MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 2 - MPTET MCQ

Guidance refers to the act of:

• advising individuals in resolving their problems or difficulties related to every field.
• helping individuals, through their own efforts, to develop and discover their potentialities.
• assisting individuals to decide what he wants to do, or how he can best accomplish his goals.

There are three major types of guidance including educational, vocational, and personal guidance.

Key Points

The above-mentioned phenomenon is known as 'educational guidance' as it is a type of guidance which:

• helps students during their school life in solving academic problems.
• ensures the proper adjustment of the course of study as per students' abilities.
• enables students to choose their educational field and goals in the best possible way.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'educational guidance' is correct in the context of the question.

Additional Information

Evaluation is important because only through evaluation a teacher can judge the growth and development of students, the changes taking place in their behavior, the progress they are making in the class, and also the effectiveness of her/ his own teaching in the class.

Key Points

Evaluation is a systematic process of determining the extent to which educational objectives are achieved by pupils. School-based evaluation is the process of assessing students regularly by their teachers in the school.

Characteristics of school-based Evaluation:

• It has been done to bring about quality improvement in education which it does by providing feedback regarding pupil learning, classroom teaching, appropriacy of curriculum, and course content.
• It also helps bring about all-around development of the students' personality when it is used for developing their non-cognitive capacities. It sets the same task for all at the same time so that performance can be judged appropriately.

Thus, it is concluded that the characteristic of school-based Evaluation is setting the same task for all at the same time.

Hint

• Teachers get little or no feedback: It is not correct as teachers get feedback about their teaching process through evaluation.
• Teaching and learning improvements are less: It is also not correct as it is only an evaluation of learning which motivates the students to learn. If there is no evaluation in the classroom, perhaps the students would not study at all. It can also promote the accountability of the teachers. 

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

• E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, the propounder of "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that lead to development.

Important Points

According to Thorndike, a child should NOT be forced to learn. Before teaching a lesson, a teacher tries to create interest and curiosity in children by asking questions. He called this as the law of readiness as:

• It refers to the degree of eagerness and inquisitiveness to learn something new.
• It implies that if you are not ready to learn something, you cannot learn it effectively.
• It refers to the present cognitive level of students in the learning continuum.
• It emphasizes that specific or general ability won't be able to make learning effective till then the learners are eagerly, mentally, physically ready, and present to learn.

Key Points 

Other primary laws are: 

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Thorndike, a child should NOT be forced to learn. He called this as the law of readiness. Additional Information 

Thorndike's Supplementary law (also known as minor laws to education):

• Law of Multiple Responding: It refers to different types of responses often occurs initially to a stimulus, then reaching to the correct response.
• Law of Attitude, Disposition or States: It refers to the condition of a learner that influences learning.
• Law of Partial or Piecemeal Activity of a situation: It refers to the tendency to respond to particular elements or features of a stimulus situation rather than on the whole to improve the result.
• Law of Assimilation of response by Analogy: It is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past.
• Law of Associative Shifting: Successfully applying the same response until a new situation comes (For example to apply the same formula in similar questions).
• Law of Primacy: It refers to the idea that the first step matters the most.
• The law of recency: It is the tendency which refers to the idea that the most recent task matters the most
• Law of Intensity of Stimulus: The more strong the stimulus, the better the response.

Thus, the correct answer is option 3.

Emotions can also be termed as motivators of human behavior and as such behavior can be directed and activated by emotions as well. With regard to emotions, there are a number of triggers, For example, sadness can be triggered as a result of a number of triggers or needs like watching a sad movie, listening to a sad song, and so on. 

Key Points

Emotions can mainly be of two types, basic emotions, and self-conscious emotions.

