bureaucracy.
  • Pressure Groups attempt to exploit the court system to secure and protect their interests in their role in judicial administration.
  • Interest groups frequently approach the court to have their complaints against the government addressed as well as to have a specific action or policy declared unlawful.

Other Related Points

• The pressure organisations continue to be involved in the rule-making process from the time that various political parties are creating their election manifestos to the time when legislators are passing legislation.
• A major factor in the formation of public opinion is pressure organisations. Each pressure group regularly assesses all laws, regulations, judgments, and policies that have an impact on the interests it represents, whether directly or indirectly. It always lays out the advantages and disadvantages before its members as well as the wider public in order to gain support from the public and the government's attention.
• Pressure groups assist in enhancing the effectiveness of government. The sensible course of action in a free society is to consult with impacted parties before making decisions. By improving the quality of the decision-making process, it improves the effectiveness of government. The data and counsel offered by these organisations contribute to better laws and policies. The efficient operation of a liberal democracy depends on the presence of freely operating pressure groups.
• They provide an essential intermediary role between the state and society; they aid in the distribution of political power; and they offer significant counterbalances to the concentration of power. Pressure organisations help fresh topics and concerns get on the political agenda, promoting social advancement and averting social stagnation. the ecological and women's movements, as examples.
• Pressure groups act as a "safety valve," allowing for the expression of both individual and communal frustrations and demands. This increases social cohesiveness and political stability.
• By drawing attention to the terrible policies and wrongdoings of the government, pressure organisations support the work of opposition political parties. Thus, pressure organisations enhance the electorate's ability to hold decision-makers accountable.
• Pressure groups serve as an ad hoc source of information by aiding in public education, gathering data, and providing specialised information to decision-makers. Numerous groups participating constructively and actively in politics aid in balancing the interests of various groups and the public good.

The correct answer is 1950.

The Election Commission was set up on January 25, 1950.

Explanation

• According to Article 324 of the Constitution, the Election Commission shall have the authority to supervise, direct, and oversee elections for the Indian Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice President.
• The Indian President appoints the CEC, or Chief Election Commissioner.
• The independent Election Commission has a wide variety of powers, including:
  • From the announcement of elections until the declaration of results, the EC makes decisions about every aspect of the conduct and control of elections.
  • India's state election commissions are in charge of the following: holding state-wide elections for municipal corporations. conducting state-wide elections for municipal panchayats. Elections for local bodies use a model code of conduct.
• The Indian Constitution's Part XV addresses elections and creates a commission to handle these issues.
• On January 25, 1950, the Election Commission was constituted in conformity with the Constitution. The constitution's Articles 324 to 329 deal with the commission's and the member's authority, function, tenure, eligibility, etc.
• The Election Commissioner Amendment Act of 1989 changed the commission from being a single-member body to one with multiple members.
• One Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners make up the commission.
• Rajiv Kumar was recently appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner by the Indian President (25th CEC). New Delhi serves as the commission's secretariat.
• Election commissioners and the chief election commissioner are chosen by the president.
• Their set term is for six years, or until they reach 65 years old, whichever comes first.
• They have the same status as Supreme Court of India judges, and they receive the same pay and benefits.

The correct answer is Option 1: Freedom to profess, practice and propagate religion freely.

Important Points

• Articles 36-51 under Part-IV of the Indian Constitution deal with Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
• They are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution.
• Article 39A: Promote equal justice and free legal aid to the poor.
• Article 43: Secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers
• Article 48 A: To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.

Thus we can conclude that Freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion freely is not included in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Other Related PointsLimitations of Part IV of the Indian Constitution:

• No Legal Force: The DPSP are non-justiciable in nature i.e. they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation.
• Constitutional Conflict: DPSP leads to constitutional conflict between Centre and states, Centre and President, Chief Minister and governor.
• Conflict with Fundamental rights: They can be amended to implement the fundamental rights.
• Constitutional validity: A law cannot be struck down by courts for violating DPSP.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Explanation

• Globalization is the process of rapid integration of countries.
• This is happening through more significant foreign trade and foreign investment.
• MNCs are playing a significant role in the globalization process. More and more MNCs are looking for locations around the world that are cheap for their production.
• As a result, production is organized in complex ways. Technology, particularly IT, has played a big role in organizing production across countries.
• In addition, the liberalization of trade and investment has facilitated globalization by removing barriers to trade and investment.
• There is the transfer of technology, up-gradation of technology, and sharing of benefits
• Competition has increased and the quality of goods and services has improved.

