MPTET Varg 1 History Mock Test - 3 - MPTET MCQ

'मेघ आए बड़े बन - ठन के सँवर के' काव्य पंक्ति में प्रयुक्त अलंकार है - 'मानवीकरण'

• (यहाँ पर बादल बड़े सज कर आये लेकिन ये सब क्रियाएं तो मनुष्य कि होती हैं न कि बादलों की।)

मानवीकरण:-

• जब प्राकृतिक वस्तुओं कैसे पेड़,पौधे बादल आदि में मानवीय भावनाओं का वर्णन हो यानी निर्जीव चीज़ों में सजीव होना दर्शाया जाए तब वहां मानवीकरण अलंकार आता है।

​उदाहरण -

• फूल हँसे कलियाँ मुसकाई।
• (यहाँ पर फूल हँस रहे हैं एवं कलियाँ मुस्कुरा रही हैं। हँसने एवं मुस्कुराने की क्रियाएं केवल मनुष्य ही कर सकते हैं प्राकृतिक चीज़ें नहीं।)

स्पष्टीकरण
मानवीकरण के अन्य उदाहरण:-

• उषा सुनहरे तीर बरसाती, जय लक्ष्मी-सी उदित हुई।
• कलियाँ दरवाज़े खोल खोल जब झुरमुट में मुस्काती हैं।
• सागर के उर पर नाच-नाच करती हैं लहरें मधुर गान।
• जगी वनस्पतियाँ अलसाई मुह धोया शीतल जल से।

महत्वपूर्णबिंदु
उपमा:-

• जब किन्ही दो वस्तुओं के गुण, आकृति, स्वभाव आदि में समानता दिखाई जाए
• या दो भिन्न वस्तुओं कि तुलना कि जाए, तब वहां उपमा अलंकर होता है।

उदाहरण -

• कर कमल-सा कोमल हैं। 
• यहाँ हाथ को कमल के सामान कोमल बताया गया है।) 

उत्प्रेक्षा:-

• जब समानता होने के कारण उपमेय में उपमान के होने कि कल्पना की जाए या संभावना हो तब वहां उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार होता है। 
• यदि पंक्ति में -मनु, जनु, जनहु, जानो, मनहुँ मानो, निश्चय, ईव, ज्यों आदि आता है।

उदाहरण -

• बहुत काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो।
• (यहाँ पर बहुत से काले पत्थर की ज़रा से लाल केसर से धुलने की कल्पना की गयी है। अतः यह उदाहरण उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार के अंतर्गत आएगा।)

"लक्ष्मी + छाया" का संधि-पद का सही उदाहरण होगा- 'व्यंजन संधि'

• लक्ष्मी + छाया = लक्ष्मीच्छाया (ई + छ = च्छ)
• (स्वर के बाद अगर छ् वर्ण आ जाए तो छ् से पहले च् वर्ण बढ़ा दिया जाता है।)

व्यंजन संधि:-

• जब संधि करते समय व्यंजन के साथ स्वर या कोई व्यंजन के मिलने से जो रूप में परिवर्तन होता है, उसे ही व्यंजन संधि कहते हैं।

उदाहरण-

• आ + छादन = आच्छादन
• संधि + छेद = संधिच्छेद

स्पष्टीकरण
व्यंजन संधि के अन्य उदाहरण:-

• उत् + नति = उन्नति
• सत् + जन = सज्जन
• सम् + योग = संयोग
• दिक् + अम्बर = दिगम्बर
• अभी + सेक = अभिषेक

महत्वपूर्णबिंदु
दीर्घ संधि:-

• जब दो शब्दों की संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (अ, आ) हो तो ‘आ‘ बनता है,
• जब (इ, ई) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो ‘ई‘ बनता है, जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो ‘ऊ‘ बनता है, तो उसे दीर्घ संधि कहते है।

उदाहरण-

• विद्या + अभ्यास = विद्याभ्यास (आ + अ = आ)
• कवि + ईश्वर = कवीश्वर (इ + ई = ई)
• वधु + उत्सव = वधूत्सव (उ + उ = ऊ)

विसर्ग:-

• जब संधि करते समय विसर्ग के बाद स्वर या व्यंजन वर्ण के आने से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) उत्पन्न होता है, हम उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं। 

उदाहरण-

• नि: + चल = निश्चल
• मनः + भाव = मनोभाव
• निः + गुण = निर्गुण
• अतः + एव = अतएव

यण संधि:-

• जब संधि करते समय (इ, ई) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘य‘ बन जाता है,
• जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘व‘ बन जाता है, जब (ऋ) के साथ कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो ‘र्‘ बनता है, तो उसे यण संधि कहते है। 

उदाहरण-

• अधि + अयन = अध्ययन (इ + अ = य)
• अनु + एषण = अन्वेषण (उ + ए = वे)
• मातृ + आज्ञा = मात्राज्ञा (ऋ + आ = र्)

The correct answer is 'a'.