• Basic emotions: Basic emotions are a set of emotions that commonly appear in all human beings. These are anger, disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and surprise. These emotions can be stated to be innate and are shared by all human beings. And though human beings can experience a broad range of emotions, researches on emotions have indicated that all the emotions are an outcome of combinations of certain basic emotions.
• Self-conscious emotions: Self-conscious emotions, on the other hand, are emotions that necessarily require a sense of self as well as an ability in order to reflect on one’s actions. Further, these emotions are a result of whether the expectation in terms of social norms and the rules are met or not. Examples of self-conscious emotions are embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame, and humiliation. The self-conscious emotions occur as a result of the extent to which an individual is able to meet his/ her own expectations, the expectations of others, or social norms.
• As it is evident through a change in behavior, Joy and pleasure, Self ascertain & Individual differences are all motivators of behavioral change in humans, hence are key identifiers of Human Emotions.
• Joy, pleasure and Individual differences may produce emotions that are basic such as a sense of anger due to an argument or happiness in joy and pleasure while emotions generated through self ascertain are self-conscious due to the emotions experienced such as guilt or pride.

Thus, it is concluded that the Emotions of a Person are identified through joy and pleasure,self-ascertain, and individual differences.

Counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognizing the root of the counsellee's problems to help them with proper guidance.

Key Points

• Community-based counselling involves groups of families having children with conduct disorders. It may also involve people who drop out of school and whose difficulties are likely to be more severe. 
• Home or community-based counselling may not benefit the child who has such problems in the school setting. 
• A common characteristic of Community-based counselling is that the professional develop close and personal bonds with his client.
• The counsellor needs to be professionally qualified and well-informed in his field and to understand how his work fits in with the work of others in the caring team; importantly, the counsellor should also be aware of how the physical,
  emotional, social and spiritual distress of his patients or clients influences him on a personal level as well as in discharging his professional responsibilities.

Additional Information

• The School-based counselling/School Counseling Program is comprehensive in scope, developmental in nature, proactive in design, and differentiated in order to address individual and societal needs.
• School-based counselling fosters an environment that encourages students to develop self-awareness, as well as understanding, tolerance and acceptance of others’ diverse qualities, backgrounds, beliefs and aptitudes.

Confusion Points

• It should be noted that if a child is a droop out (that is, he has left school in the middle) can not be helped by school-based counselling.

Hence, the above statement is about Community-based counselling.

Teaching aid is an important component of the teaching-learning process which helps the teacher to make the teaching of a specific lesson/unit interesting. The use of teaching aids in the teaching process makes the teaching-learning process more stimulating, more reinforcing, and more effective.

• It is also known as the TLM (Teaching-Learning Materials) which helps in enhancing the teaching and facilitates the learner as well.
• They are instructional materials which are helping in achieving desired learning objectives.

Key Points

• Manipulative tools are also a type of teaching-learning material that is specifically used by the students to internalize abstract mathematical concepts.
• The students used the manipulative tools by themselves to explore, investigate, and internalize the concepts to enhance their mathematical competency.
• These are the teaching tools or materials used to engage students in learning mathematics. 
• It is useful to provide a way for children to learn concepts through developmentally appropriate direct and hands-on experiences.
• The manipulative tools basically include all the physical objects and materials that are handled by the learners individually and that can influence the learning process in a better and more effective way.

Hence, manipulative tools are used to provide a way for children to learn concepts through developmentally appropriate hands-on experiences.

Given:

The ratio of angles of a triangle = 2 : 5 : 3

Concept:

The Sum of all three angles of a triangle is 180°.

Calculation:

Ratio of angles of a triangle = 2x : 5x : 3x

According to the question

2x + 5x + 3x = 180°

⇒ 10x = 180°

⇒ x = 18°

Smallest angle is = 2 × 18° = 36°

Class -I-level students are in a first-year school after kindergarten. They need to have a basic understanding of  Maths skills for learning Mathematics.

Key PointsMathematics is based on numbers and symbols.

• Using symbols for different numbers is a difficult concept for the students to understand at Class-1 level students as they quite get confused in recognizing symbols like =,+.-,x.
• They are not able to differentiate between the different symbols.

