MPTET Varg 2 Science Mock Test - 1 - MPTET MCQ

• Tracheophyta refers to all the vascular plants.
• They form a monophyletic subgroup of the land plants.
• These plants have specialized lignified and non-lignified tissues for the conduction of water, minerals and photosynthetic products.
• The conducting tissues are the xylem and phloem vessels.
• Tracheophyta includes:
  • Pteridophyta
  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm

Bryophyta - 

• Bryophytes are plants that can live in soil but depend on water for sexual reproduction.
• The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae.
• It is thallus-like, prostrate, or erect and attached to the substratum by rhizoids.
• They possess root-like, leaf-like, and stem-like structures.
• Bryophytes have embryos but lack vascular tissue.

The correct answer is A decrease in size.

Explanation:

Cation:

• Cation is defined as a positively charged which is formed when an element looses an electron.
• If the cation is formed then the size of the positively charged atom ( i.e. cation ) decreases because the number of electrons initially presented in the neutral atom gets decreased by one.
• Then, the force of attraction implying by the nucleus gets increased on the valence electrons ( i.e. the electrons in the outermost shell ) and thus holding the valence electrons tighter than before.
• If u remove one electron the cation gets +1 charge on it. If u further remove another electron, then the cation gets +2 charge and so on.
• However, the number of max. positive charge for an atom depends on the nature of particular element.
• For Example: All Alkali Metals easily lose 1 e- to form +1 cation While Alkaline Earth Metal easily loses 2e- to acquire +2 charge.

• Size of cation is lower than neutral atom because as a particular atom looses electron, no of proton become more than no of electron and attraction forces increases so radius decreases.

Concept:

• Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active cell division called meristems
• Plants have different kinds of meristems. The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and produce primary tissues are called apical meristems
• Root apical meristem occupies the tip of a root while the shoot apical meristem occupies the distant most region of the stem axis
• The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as intercalary meristem.
• Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary meristems because they appear early in the life of a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body
• The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots of many plants, particularly those that produce woody axis and appear later than primary meristem is called the secondary or lateral meristem

Explanation:

• Secondary meristems are cylindrical meristems. Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems. These are responsible for producing the secondary tissues
• Secondary or Lateral meristems are also responsible for the increase in girth of the plant because of their mitotic activity​

The correct answer is Calcium hydrogen carbonate.

Concept:

Chemical reaction:

• It is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products.
• A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products.

Double displacement reaction: 

• It is a chemical reaction in which two compounds react and exchange their ions forming new products. 
• This reaction often results in the formation of an insoluble compound called a precipitate. 
• Such reactions are represented by equations of the following form: A+B- + C+D- → A+D- + B-C+

​Explanation:

• When carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water or calcium hydroxide, double displacement takes place and a white precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed.
• The chemical equation for the above reaction is as follows: 
  • Ca(OH)₂(aq) + CO₂ (g) → CaCO₃(s) + H2O(l)
• The calcium carbonate formed is a precipitate and it is not soluble in water. It gives a milky appearance to the solution. 
• When an excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through the solution, the following reaction takes place: 
  •      CaCO₃(s) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g) → Ca(HCO₃)₂
• In the above chemical reaction, the product formed is calcium bicarbonate or calcium hydrogen carbonate which is soluble in water. ​

Concept:

• Excretion is the process of removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body of an organism.
• Excretion is performed by a specialized group of cells or organs called excretory organs.
• Different organisms have a different type of excretory organs
• Example: 1) Flatworms – Protonephridia & flame cells,  2) Earthworms – Nephridia,  3) Insects – Malpighian tubules,  4) crustaceans – green glands, 5) All chordates - Kidneys

Explanation:

• Flame cells are also known as Solenocytes are the excretory structures found in Platyhelminthes.
• They are meant for excretion and osmoregulation.
• The Solenocyte bears a Flagellum, which blows excretory products along the tubule.

Additional Information

• Digestive system: The process of conversion of complex food materials into the simple diffusible food by mechanical and biochemical process is called digestion and the system used for it is called the digestive system.
• Pulmonary system: It is also called the respiratory system, it involves the transport of gases in and out of the body. 
• Circulatory System: The system in the body by which blood and lymph are circulated

The correct answer is Methanoic acid

• Methanoic acid is found in ant sting. 
• It is also called Formic acid (HCOOH).