Explanation

• The most appropriate article to fill in is 'a'. Article 'a' is an indefinite article.
• If the noun is modified by an adjective with a consonant sound, then the article 'a' will be used.
• The phrase 'a few' means not many, a small number of. It is used with plural countable nouns.
  • ​Example: There are a few books on the shelf.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Other Related Points

• Let's understand the meanings of the other articles:
  • An: It is an indefinite article. It is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound. It is also used with a singular count noun whose specific identity is not known to the reader.
  • The: It is a definite article. It is used with any noun(whether singular or plural, count or uncount) when the specific identity of the noun is known to the reader.

An achievement exam is a test of acquired skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is a standardized exam designed to assess skills and information acquired in a certain grade level, usually through organized teaching, such as training or classroom instruction.

ExplanationAn achievement test is a type of assessment that is used to determine a person's level of ability, accomplishment, or understanding in a certain field.

• Achievement tests are assessments that assist pupils to learn about the success or failure of the courses and abilities taught in school.
• The achievement test demonstrates the individual's ability to achieve.
• Achievement exams are distinct from aptitude tests in that they have a particular objective. An achievement exam is used to assess a person's ability, accomplishment, or understanding in a certain field.
• Teachers may use achievement exams to learn about their students' strengths and weaknesses in various areas and talents, allowing them to better prepare them for various contests.
• Achievement assessment test include things like spelling bees, timed math examinations, and map quizzes. Each assesses students' ability to demonstrate their understanding of a certain academic subject or skill. In schools, small-scale achievement exams like this are common.

As a result, the statement "The achievement test does not demonstrate the individual's ability to achieve." is incorrect regarding achievement test.

Other Related Points

• Questions on the accomplishment exam are meant to quantify the amount of achievement and assess a person's development. An achievement test is a type of assessment that is used to determine a person's level of ability, accomplishment, or knowledge in a certain field.
• An achievement exam is used to assess a person's ability, accomplishment, or understanding in a certain field. The achievement test reveals how far you've come. Achievement tests are vulnerable to variation according to culture, educational exposures, and experience, and they must be standardized for social factors. An accomplishment exam analyses a person's current performance to see how he or has learned over time and what he has learned.

Language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. The four basic language skills and their natural order are listening-speaking-reading-writing.

• Listening is the most important skill to promote active communication. It is the ability to accurately identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages for meaningful communication.

Explanation Type of Listening Skills:

Responsive Listening:

• Responsive listening falls under the category of reciprocal listening for it requires a response from the listener in order to continue with the communication. The listener has to pay attention to the speaker’s words in order to make an appropriate response.
• This requires a different mindset and can be practiced by creating situations where the students participate in a discussion or have a conversation.

Attentive Listening:

• It is a type of listening in which the listener has to pay close attention to what is being said and stop to ask questions, sum up what the speaker says in order to confirm if he/she has understood correctly or even ask the speaker to repeat what he or she said.
• A teacher can develop activities based on directions and instructions such as when students carry out an experiment, or a process following the instructions step by step.

Passive Listening:

• This kind of listening happens when our attention is partially divided like when children are doing their homework with the television turned on in the background, or when students are discussing in different groups within the classroom.
• There is a momentary ‘tuning out’ but there is enough consciousness to return to the activity on hand. In the classroom, the teacher’s voice alerts students to attention. This happens on many occasions in real life.

Hence, it is clear that detailed listening is not a type of listening.

The English captured Delhi in 1803.

Important Points

• The Battle of Delhi was fought on 11th September 1803.
• The British troops were under the leadership of General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia’s army were under General Louis Bourquin.
• The battle was fought at Patparganj across the Yamuna River.
• The British gained control of Delhi after defeating the Marathas in 1803. Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.
• British occupation of Delhi in 1803 brought him once again under British protection.
• Even though the British captured Delhi the capital of British India was at Calcutta.
• The Mughal emperor was allowed to continue living in the palace complex in the Red Fort.
• The modern city(present Delhi) developed only after 1911 when Delhi became the capital of British India.
• The period from 1830 to 1857 is referred to as the period of the Delhi renaissance.