​Thus, it is concluded that Using symbols for different numbers concepts is very difficult for the students to understand at the class-I level.

Hint​  

Concepts that are easy to understand at class-I level students are counting of numbers and addition of numbers.

• Counting of numbers:- Counting of numbers is quite a basic concept for class- I level students. They need to know the counting before understanding the other concepts of numbers.
• Addition of numbers:-  Addition of numbers is also a basic concept after understanding counting. They can easily understand the concept of addition.

When a student is found to lag behind other students in the class we call that child a backward child. The child is unable to cope with routine work normally expected of his/her age group. The rate of learning is the basis for identifying slow learners. Backward children find it difficult to keep pace with the normal child in his school work. The backward child is also called a slow learner.

Important Points 

In the teaching of mathematics backward children are usually defined on the basis of Intelligence Quotient.

• Identify the backward children on the basis of observation of their characteristics, interaction styles, quality of the assignment, and participation project work.
• Administer intelligence test. 
• Identify the student for guidance purposes.
• Analyze the causes of learning difficulties.
• Plan cooperatively the approaches for removing the difficulties. Implement the approaches.
• Evaluate the approaches. 
• The score of a backward child is generally low.
• Teachers may carry out intelligence tests.

Key Points

Causes for backwardness: 

• Poor mental health
• Lack of interest or attention
• Irregular work habits.
• Change of school or the teacher
• Physically handicapped like poor eyesight, defect in hearing, etc. 

Hence, we can say that  In the teaching of mathematics backward children are usually defined on the basis of Intelligence Quotient.

  Additional Information-                             

Let us understand the other points mentioned in the options:

• Deformity: A deformity is a part of someone's body that is not of the normal shape because of some injury or weakness.
• Educational achievement: It is the extent to which a student or institution has achieved its goals.
• Diagnostic test score: It is a test that helps the teachers to identify the problems that the learners have. The main aim of this test is to determine the cause of the learning problem. It provides a picture of strengths and weaknesses.

Mathematics is the study of geometrical figures, their co-relation, and their dependency on each other. It deals with quantity, measurement, and spatial relationships.

• According to National Curriculum Framework-2005, the main goal of Mathematics education in school is the mathematization of the child’s thought process. ​

Key Points

Important aspects of teaching mathematics at primary level include:

• Mathematics teaching should focus on child’s enjoyment of learning as NCF-2005 states that mathematics should be taught in a way that children learn to enjoy mathematics rather than fear it.
• Mathematical operations should be taught in the context of practical activities related to the environment so that learners can understand the contribution of mathematics in daily life.
• ​In school, mathematics is the domain that formally addresses problem-solving as a skill. Posing and solving problems reflects the levels and quality of learning besides develop the ability of creativity in the children.
• Teaching mathematics should focuses mainly on developing the basic abilities of a child to do mathematics and to bring mathematization of thoughts not on developing rigour in calculations.

Hence, it is concluded that 'developing rigour in calculations' is the least important aspect of teaching of mathematics at primary level.

Mathematics is the study of geometrical figures, their co-relation, and their dependency on each other. It deals with quantity, measurement, and spatial relationships.

• Anxiety refers to a chronic condition caused by the feeling of stress, worry, uneasiness, nervousness, etc. It includes some tensed and worried thoughts coming into a person's mind which is visible through his physical behavior.

• Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable aim and may be viewed as the opposite of success. There are many cognitive, physical, intellectual, scholastical, emotional, and cultural causes for the failure of students.

Key Points

Major reasons of anxiety and failure in mathematics classroom includes:

• Emphasis on testing of procedural knowledge as assessment process emphasizes on testing of procedural knowledge than mathematization of abilities.
• Learning gap between word problems and numeral problems as most of the times numeral problems are not taught in context or by relating them to real-life.
• The strict nature of mathematics teacher enables anxiety as children nor feel comfortable with such teacher neither share their thought, ideas and problems.