Important Points

• While globalization has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education, and wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. Globalization has had differing effects on countries, though it has benefitted advanced industrialized countries this has come at the expense of low-income undeveloped countries.
• Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared better.

Unity of Command is another term for Hierarchy system.

Important Points

• Vertical work distinction is emphasised by unity of command, which is complimentary to hierarchy. It goes without saying that in these organisations, superiors give orders to subordinates.
• One of the fourteen Fayol principles for managing an organisation is unity of command. Fayol has proposed that an employee be held solely accountable to one master or supervisor and no one else in order to improve management and discipline.
• The fundamental reason for this is that mismanagement will result if an employee is forced to obey the commands of multiple masters.
• The phrase "unity of command" forbids disagreements within the administration. It indicates that management must be open and that any directives or orders given by the top executive must be considered final.

Thus we know that Unity of Command is another term for Hierarchy system.

The correct answer is the Parliament.

• Article 231 in The Constitution Of India is related to the establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

• This Article in its present form was not debated in the Constituent Assembly. It was substituted by the Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956.

• Not withstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or two or more States and a Union territory.

• At present, we have 25 high courts in the country, which includes 3 common high courts.
  • The states of Punjab and Haryana share a common High Court that is in Chandigarh.
  • The North-Eastern states (Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh) also share the same High Court in Guwahati.

Important Points

• Articles from 124 to 147 in Part V of the constitution deal with the organization, independence, jurisdiction, powers procedures of the Supreme Court.
• Article 52 to 78 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the Union Executive. The union executive consists of the president, the vice president, the prime minister, the council of ministers, and the Attorney General of India.
• Article 52 is related to the president of India.
• Article 75 is related to the Union Cabinet (Other provisions as to Ministers):
  • The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • The Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
  • The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.
  • A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.

The correct Option is Goodwill.

Important Points

1. According to Kant, the quality of activity in a conception of law is the will. The morality of our activities does not depend on the accomplishments we intend, because this is frequently outside of our control. But the motivation driving action is something we can control.
2. That is, we have the power to choose to be with one law over another. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate an action's morality in light of its motivation
3. For example: If Hari and Suman both carry out abeyance with the law, but Suman is prevented from completing it due to circumstances beyond her control, Suman is still deserving of recognition. They must be concisely and dered on equal moral ground in terms of the will behind their actions.
4. According to the good will is the only thing that is good without qualification. All other candidates- Courage, health, and wealth can all be used for ill purposes- and therefore cannot be intrinsically good.

Hence, Option Goodwill is the right answer.

Other Related Points

1. Happiness is not inherently good since, according to Kant, one must be has goodwill to even be deserving of happiness.
2. One might think thank having a good motivation is what makes an action good. Kant denies such ideas and notes that it is not the right sort of motive and argues that though we may succeed or not no result can ever be wholly positive.
3. Kant argues that moral values are good without qualification. Implying that virtues are incomplete without goodwill.

The correct answer is option 4.

Explanation

• The parliamentary system of government
  • The parliamentary system is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs while the presidential system is based on the doctrine of separation of powers between the two organs.
• The features of parliamentary government in India are:
  • Presence of nominal and real executives
  • Majority party rule
  • Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature. i.e., the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. So, option 4 is the correct answer.
  • Membership of the ministers in the legislature.

The correct answer is option 1.
Explanation

• Hence, option 1 i.e. A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II is the correct answer.

Sri Lanka:

• Sri Lanka was one of the first developing countries to successfully control the rate of growth of population, the first country in the South Asia region to liberalise the economy, and it has had the highest per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for many years right through the civil war.