The correct answer is Parmara dynasty

Explanation

• Raja Bhoj:
  • Raja Bhoj was a majestic king, he settled Bhojtal and Bhojpur town near Bhopal. Raja Bhoj was the ruler of Parmara dynasty.
  • His kingdom was centred around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital was Dhar-Nagara (modern Dhar).
  • His kingdom extended from Chittor in the north to Upper Konkan in the south and from the Sabarmati River in the west to Vidisha in the east.
  • The banquet is known as the patron of arts, literature and science.
  • He founded Bhoj Shala, a Sanskrit learning centre.
  • He has built a large number of Shiva temples of which the Bhojeshwar Temple (a city established by him) is the only surviving temple in Bhojpur.

Other Related Points

• The Chandela was popularly termed as Chandelas or Jejakabhukti dynasty in Indian history. Chandela dynasty ruled much of the Bundelkhand region of Central India for long periods approximately 500 years between the 9th and the 13th centuries AD.
• Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola Empire, the first feudatories of the Pallavas of Kanchi. He captured Tanjore in 850 AD. He established the temple of Goddess Nishumbhasudini (Durga) there.

The correct answer is Portuguese.Explanation​​Printing Press Comes to India:

• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century.
• Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.
• By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages.
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them.
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them translations of older works.

Other Related Points

• The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though the English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century.
• James Augustus Hickey launched the “Bengal Gazette” weekly magazine that described itself as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none’.
• The first Newspaper was published in Calcutta India.
• All the credit goes to England, who started the first newspaper in our country.
• On January 29, 1780, James Augustus Hickey launched the “Bengal Gazette”.
• It has another title “Calcutta Advertiser”.
• It was popularly known as “Hickey’s Gazette”.
• The “Calcutta Gazette,” “Bengal Journal” was also published at that time.
• All the newspapers were published only in the English language.
• By the close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print.
• There were Indians, too, who began to publish Indian newspapers.
  • The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun Roy.​

The correct answer is Lord Dufferin.
Explanation

• Lord Dufferin served as Governor-General of India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888.
• During his tenure, the Third Burmese war led to the annexation of the whole of Burma, and the Burmese ruler was exiled to India.
• In 1885, AO Hume laid the foundation of the Indian National Congress.
• In 1885, the Panjdeh Incident happened in which the Russian forces seized Afghan territory south of Amu Darya around the site of Panjdeh (now located in Turkmenistan).
• This created a diplomatic crisis between Russia and Great Britain.
• Indian National Congress was founded during his term in 1885, and he laid the foundations for the modern Indian Army by establishing the Imperial Service Corps, officered by Indians.

Other Related Points

Among the given options, the pair of 'Allahabad - Kunwar Singh' is not correctly matched.

Explanation

• Nana Saheb:
  • ​Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji Rao who lived near Kanpur, gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrison from the city.
  • He proclaimed himself Peshwa.
  • He declared that he was a governor under Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• Laxmibai:
  • ​In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai joined the rebel sepoys and fought against the Britishers.
  • Rani Laxmibai also called the Rani of Jhansi was a pivotal figure in the Indian Revolt of 1857.
• Tatya Tope:
  • ​Also known as Ramachandra Pandurang Tope, he was one of the most notable Indian freedom fighters and a general of Nana Saheb in the Revolt of 1857.
  • He collaborated with Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi to seize Gwalior.
• Kunwar Singh:
  • ​He was a local zamindar in Arrah in Bihar.

  • Kunwar Singh joined the rebel sepoys and battled with the British for many months.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that the pair of 'Allahabad - Kunwar Singh' is not correctly matched.

The correct answer is 1920.

Explanation

• Ratona Satyagraha (1920):
  • The movement against the slaughterhouse in a place called Ratauna near Sagar can be said to be the first movement of this region based on the principles of Non-Cooperation.
  • In those days, the British company had opened a slaughterhouse in Ratona.
  • A large number of cows and bulls were slaughtered every day.
  • A movement committee was formed to close the slaughterhouse.
  • This committee organized such an organized movement that the government had to bow down and the slaughterhouse was closed.
  • This was the first victory of the people of the province against the former British Indian government.