Hint

Teaching fundamental mathematical skills by connecting concepts to learners' daily life is not a major reasons of anxiety and failure in mathematics classroom as it will help learners in:

• retaining information and concepts for a longer period.
• enhancing skills and a better understanding of the concept.
• nurturing their curiosity and interest in the learning process.
• gaining concrete experience by actively engaging with content.
• assimilating practical knowledge by applying theoretical knowledge.

Hence, it could be concluded that major reasons of anxiety and failure in mathematics classroom does not includes connecting concepts to learners' daily life.

The correct answer is Forests do not influence the climate and water cycle.

Explanation:

• Forests play many important ecological roles. From helping to mitigate climate change to providing homes for many species of plants and animals, providing food, medicine, and livelihoods for people around the globe, however, these essential ecological powerhouses are currently at risk.
• Rainforests are the world's oldest living ecosystems. An ecosystem is not just the plants, but also the birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, bacteria, and even the non-living elements like soil, water, and air.
• Rainforests produce, store, and filter water, protecting against soil erosion, floods, and drought.
• Rainforests influence the carbon cycle (green plants take up carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, a process during which oxygen is released into the air) and also have a profound effect on rainfall.

• Roots of the plants keep hold of the soil which protects the soil from erosion.

• Plants and forests are dependent on each other, as plants need animal dung to grow on the other hand animals survive on the food prepared by plants (photosynthesis).
• Forests play a crucial role in climate change and the water cycle as it provides fresh air to people.
• Fertile soil is very important for the forest to grow and regenerate.

So, 'Forests do not influence the climate and water cycle' is an incorrect statement.

The correct answer is water.

Key Points

• There are six specific components found in the human diet:
• (1) proteins, (2) carbohydrates, (3) fats or fats, (4) minerals, (5) vitamins, and (6) water.
• The bodies of animals and humans are also made of these substances.
• Their chemical analysis shows the same ingredients present in them.
• Therefore, these ingredients should be kept in proper quantity in the diet.

Additional Information

• Protein -
  • They are found especially in cereals and milk.
  • Proteins are converted into amino acids when they are digested.
• Carbohydrate -
  • This component is mainly obtained from plants. Sugar or sugars are pure carbohydrates.
  • Glucose, cellulose, maltose, and lactose are the same types of sugars.
• Fat -
  • Oil, ghee, butter, etc. are pure fats.
  • The function of fat is also to generate heat and energy in the body.

The correct option is Madhya Pradesh.

• Madhya Pradesh state has only diamond mine in the country.
• The diamond mine is in Panna district.
• A total reserve of 976.05 thousand carats has been estimated in the Panna district.
• The National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. is operating the only mechanized diamond mine at Majhgawan in the Panna district since 1958.
• It is now producing 81000 carats of diamond annually.

The correct answer is Deforestation.

• Deforestation is not related to conservation of land resources.

Key Points

• The felling and clearing of forest cover or tree plantations to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use is Deforestation.
• Deforestation can also be seen as removal of forests leading to several imbalances, both ecologically and environmentally.
• According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 (FRA 2020) report, the rate of forest loss has declined in the period of 1990-2020.
• The world’s total forest area is 4.06 billion hectares (bha), which is 31% of the total land area.

Additional Information

• The FRA is released by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
• Restriction on overgrazing is done to reduce Negative effects of grazing which include overgrazing, increased soil erosion, compaction and degradation, deforestation.
• Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds.
• Regulated use of fertilizer controls the movement of water and nutrients within the plant.