Key Points

• It is commonly used in processing textiles and leather. 
• Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin Formica, meaning “ant.” 
• It is made by the action of sulphuric acid upon sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide.

Additional Information

• Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline organic acid. It occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes, but also in bananas, tamarinds, and citrus. It is commonly known as the cream of tartar.
• Oxalic acid is also called ethanedioic acid. It is a colorless, crystalline, toxic organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids. Oxalic acid is widely used as an acid rinse in laundries. 
• Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is also called ethanoic acid. It is a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. 

 CONCEPT:

Explanation:

• When the eye lens becomes less elastic then it happens.
• When the Objects nearby appear to be blurred to a person then it is called Presbyopia.
• Due to presbyopia, the ciliary muscles of the eye lens becomes weak and the visual defect started. 
• So option 2 is correct.

• Non-metal oxides are usually acidic.
• It reacts with water to give a proton and the conjugate base of the oxyacid.
• Non-metal oxides dissolve in water to form acid.
• Eg. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 ie. Carboxylic acid
• Metal oxides are basic because they react with dilute acids to form salt and water.

The correct answer is It is a longitudinal wave.

• Ultraviolet light also called UV light has a wavelength between 10 and 400 nm which is shorter than visible light but it is larger than the X-rays.

Key Points

• It is a type of electromagnetic radiation which is present in sunlight.
• Ultraviolet light contributes to 10% of the total sunlight.
• Ultraviolet light can travel through a vacuum.
• Radio waves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays are examples of transverse waves. while sound waves and ultrasound waves are examples of longitudinal waves.
• In transverse waves, particles get dispersed in the perpendicular direction in which the waves travel while in longitudinal waves particles are displaced in the parallel direction in which the wave travels.

Additional Information

• Different Types of Wave
  • Wave: The continuous transfer of energy by vibrating the medium of propagation is called a wave.
  • Sound waves, light waves, waves formed due to stretched string are some examples of waves.
  • Longitudinal wave: The wave in which the particles in the medium vibrate in to and fro motion along the line of propagation of the wave is called a longitudinal wave.
  • Transverse wave: The wave in which the particles in the medium vibrates along the perpendicular axis of propagation of the wave is called a transverse wave.
  • Propagation of sound wave: Sound waves travels in the air or any medium by vibrating the air particles along the direction of its motion.

​

Laughing gas (N₂O) is the common name for the chemical compound Nitrous oxide.

• It is a colourless non-flammable gas at room temperature, with a faint metallic scent and taste.
• Nitrous oxide is a potent oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen at elevated temperatures. It is water-soluble.
• Nitrous oxide has important medical uses for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects, especially in surgery and dentistry.
• His colloquial term "laughing gas," invented by Humphry Davy, is due to the euphoric inhalation effects, a quality that has contributed to its therapeutic usage as a dissociative anaesthetic.

Correct option-1

Concept:-

Units

• It is nothing but the standard for measurement of a physical quantity.
• The measurement of the quantity is basically mentioned in two parts, the first part gives how many times the standard unit, and the second part gives the name of the unit.

For example-   Suppose we say that the time interval for the happening of two events is 10 Seconds. The numeric part 10 says that it is 10 times the unit of time and the second part second says that unit.

In physics, physical quantities are broadly classified into two categories-

1. Fundamental quantities

2. Derived quantities

1. The quantities that are independent of other quantities are called fundamental quantities and the units that are used to measure all the fundamental quantities are called fundamental units.

There are basically four systems of units namely - SI, C.G.S, F.P.S, and M.K.S

2. The quantities derived using the fundamental quantities are called derived quantities, and the units used to measure all the derived quantities are called derived units.

Calculation:-

Given-

The energy of the system, E = 2eV

Since the value of 1 electron-volt (eV) is-

So, 

Hence, option-1 is correct.

Important Point

Attitudes can be defined as ‘mental predispositions toward people, objects, subjects, events, and so on. The scientific attitude is indicated by certain tendencies or mental processes in a person, which includes- critical and logical thinking, curiosity, creativity and inventiveness, respect for evidence, open-mindedness, persistence, truthfulness, honesty in reporting observations, skepticism, perseverance, etc.
Key Points

• An open-minded person listens to others and is willing to change her/his mind if warranted. A scientific attitude demands that the person should be open-minded and flexible in her/his approach. The person is required to evaluate all observations, inferences, and explanations carefully; and then accept the ones which are consistent with the evidence and offer the best possible explanation of the phenomenon.
• The Spirit of curiosity refers to the urge and interest of the person to explore and experiment with new and different concepts in order to finalize something.
• The cause and effect relationship is nothing but the phenomenon which clearly presents the concept with proper evidence which should be a characteristic of a person with a scientific attitude.