• Surasena Mahajanapada had Mathura as its capital.
• Its kingdom covered an area encompassing the modern day parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• The total 16 Mahajanapadas are - Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kamboja.

The correct answer is Calcutta.
Explanation​

• Swadeshi Movement Proclamation:
  • In August 1905, at Calcutta Townhall, a massive meeting was held and the formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made.
  • The message was propagated to boycott goods such as Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt.
  • After the partition came into force, widespread opposition was shown by the people of Bengal by singing Vande Mataram.
  • Rabindranath Tagore also composed Amar Sonar Bangla.
  • People tied Rakhis on each other’s hands as a symbol of unity of India.
  • In Poona and Bombay under Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  • In Punjab under Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh
  • In Delhi under Syed Haider Raza
  • In Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.

Other Related Points

• Swadeshi Movement
  • The movement had its roots in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose Lord Curzon’s decision of dividing the province of Bengal.
  • The Anti-Partition Campaign was launched by Moderates to exert pressure on the government to prevent the unjust partition of Bengal from being implemented.
  • In the 1906 Congress Session held at Calcutta, the INC under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji declared self-government or Swaraj as the goal of INC.
  • The Extremists (or the Garam Dal) gained a dominant influence over the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal after 1905 till 1908.
  • School and college students were the most active participants of the movement.
  • Traditionally home-centered women too took active part in the movement.
  • By 1908, the Swadeshi Movement was almost over in an open phase due to government’s violent repression.

The correct answer is Skanda gupta.
Explanation

• Skandagupta was a Gupta Emperor of north India.
  • Source: Bhitari pillar inscription
  • He restored the Gupta power by defeating his rebels or foreign invaders.
  • He repulsed an invasion by the Hunas.

Other Related Points

• Gupta Dynasty:
  • The founder of the Gupta dynasty was Sri Gupta.
    • He was succeeded by Ghatotkacha.
    • These two were called Maharajas.
  • The next ruler was Chandragupta I and he was the first to be called Maharajadhiraja.
  • Chandragupta, I was succeeded by Samudragupta in about 330 A.D., who reigned for about fifty years.
    • He was a great military genius and is said to have commanded a military campaign across the Deccan and subdued the forest tribes of the Vindhya region.
  • Samudragupta's successor Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, conquered the extensive territories of Malwa, Gujarat and Kathiawar.
  • Some famous events during the rule of Gupta Kings:
    • The famous Chinese traveler Fa Hien came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II.
    • Chandragupta II waged a war against the Saka satraps of western India.
    • Kumaragupta laid the foundation of Nalanda University.

The correct answer is Dridhaprahara.

• Yadavas of Devagiri were the descendants of the feudatory nobles of the Western Chalukyan (Chalukyas of Kalyani) Empire.
  • This dynasty was founded by Dridhaprahara.

Explanation

• Yadav dynasty:
  • A Jain mythological legend states that the Jain saint Jainaprabhasuri saved the pregnant mother of the dynasty's founder Dridhaprahara from a great fire that destroyed Dvaraka.
  • A family feudatory to the Yadavas migrated from Vallabhi (also in present-day Gujarat) to Khandesh.
  • But otherwise, no historical evidence corroborates their connection to Dvaraka.

Aparajita Varman was the last ruler of the Pallava dynasty.

Important Points

• The Pallavas emerged as a formidable power in the South around the 4th century AD and were at the height of their power in the seventh century AD.
• They built great cities, centres of learning, temples, and sculptures and influenced a large part of Southeast Asia in culture.
• Narasimhavarman I was considered the greatest Pallava king who defeated and killed Pulakesin II the ruler of Badami Chalukya and captured Badami and was titled “Vatapikonda”.
• He was also known as Mamallan (great wrestler) and Mamallapuram was named after him where he built the famous rath temples (Sapt Pagoda).
• Aparajita varman was the last ruler of the Pallava dynasty.

• He was defeated by Aditya chola towards the end of the 9th century with which began the cholas supremacy in south India.

Hence, we can conclude that Aparajita Varman was the last ruler of the Pallava dynasty.

The correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru.
Key Points
held in 1929

• The Indian National Congress's historic Lahore session, held in 1929, was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The Lahore session approved a resolution for "Poorna Swaraj."
• It was resolved during this meeting to launch a civil disobedience movement for total independence.
• In this meeting, it was also resolved to observe January 26 as "Independence Day."