लेखक ने 'दूध का धुला न होना' मीडिया से सम्बन्धित लोगों को 

Key Points 

'दूध का धुला न होना' 

• मुहावरे का अर्थ है निर्दोष या निष्कलंक होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग: आज के समाज में कोई दूध का धुला नहीं है।

मीडिया 

• परिभाषा - समाचारपत्र लेखकों और पत्रकारों का समूह
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - मंत्री जी ने प्रेस वार्ता में अपनी ग़लती स्वीकार की ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - प्रेस
• लिंग - स्त्रीलिंग

सम्बन्धित

• परिभाषा - जिससे संबंध हो या हुआ हो
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - मुझे क्रिकेट के जुड़ी सभी बातें पसंद है। / मुझे व्याकरण संबंधित ग्रंथों का अभ्यास करना है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - जुड़ा , संबंधित
• विलोम शब्द - असंबंधित
• परिभाषा - चुनने का काम

चुनाव 

• वाक्य में प्रयोग - हम वस्तुओं का चुनाव अपनी रुचि के अनुसार करते हैं ।
• बहुवचन - चुनाव
• समानार्थी शब्द - चयन
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• संज्ञा के प्रकार - भाववाचक
• मूल शब्द - चुन
• प्रत्यय - आव
• गणनीयता - अगणनीय
• संधि - स्वर 

Additional Information

•  आँखें खुल जाना—वास्तविकता का ज्ञान होना, सीख मिलना।
• विवेक के अपहरण में उसके मित्र की संलिप्तता देखकर लोगों की आँखें खुल गईं कि अब किसी पर विश्वास करने का जमाना नहीं रह गया है।
• आँखें नीची होना-लज्जा से गड़ जाना, लज्जा का अनुभव करना।
• छेड़खानी के आरोप में बेटे को हवालात में बन्द देखकर पिता की आँखें नीची हो गईं।
•  आँखें चार होना/आँखें दो-चार होना-प्रेम होना।
• दुष्यन्त और शकुन्तला की आँखें चार होते ही उनके हृदय में प्रेम का उद्रेक हो गया।
•  आँख का तारा-अत्यन्त प्यारा।
• प्रत्येक सुपुत्र अपने माता-पिता की आँखों का तारा होता है।
• आँखों पर परदा पड़ना-विपत्ति की ओर ध्यान न जाना।
• कमला की आँखों पर तो परदा पड़ गया, जो उसने गुस्साई बहू को दुकान से मिट्टी का तेल लेने भेज दिया।
•  आँखों में धूल झोंकना-धोखा देना।
• राम बहुत समझदार है तो भी किसी व्यक्ति ने उसकी आँखों में धूल झोंककर उसे नकली नोट दे दिया।

सम्पूर्ण चुनाव प्रक्रिया को ही धता बता देते हैं।',इस कथन का भाव है। -उपहासात्मक

 Additional Information

उपहासात्मक

• परिभाषा-मज़ाक-भरा।
• उपहासात्मक का पर्यायवाची-मज़ाक-भरा , उपहास-भरा |

सकारात्मक

• परिभाषा - जिसमें स्वीकार या हाँ का भाव हो
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - शीला की नौकरी के लिए एक कार्यालय से सकारात्मक उत्तर आया है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - स्वीकारात्मक , पॉजिटिव , पाजिटिव
• विलोम शब्द - नकारात्मक
• मूल शब्द - सकार
• प्रत्यय - आत्मक
• संधि - स्वर

प्रतिक्रियात्मक 

• प्रतिक्रियात्मक अर्थ-प्रतिक्रिया से युक्त।
•  समानार्थी शब्द -प्रतिक्रिया संबंधी , प्रतिक्रिया से युक्त ,प्रतिक्रिया के फलस्वरूप किया जाने वाला ; प्रतिक्रियास्वरूप।

विश्लेषणात्मक

• समानार्थी शब्द -तत्वसंधान, जाँच, विवेचन, परीक्षण, छानबीन, अध्ययन, भेद, व्याकृति, अंतर, स्पष्टीकरण, प्रकार, व्याख्या
•  अर्थ-जो विश्लेषणवाली प्रक्रिया के अनुसार हो। 'आश्लेषात्मक' का विपर्याय।

गद्यांश से निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि -चुनाव पूर्व सर्वेक्षण एवं एक्जिट पोल प्रतिबन्धित हों 