​Hence it can be concluded that Belief in superstitions does not reflect the personality attribute of a person having a scientific attitude.

The correct answer is SA Node.

Key Points

SA Node is known as the 'Natural pacemaker of the heart'.

• The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles.
• SA node generates cardiac impulses whereas the AV node relays and intensifies cardiac impulses.
• The sino-atrial node (SA) is called the natural pacemaker of the heart.
• There are three types of muscles present in the human body.
  • Voluntary
  • involuntary
  • Cardiac
• A specialized cardiac musculature called the nodal tissue is also distributed in the heart.
• A patch of this tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the sino-atrial node (SAN).
• Another mass of this tissue is seen in the lower-left corner of the right atrium close to the atrioventricular septum called the atrioventricular node (AVN).
• The pacemaker is a device that is placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms.
• The radioactive element used in heart pacemakers is Plutonium.
• Plutonium-based pacemakers are larger and heavier but have a longer life expectancy.

Hydrogen and Sulphur are already balanced

Start with the balancing of oxygen

Oxygen on RHS = 3

Oxygen on LHS = 2

To get an integer number of moles, multiply the equation by 2

The correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

KeyPoints

• Carbon-di-oxide contains one atom of Carbon(C) and 2 atoms of Oxygen(O).
• It is used as a fire extinguisher as it is heavier than oxygen and hence acts as a covering cutting the supply of oxygen to the fire.
  • Objects need a constant supply of oxygen to burn, this process is called combustion.
• CO₂ is also used by plants during photosynthesis to make food.

Additional Information

• Neon is a noble gas.
  • ​Nobel gasses are the gasses that do not react with anything under normal circumstances.
  • Neon is used in signs and traffic lights as it produces a bright orange glow.
• Nitrogen comprises 78% of our atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the same.
  • ​It makes up a major component of fertilizers and is also used to make dyes and explosives.
  • Nitrogen is a non-metal and nitrogen gas is an odorless and tasteless gas.
• Carbon-mono-Oxide is a poisonous gas released due to incomplete combustion.
  • It has 1 Carbon atom and 1 Oxygen atom.
  • It is also a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas.
  • It is very dangerous as it mixes more easily with our blood than oxygen, hence inhaling even a considerable amount might lead to death.

The correct answer is inverted and diminished

CONCEPT:

Concave mirror: 

If the inner surface of the spherical mirror is the reflecting surface, then it is called a concave mirror. It is also called a focusing mirror/converging mirror.

• The size of the image produced by these mirrors can be larger or smaller than the object, depending upon the distance of the object from the mirror.
• The concave mirror can form both real as well as virtual images of any object.

EXPLANATION:

Characteristics of Image Formed:

Position: Beyond C
Size: Inverted and diminished
Nature: Real and inverted

The Correct Answer is Aphelion.

Key Points

• Aphelion
  • It is the point of Earth's orbit that is farthest from the Sun.
  • When the earth reaches aphelion, the sun appears slightly smaller in the sky at any other time of year.
  • The earth reaches aphelion only once a year.
  • It happens near of 4th of July.
• Perihelion
  • It is where the Earth is closest to the Sun (91.4 million miles, or 147 million kilometers).  
  • This occurs around January 3 every year.
  • The closest point to the Sun in a planet’s orbit is called perihelion.     

Additional Information

• Equinox
  • It refers to a day with an equal duration of day and night.
  • There are two equinoxes in a year:
  • The entire earth experiences equal day and equal night.
  • It occurs on the 21st of March and September 23rd.
• Solstice
  • ​It is the time of the year when the sun is farthest from the equatorial giving the long days or nights.
  • It happens twice a year
  • Summer Solstice ( June 21)
  • Winter Solstice( December 22)

Important Points

• The earth is at the largest distance from the sun (Aphelion point) on the 4th of July.
• The Earth is closest to the Sun at its Perihelion about 2 weeks after the December Solstice.
• The Earth is farthest from the Sun – at its Aphelion – about 2 weeks after the June Solstice.