Nepal:

• The king accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution in 1990, in the wake of a strong pro-democracy movement.
• However, democratic governments had a short and troubled career.
• During the nineties, the Maoists of Nepal were successful in spreading their influence in many parts of Nepal. They believed in armed insurrection against the monarch and the ruling elite.
• This led to a violent conflict between the Maoist guerrillas and the armed forces of the king.

Bhutan:

• Bhutan is still a monarchy but the king has initiated plans for its transition to multi-party democracy.

​Pakistan:

• After Pakistan framed its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected.
• During Yahya’s military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an independent country called Bangladesh.
• After this, an elected government under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977.
• The Bhutto government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.
• General Zia faced a pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards and and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto.
• Pakistan continues to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image.

The correct answer is Mandamus.

Explanation

Writs:

• Writs are the written orders issued by the Supreme Court of India to provide constitutional remedies protecting the fundamental rights of citizens from any violation.
• Article 32 (2): For the proper enforcement of the Fundamental Rights, it confers S.C. the power to issue writs.

Mandamus:

• Means We command.
• It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform the official duties that he has failed or refused to perform.
• It can also be issued against any public body, corporation, inferior court, tribunal, or government for the same purpose.
• It cannot be issued against a private individual.
• Locus Standi applies.​

Other Related Points

Habeas Corpus:

• Means to have the body of the person.
• To protect the fundamental right to liberty of an individual against unlawful detention.
• Locus Standi does not apply.
• Can be issued against the State or an individual.

​Certiorari:

• Means to be certified.
• Issued to a lower court directing the transfer of a case for review.
• Issued in case the higher court finds it a matter of over jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction.
• Locus standi applies.

Prohibition:

• Means to forbid.
• Issued by a higher court to a lower court to enforce inactivity in the jurisdiction.
• It can only be issued against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities.
• Locus standi applies.

​Quo Warranto:

• Means by what authority or warrant.
• It is issued against a person who claims a public office created by statute or under the Constitution.
• Locus Standi does not apply.

The correct answer is option 3.
Explanation

• Hence, A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Secularism.

Important Points

• In 1933, Montevideo Convention took place in Uruguay, it was this convention where the definition, functions, rights and elements of 'the State' were propounded.
• Afterward, these elements have become necessary to call an entity a State.
• The absence of any of these elements deprives the entity of being considered State.

These elements are:

• A group of human beings, i.e. population (Population)
• A territory upon which they permanently reside (Territory)
• Internal sovereignty and independence from foreign control (Sovereignty)
• A political organization or agency through which the collective will of the population is expressed, i.e. government (Government)

Therefore, secularism is one of the features of governing a State, not the element of the state.

Bretton woods Institutions include IMF and World Bank.Important Points

• The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are the Bretton Woods Institutions (IMF).
• They were established in July 1944 at a gathering of 43 nations in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the United States.
• Their objectives were to encourage global economic cooperation and aid in the postwar economy.
• According to the founders of the institution:
  • By coordinating the monetary policies of its members and preserving exchange stability, the IMF would provide a stable environment for global trade. It would be able to offer short-term financial support to nations having trouble with their balance of payments.
  • The World Bank, on the other hand, would help to increase countries' ability to trade by giving money to war-torn and underdeveloped nations for development and rehabilitation projects.

Therefore, Bretton woods Institutions include IMF and World Bank.

Realism emphasized ​on the role of the state, national interest, and power in world politics.

Explanation

• Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations (1948) aided in the development of a general realism theoretical framework.
• it was a fundamental articulation of the realism theory of international relations.
• This book was widely read by those Americans who established policy and worked on foreign relations during the Cold War.
• Hans J. Morgenthau in his book Politics Among Nations said that theory should be judged "not by some pre-occupied abstract principle or concept unrelated to reality. Its purpose is to bring order and meaning to a mass phenomenon".
• It means that the standard by which such a theory must be examined is empirical and pragmatic, rather than a priori and abstract.
• ​In other words, the theory must be judged not by some preconceived abstract principle or concept unrelated to reality, but by its goal of bringing order and meaning to a mass of occurrences that would otherwise be chaotic and incomprehensible.