Important Points

• In December 1885, the Indian National Congress was established in Bombay.
• A.O. Hume, a retired civil servant who had relocated to Shimla after retirement, founded the INC in 1885.
• The INC's inaugural meeting was scheduled to take place at Poona, but Bombay was chosen as the new location due to a plague outbreak there.
• W.C. Bonnerjee served as this session's first president. W.C. Bonnerjee was a well-known attorney.

Other Related Points

• During the middle of the 20th century, Jawaharlal Nehru played a significant role in India.
• In the 1930s and 1940s, Nehru played a key role as a nationalist leader in India.
• He was the prime minister of India for 17 years following its independence in 1947.
• During the 1950s, Nehru actively pushed parliamentary democracy, secularism, science, and technology, which had a significant impact on India's development into a modern nation. He guided India away from the two Cold War blocs in international affairs.

The correct answer is Brihadratha.

Explanation

• The last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BC by his commander in chief Pushyamitra Shunga.
  • Pushyamitra Shunga set up a kingdom in the north.
  • Pushyamitra Shunga established his own Sunga dynasty.​

Important Points

• The Mauryan dynasty lasted 137 years.
• Chandragupta dethroned the last Nanda ruler Dhanananda and occupied the Patliputra in 322 BC.
• Three important rulers of the Maurya dynasty were
  • Chandragupta.
  • Bindusara.
  • Ashoka.

Other Related Points

• Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son Bindusara.
  • Bindusara was known as Amitrochates.
• Dasharatha was a grandson of Ashoka.
• Devvarman was the successor of Shalishuka Maurya and reigned for a short period of seven years.

The correct answer is ​Kanailal Dutta.

Explanation

• Kanailal Dutta was arrested by the British as an accused in the Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case.
• He was a revolutionary in India's freedom struggle belonging to the Jugantar group.
• He was born in Chandannagar, West Bengal.

Other Related Points

• Alipore bomb case-
  • In 1908 a revolutionary conspiracy was to kill the Chief Presidency Magistrate D.H. Kingsford of Muzaffarpur.
  • The task was conspired by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki.
  • They threw the bombs on a vehicle coming out of the magistrate’s home on April 30, 1908.
  • The magistrate could not be killed as he was not in the vehicle, but two British ladies were killed in the attack.

Option 2 is correct, i.e. Gujarat.

• One of the most important cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Lothal, is situated in the Bhal region of modern-day Gujarat.
• In Indus valley civilization, Lothal was famous for its dockyard.
• According to the ASI(Archeological Survey of India), It had the world's earliest known dock, which connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra.

Extra facts:

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered.
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

The correct answer is Nizam Khan.

• The original name of the Sikandar Lodhi was Nizam Khan.
• Sikandar Lodhi (1489 to 1517) was a ruler of the Lodhi dynasty.
• He established Agra city in 1504.
• He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506.
• Jauna khan was the childhood name of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.
• Farid was the childhood name of Shershah Suri.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Explanation

• The Rig Vedic Aryans worshipped the natural forces like earth, fire, wind, rain and thunder.
• They personified these natural forces into many gods and worshipped them.
• Indra was the most important God of the Aryans and was lord of war.
• 250 hymns have been devoted to only Indra in Rigveda which is highest for any of the Gods.
• Indra is mentioned as son of Dyaus.
• He is considered as the rain God (responsible for causing rain).
• He is also called as Purandhara (breaker of forts), Maghavan (bounteous), and Vritrahanta (Slayer of Vritra, chaos).
• He killed a demon Vritra so he is known as Vritrahanta.

• He held the thunderbolt Vajra with which he destroyed the enemies.

The correct answer is Mohenjodaro.
Explanation

• Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) is located on the bank of the Indus river.
  • Discovered in Larkana District Of Sind by R. D Banerjee in 1922.
  • Mohenjodaro means "Mount of the dead”.
  • Also called an oasis of Sindh.
  • Significant features:-
    • G reat Bath (Largest Brick Work)
    • Great Granary (Largest Building)
    • Impressive drainage system
    • The bronze image of a dancing girl
    • Image of steatite bearded man
    • Piece of woven cotton
    • Seal of Pashupati.

Other Related Points

Arvind Ghosh was the first Principal of Bengal National College.