The Nervous System:

• Human nervous system is the most complex and most developed of all living creatures.
• Though the nervous system functions as a whole, for the ease of study, we can divide it into many parts depending on its location or functions.
• Based on location, the nervous system can be divided into two parts: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• The central nervous system (CNS) is the center of all neural activity.
• It integrates all incoming sensory information, performs all kinds of cognitive activities, and issues motor commands to muscles and glands.
• The CNS comprises of the (a) brain and (b) spinal cord. 

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• The PNS is composed of all the neurons and nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
• The PNS is divided into Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
• The autonomic nervous system is further divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems.
• The PNS provides information to the CNS from sensory receptors (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) and relays back motor commands from the brain to the muscles and glands.

Science education cultivates students' curiosity about the world and enhances scientific thinking.

This will prepare students to participate in public discourse in science-related issues and enable them to become life-long learners in science and technology.

• The creation of process validity of the science curriculum requires that learners should be engaged in the process that leads to the generation of scientific knowledge.
  • Process Validity requires that the curriculum should engage the learner in acquiring the methods and processes that lead to the generation and validation of scientific knowledge and nurture the natural curiosity and creativity of the child in science.
• The main purpose of the science curriculum is to help children develop basic scientific ideas and understanding scientific theories.
• Students should be kept engaged in processes that can create new scientific thinking by eliminating their orthodox concoctions.
• Science should be taught as a subject that can arouse interest in scientific concepts such as analysis, exploration, testing, and conclusion by awakening scientific perspectives among children.
• Science should not be separated from social values at all and education should be done which will provide the children with scientific outlook as well as knowledge of social values and moral values.
• Learners should be familiarized with various natural processes so that students can develop their own understanding and thinking.

Hence, the criterion of process validity of the science curriculum requires that learners should be engaged in processes that lead to generation of scientific knowledge.

Concept:

Steps to Balance an Equation-.

• In general, to balance an equation, here are the things we need to do-
• Count the atoms of every element in the reactants and the products.
• Use coefficients; place them in front of the compounds as needed.
• this coefficient which is used to balance the no. of atoms on both sides is called the stoichiometric coefficient.
• In a balanced chemical reaction magnitude of the charge on both sides of the arrow, must be equal. So, to maintain net neutrality in the reaction medium.
• The steps are simple, but it is a process of trial and error.

​Explanation: 

In the given reaction:

Ca + Al3+ → Ca2+ + Al

The Magnitude of charge is not equal on both sides:

To do so we have to multiply Al³⁺ with 2 and Ca²⁺ with 3,

Ca + 2Al3+ → 3Ca2+ + Al

But now the number of atoms on both side are not the same, hence we have to multiply Ca by 3 and Al by 2 to balance no. of atoms on both the side

3Ca + 2Al3+ → 3Ca2+ + 2Al

thus, the stoichiometric coefficient of Ca is 3.

Additional Information

• According to the law of conservation of mass, when a chemical reaction occurs, the mass of the products should be equal to the mass of the reactants. 
• A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of the atoms involved on the reactants side is equal to the number of atoms on the products side

Explanation:

Artificial Selection or Selective breeding -

• It is a process in which humans identifies animals or plants having desirable phenotypic traits.
• These are then mated to obtain the progeny having the desired character.
• In other words, it is the process of selecting parents for obtaining special characters in their offspring.
• In this animals or plants with commercially useful traits are selected, the others are rejected.
• It is the first step in any genetic hybridization technique.
• Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes are examples of Artificial selection.

Artificial selection in animals -

• A mule can be obtained by crossing a male donkey and a female horse, it has the characters of both Donkey and Horse. A mule can carry heavyweights like a donkey and can walk long distances like a horse.

Artificial Selection in plants -

• Resistance to the yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from a wild species and resulted in a new variety of A. esculentus called Parbhani Kranti.

Additional Information

Mutation -

• Mutations are permanent irreversible inheritable changes i.e. they are carried forward in the next generation & cannot be reversed thus, mutations are referred to as the ultimate source of organic variation 

Natural selection -

• Natural selection was given by Charles Darwin, according to it those populations which are a better fit (reproductively fit) in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more.

The correct answer is Asthma.