Thus, Hans J. Morgenthau said that theories should be judged "not by some pre-occupied abstract principle or concept unrelated to reality. Its purpose is to bring order and meaning to a mass phenomenon".

Other Related Points

• Classical Realist Scholar: Arnold Wolfers, George F. Kennan, Robert Strausz-Hupé, Henry Kissinger, and theologian Reinhold Niebuhr.

The correct answer is Six percent.Explanation

Conditions for Recognition as a State Party

• A party is recognised as a state party in a state if any of the following conditions is fulfilled:
  • If it secures 6% of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the legislative assembly of the state concerned and in addition, it wins 2 seats in the assembly of the state concerned or
  • If it secures 6% of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the Lok Sabha from the state concerned and in addition, it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha from the state concerned or
  • If it wins 3% of seats in the legislative assembly at a general election to the legislative assembly of the state concerned or 3 seats in the assembly, whichever is more or
  • If it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to the state at a general election to the Lok Sabha from the state concerned or
  • If it secures 8% of the total valid votes polled in the state at a General Election to the Lok Sabha from the state or to the legislative assembly of the state. This condition was added in 2011.

Other Related Points Criteria for Political Party to be Recognised as National Party

• Obtain at least 6% of valid votes in elections to the Legislative Assembly or Lok Sabha in four or more states, and win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha from any state or state.
• Win at least three state seats or 2% of the total number of Lok Sabha seats in a general election.
• At least four states recognize the party as a state party.
• As per latest publication dated 23 September 2021 from Election Commission of India, the total number of parties registered was 2858, with 8 national parties, 54 state parties and 2796 unrecognised parties

The correct answer is 'Governor of the State'.
Explanation

• State Election Commissioner is appointed by the Governor of the State.
• Article 243K(1) states that the superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Panchayats (Municipalities under Article 243ZA) shall be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.

Hence, the correct answer is Governor of the State.
Other Related Points
Let's have a look at other options:

• General will, in political theory, a collectively held will that aims at the common good or common interest. The general will is central to the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and an important concept in modern republican thought.
• Rousseau distinguished the general will from the particular and often contradictory wills of individuals and groups.
• In the Social Contract (Book), Rousseau argued that freedom and authority are not contradictory, since legitimate laws are founded on the general will of the citizens. In obeying the law, the individual citizen is thus only obeying himself as a member of the political community.
• For Rousseau, the general will is not an abstract idea. It is instead the will actually be held by the people in their capacity as citizens.
• To partake in the general will means, for Rousseau, to reflect upon and to vote on the basis of one’s sense of justice. Individuals become conscious of their interests as citizens, according to Rousseau, and thus of the interest of the republic as a whole, not through spirited discussions but, on the contrary, by following their personal conscience in the “silence of the passions.”
• In this sense, the public assembly does not debate so much as disclose the general will of the people. Rousseau assumed that all people are capable of taking the moral standpoint of aiming at the common good and that, if they did so, they would reach a unanimous decision. Thus, in an ideal state, laws express the general will.
• While citizens may be wrong and deceived, according to Rousseau, they will aim at justice as long as they pursue the interest of the people rather than follow their interests as individuals or as members of different groups. Seen from this perspective, the individual who breaches the law is acting not only against the instituted government but also against that individual’s higher interest as a member of the political community.
• In a famous passage of The Social Contract, Rousseau argued that requiring such an individual to abide by the law is thus nothing else than “forcing him to be free.”

The correct answer is Mutual respect for each other territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.

Explanation

• Panchsheel Treaty
  • The Panchsheel Agreement, otherwise known as the Five Principles of Coexistence, are a set of principles to govern relations between states.
  • They were first codified during an agreement between Indian and China in 1954.
  • The 5 principles were emphasized by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Premier Zhou Enlai in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka after signing the Sino-Indian Agreement in Beijing.
  • The Five Principles of the Panchsheel Agreement are as follows:
    • Mutual respect’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
    • Mutual non-aggression
    • Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs,
    • Equality and mutual benefit
    • Peaceful co-existence
• ​​Hence, option 2 is correct.
  • The five principles were subsequently modified in a form of a statement of ten principles issued in April 1955 at the historic Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia.
  • The conference itself would lead to the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement which gave shape to the idea that the post-colonial nations had something to offer to the bipolar world of the Cold War.