Important Points

• Bengal National College was set up on August 14th, 1906 as a part of the Swadeshi Movement.
• It was started with Sri Aurobindo Ghosh as the first principal of the College.
• It was included as part of the four-fold Programme of the new Nationalist Party of the Extremists.
• The boycott of foreign schools, colleges and goods as a part of the Swadeshi Movement was done to boycott the partition of Bengal announced by Lord Curzon.

• Aurobindo Ghosh was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as Vande Mataram.

The first Tirthankara according to Jaina tradition was Rishabha.

Explanation

• Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that originated around the 7th-5th century BCE.
• Tirthankara, also called Jina, means "victor". In Jainism, it is believed that the Tirthankara is a supreme being who has succeeded in conquering the cycle of death and rebirth and in the process made a path for others to follow.
• There are 24 Tirthankaras:

• The Trithankara's teachings form the basis of Jainism. It was the last Tirthankara, Mahavira, who formalized the philosophy of Jainism.

​Thus, the first Tirthankara, according to Jaina tradition was Rishabha.​

The correct answer is 618 AD.

• Chalukya king Pulakesin II had defeated Harshavardhan on the banks of River Narmada in 618 AD.
• Pulakeshin, who ruled from the Chalukyan capital of Badami, challenged Harsha’s conquests.
• The former had established himself as ‘lord paramount’ of the south, as Harsha had of the north.
• Unwilling to tolerate the existence of a powerful rival in the south, Harsha had marched from Kanauj with a huge force.
• Such was Pulakeshin’s efficiency in guarding the passes of the Narmada that Harsha was compelled to accept the river as the demarcation and retire from the field of battle after losing a major part of his elephant force.

Explanation

• The war of Pulakeshin took place between 630 and 634 AD.
• The first reason for this is that the battle of Vallavi could not take place before 630 AD and the Narmada war was the result of this, then this war has happened after 630 AD.
• Pulakeshin's article from Lohanara dated 634 AD mentions the defeated enemies by him, but Harsha's name is not there.
• But this battle is mentioned in the Aihole inscription of 634 AD.
• Researchers from the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI), which houses South Asia’s largest collection of manuscripts and rare texts, claim to have fixed the date of Emperor Harshavardhan’s defeat to the Chalukya King Pulakeshin II by decoding a copper plate.
• According to this copper plate the date of Pulakeshi’s great triumph over Harsha in a battle fought primarily with elephants, on the banks of the Narmada, can now be fixed at 618 AD.
• Therefore, it is more rational to assume the time of this war is 618 AD.

Hint

• Jharkhand Public Service Commission considered the correct answer of 618 AD.

The correct answer is 16, 606.

• At the age of 16-year, he ascended the throne of Thanesar in 606 AD.
• After Gupta’s decline, Harshavardhana became a ruler of Thanesar.
• Harshavardhana was born in 590 AD to King Prabhakaravardhana of Sthaneshvara i.e Thanesar, Haryana.
• He belonged to the Pushyabhuti dynasty also known as Vardhana dynasty.
• He was a Hindu by birth but later embraced Mahayana Buddhism.
• He was married to a wife named as Durgavati.
• Harshavardhana made Kannauj as his capital.
• He was the last great Hindu ruler of Northern India.
• There were two types of territories under Harsha.
• One was directly under him and the other one was those that were feudatories.
  • Direct territories: Central Provinces, Kalinga, Rajputana, Gujarat, Bengal
  • Feudatories: Jalandhar, Kashmir, Kamarupa, Sind, Nepal
• Hiuen Tsang visited India during Harsha’s reign.
• He wrote Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda.
• Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita which gives an account of Harsha’s life and deeds.

Ahmad Shah Durrani won the ‘third battle of Panipat’.

Explanation

• The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan.
• The Maratha power was on the rise in the 18th century and they had many regions under their control stretching from the Indus in the north to the southern parts of the subcontinent.
• Delhi was also under their control as the Mughal Emperor was only a nominal ruler.
• Ahmed Shah Durrani (also called Ahmed Shah Abdali) had established the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan in 1747.
• He also had Punjab and Sindh including Lahore under his control.
• The battle took place at Panipat (in Haryana) about 97 km from Delhi between the invading Afghan forces and the Maratha forces.
• The Afghans were led by their king Ahmed Shah Durrani, who got help from the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh.
• On the other hand, the Marathas failed to get the support of the Sikhs or the Jats or the Rajputs.

• The Marathas were heavily outnumbered and were defeated by Durrani’s forces.

Hence, we can conclude that Ahmad Shah Durrani won the ‘third battle of Panipat’.