• Asthma is not a bacterial disease.
• Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
• Asthma can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out, and shortness of breath.

Key Points

• Asthma signs and symptoms are:
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Chest tightness or pain.
  • Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children.
  • Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing.
  • Coughing or wheezing attacks are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu.
• Types of Asthma are:
  • Allergic asthma: Allergens trigger this common type of asthma.
  • Nonallergic asthma: Irritants in the air not related to allergies trigger this type of asthma.
  • Occupational asthma:  Occupational asthma is a type of asthma induced by triggers in the workplace.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Hemichordata.

• Balanoglossus is a burrowing and exclusively marine animal found in shallow waters.
• It belongs to Phylum Hemichordata.

Key Points

• Phylum consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals with the organ-system level of organisation.
• The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.
• The circulatory system is of open type and Respiration takes place through gills.
• Excretion takes place by a single glomerulus situated in the proboscis.
• Fertilisation is external and the Development is indirect.
• Common Examples are- Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.

The correct option is Carrier daughters and colour blind sons.

Concept:

• Colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder due to a defect in either red or green cone of the eye resulting in failure to discriminate between red and green colour.
• This defect is due to mutation in certain genes present in the X chromosome.
• It occurs in about 8 per cent of males and only about 0.4 per cent of females.
• This is because the genes that lead to red-green colour blindness are on the X chromosome.
• Males have only one X chromosome and females have two.

Explanation:

As colourblindness is an x-linked recessive disorder so - 

1. For a woman to be colour blind both the X chromosomes should carry the mutated gene, it can be represented as - X^cX^c.
2. For a man to be colour blind the only one x chromosome present must carry the mutated gene, it can be represented as - X^cY.
3. A woman having one normal X chromosome and the other carrying the mutated gene for colour blindness is called the carrier, it can be represented as - X^cX.​

Now according to the question if a colour blind woman is married to a man of normal vision. Their children will be - Carrier daughters and colour blind sons.

This can be explained as - 

The correct answer is Saturn​.

Key Points

• Saturn
  • It is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest planet in our solar system.
  • Like fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn is a massive ball made mostly of hydrogen and helium.

Mistake Point

• After the discovery of 62 more satellites, It has now 146 moons, which is maximum among all the planets in the Solar system. 

Additional Information

• Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
  • It is the fastest-rotating planet in the solar system.
  • The great red spot is seen in Jupiter.
  • Jupiter takes 12 earth years to make one revolution around the sun in the solar system.
  • Jupiter has 95  moons now.
• Mars
  • It is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System.
  • It is also a dynamic planet with seasons, polar ice caps, canyons, extinct volcanoes, etc.
  • Mars has two moons- Phobos and Deimos
• Venus
  • It is the second planet from the Sun.
  • Its thick atmosphere traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead.
  • Venus has no moons.

Important Points

Data : As of June 8, 2023, 

The correct answer is Algae.

• Kingdom Plantae includes brown, green, and red algae, mosses Ferns, and seeded plants with or without flowers.

Key Points

• They are multicellular organisms. They contain photosynthetic pigments in plastids and their main mode of nutrition is photosynthesis.
• The Plant Kingdom is classified into five subgroups namely Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
• Algae belong to the Thallophyta group and are mostly aquatic.
• They have chlorophyll and are phototropic.
• Other members of this group include fungi.
• Other examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, and Chara.

Additional Information

•  Bryophytes consist of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
• It consists of about 20,000 plant species.
• Pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds.
• Examples include Ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes.
• Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants. It includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.

Important Points

• Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom.
• It was first created by Von Seibold in 1845.
• Around two-thirds of all named species on earth comes under phylum arthropods.
• The body of arthropods is covered by a chitinous exoskeleton.
• Phylum Arthropoda has jointed appendages.
• Respiratory organs of arthropods are gills, book gills, book lungs, or tracheal system.
• The circulatory system in Arthropoda is of open type.
• Excretion in Arthropoda takes place through malpighian tubules.
• Examples of Phylum Arthropoda are:
  • Cockroach.
  • Prawn.
  • Crab.
  • Scorpion.
  • Centipede.
  • Housefly.
  • Ticks.
  • Mites.

Concept:

• Infectious agents are organisms that can cause disease or an infection in another organism like humans.
• Fungi, viruses, bacteria, and viroid are some examples of infectious agents.