The father of public administration is Woodrow Wilson because of his significant contributions to public administration as a science and a separate academic study, he was granted this designation.

Important Points

• The practice of administration is as old as civilization itself.
• However, over time, the societal requirements or the development of civilization have caused the system and method of public administration to evolve.
• However, the publication of Woodrow Wilson's article "The Study of Administration" in 1887 is credited with establishing this field as a legitimate field of study.
• The invention of the Politics-administration Dichotomy, a crucial theory that draws distinctions between politics and public administration, is Woodrow Wilson's other significant accomplishment.
  • He recommended using an electorate of "politicians" to draw a separate line between "administrators" and "elected authorities." Despite the fact that both operate in a democracy, they shouldn't combine their roles by enabling administrators to also hold political office.
  • Woodrow Wilson's political dichotomy distinguishes between elected politicians who are answerable to voters and administrators who are in charge of formulating sound policies that advance the common good.
  • In order to make objective decisions free from political egotism, bureaucrats should be politically apolitical.

Hence, Woodrow Wilson is known as the father of the discipline of Public Administration, because he emphasized need for a separate study of Public Administration.

The correct answer is 1 only

Explanation

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):
  • The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is the central recruiting agency in India.
  • It is an independent constitutional body in the sense that it has been directly created by the Constitution.
  • Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution contain elaborate provisions regarding the composition, appointment and removal of members along with the independence, powers and functions of the UPSC.
    Composition:
  • The UPSC consists of a chairman and other members appointed by the president of India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • The Constitution, without specifying the strength of the Commission has left the matter to the discretion of the president, who determines its composition. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
  • Usually, the Commission consists of nine to eleven members including the chairman.
  • Further, no qualifications are prescribed for the Commission’s membership except for that one-half of the members of the Commission should be such persons who have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the government of a state.
  • The Constitution also authorises the president to determine the conditions of service of the chairman and other members of the Commission.

The correct answer is Peter A. Phyrr.

Explanation

• In 1983, the Department of Science and Technology in India began implementing the ZBB principle.
  • ZBB was used by the Indian government as a method of calculating the expenditure budget in 1986.
  • Peter Phyrr created this method of budgeting, which was originally used at Texas Instruments in the 1960s.
• Zero-based budgeting is a technique for planning finances in which each spending for a brand-new period needs to be supported. No consideration of or reference to prior years was made during the zero-based budgeting process. With the budget proposal starting at zero, a full evaluation must be conducted.
• ZBB was used by the Indian government as a method of calculating the expenditure budget in 1986.
  • All ministries were required by the government to review their programmes and activities and to create expenditure estimates based on the ZBB concept.
  • The ZBB system was promoted in the seventh five-year plan.
• ZBB operates under the tenet that each project's or program's estimated spending must be reset to zero each year.
  • It means that every year, a cost-benefit analysis should be performed on each budget request.
  • In order to correct previous errors, ZBB never utilises quantities from the prior year.
  • Instead of functional departments, the emphasis is placed on programmes or activities.

Other Related Points

• Peter Pyhrr claims that zero-based budgeting is a concept rather than a specific technique or collection of documents that should be used consistently by all organisations.
• Each organisation must adhere to the following 4 steps of the ZBB approach, even though the specifics vary depending on the organisation:
  • Recognize "decision units" (DU). Different departments are typically regarded as decision-making units. The ability to implement many programmes or activities to fulfil a single goal need to be the primary criterion.
  • Analyze each decision unit in the idea of a "decision package." The decision package's format and content must give management the data it needs to assess each decision unit.
  • To create the appropriations request, evaluate and rank all of the decision packages.
  • Create precise operating budgets that take into account the decision packages that were approved for the budget appropriation.