Explanation:

• Virus - 
  • ​Viruses are acellular organisms that have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
  • The genetic material could be either a single or double-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA.
  • Viruses show the presence of a protein coat called capsid surrounding their genetic material.
  • Thus the body of a virus consists of just a strand of nucleic acid( genetic material) surrounded by a protein coat.
  • Viruses are non-living organisms that require a host body to duplicate.
  • Once inside a host cell, they take charge of the cellular machinery and duplicate themselves.
  • Viruses are pathogenic organisms that cause several diseases in living organisms including humans.
  • AIDS, mumps, chicken pox, etc. are some of the diseases caused by viruses.
• Viroid - 
  • ​Viroid is a type of infectious agent that can cause infection in only plants like a coconut tree.
  • Viroids have small single-stranded RNA as their genetic material without any protein coat.
  • Viroid replicates at the expense of the host plant it infects.
  • Due to the absence of a protein coat, viroid lacks attachment proteins and hence cannot identify and penetrate host cells.
  • Viroid can enter a host cell only if the membrane of the host cell is damaged.
  • Due to this viroid infect plant cells that are already damaged by other agents like insects.
• From the above-given information, the major difference between a virus and a viroid is the presence or absence of a protein coat.
• Viruses have a protein coat surrounding their genetic material whereas viroids do not have a protein coat.

So the correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

• Oxides are compounds formed by the reaction of metals, nonmetals with oxygen. The types of oxides are:
• Basic oxide: It is a complex chemical substance oxide, which forms a salt with the chemical reaction with acids or acidic oxides and does not react with bases or basic oxides.
• E.g. Copper oxide (Cu2O), Magnesium oxide (MgO)
• Acidic oxide: It is a complex chemical substance oxide, which forms a salt with the chemical reactions with bases or basic oxides and does not react with acidic oxides.
• E.g. Carbon dioxide (CO2), Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
• Amphoteric oxide: It is an oxide which forms a salt with chemical reactions with acids (or acid oxides) and with bases (or basic oxides).
• E.g. Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead, Aluminum, and Beryllium.

​Explanation:

• Li2O is a basic oxide. It hydrolyses to give a basic solution.
• ZnO is an amphoteric or neutral oxide.
• ZnO hydrolysis to give a neutral solution.
• SO₂ is an acidic oxide. It hydrolysis to give an acidic solution.

Hence, the amphoteric oxide is ZnO.

Disproportionation reaction

• A disproportionation reaction is a specific type of redox reaction in which a species is simultaneously reduced and oxidized to form two different products.
• The electronic configuration of Cl is 1s²,2s²,2p⁶,3s²,3p⁶,4s¹
• Cl can exhibit a maximum oxidation state of +7 and a minimum oxidation state of -1.
• The species with a +7 oxidation state cannot be further oxidized as there is no scope to lose more electrons and the species with a -1 oxidation state can not be reduced as it can not gain more electrons.
• In the given question, CIO- , , and   can exhibit a Disproportionation reaction which simultaneously oxidizes as well as reduce as in these species Cl is neither in -1 oxidation state nor in +7 oxidation state.
• ClO4-  cannot undergo oxidation as +7 is the maximum oxidation state exhibited by Chlorine. Hence option 4 is correct.

Concept:

• Baeyer's reagent is an alkaline solution of cold potassium permanganate, which is a powerful oxidant making this a redox reaction.
• It is used in organic chemistry as a qualitative test for the presence of unsaturation, such as double or triple bonds.
• Alkenes on reaction with a cold aqueous alkaline solution of potassium permanganate solution are oxidized to vicinal dihydroxy compounds called glycols.
• In glycols, two ^_OH groups are attached to two adjacent carbon atoms.
• The pink color of potassium permanganate gets discharged in this reaction due to the formation of MnO₂.
• This test is not given by alkanes.

Explanation:

• Ethylene on reaction with alkaline KMnO₄ is oxidized to Ethan-1,2-diol or Ethylene Glycol.
• The pink color of Bayer's reagent is discharged in the process.
• This is also proof of the presence of unsaturation in ethylene.
• The reaction is as follows:

Hence, the product formed when Ethylene reacts with alkaline KMnO4 is Glycol.

Additional Information

• Propene gives propylene glycol.
• Glycol on oxidation gives oxalic acid.