Key Points

• भारत जैसे अल्पशिक्षित देश में इस प्रकार के सर्वेक्षण अनुचित हैं।
• देश की आम जनता पर मीडिया द्वारा किए जाने वाले चुनाव पूर्व सर्वेक्षण और चुनाव के तुरन्त पश्चात् किए जाने वाले एक्जिट पोल का भ्रामक प्रभाव पड़ता है।
• वह विजयी होती पार्टी की ओर झुक जाती है।
• आज भी सामान्य लोगों के बीच ये आम धारणा है कि हम अपना वोट खराब नहीं करेंगे, जीतने वाले प्रत्याशी को ही वोट देंगे। 

Additional Information 

निष्कर्ष 

• परिभाषा - किसी विचार या अनुभव का सबसे आवश्यक या सबसे महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - एक घंटे की कड़ी मेहनत के बाद ही हम इस लेख के निष्कर्ष तक पहुँच पाए ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - निचोड़ , सार , अनुगम , अनुगमन
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

निर्वाचन

• परिभाषा - किसी काम के लिए बहुतों में से एक या कुछ को प्रतिनिधि के रूप में चुनने की क्रिया
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - आगामी लोक सभा निर्वाचन की तैयारी शुरू हो गयी है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - चुनाव
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• संज्ञा के प्रकार - भाववाचक

सर्वेक्षण

• परिभाषा - पूरी जाँच पड़ताल के साथ निरीक्षण करके किसी निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचने की क्रिया
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - सर्वेक्षण से पता चला है कि कुछ वर्षों बाद भारत की जनसंख्या चीन से अधिक हो जाएगी ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - सर्वे
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• संज्ञा के प्रकार - भाववाचक

प्रभाव का विलोम: दुष्प्रभाव

Key Points

• ‘आविर्भाव’ का अर्थ ‘प्रकट होना’ होता है, ‘तिरोभाव’ का अर्थ ‘अदृश्य हो जाना, अदर्शन’ होता है।
• जब किसी शब्द का उल्टा या विपरीत अर्थ दिया जाता है, उस शब्द को विलोम शब्द कहते हैं।

पुजारिन में प्रत्यय शब्द इन हैं। जबकि इसमें मूल शब्द पुजारी हैं।

• पुजारी- पुलिंग 
• पुजारिन- स्त्री लिंग 

Key Points

• प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है।
• उपसर्ग शब्द के शुरू में जुड़ता है।

Important Points

कुछ महत्वपूर्ण प्रत्यय शब्द:- 

Additional Information

कुछ महत्वपूर्ण उपसर्ग शब्द:-  

एक विद्यार्थी द्वारा दो तरह से भाषा सीखी जा सकती है- भाषा अर्जन और भाषा अधिगम:

• भाषा अर्जन- भाषा अर्जन एक सहज एवं स्वाभाविक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें बच्चें घरेलू परिवेश में भाषा के नियमों को आसानी से आत्मसात् करते हैं, और बच्चे भाषा को सहज और स्वाभाविक रूप से सीखते हैं।
• भाषा अधिगम- अधिगम शब्द दो शब्द के मेल से बना है 'अधि' तथा 'गम'। यहाँ 'अधि' का अर्थ है 'भली प्रकार' तथा 'गम' का अर्थ है 'जानना' अर्थात किसी बात या विषय के समीप अच्छी तरह जाना और उसकी भली भांति जानकारी प्राप्त करना। भाषा अधिगम प्रयासपूर्ण होता है। यह मुख्य रूप से औपचारिक शिक्षण होता है।

Important Points

भाषा-अर्जन और भाषा-अधिगम में अंतर का आधार स्वाभाविकता, सहजता, और सांस्कृतिकता है क्योंकि: 

• भाषा अर्जन की प्रक्रिया एक सहज, स्वाभाविक, और अनौपचारिक प्रक्रिया है जो कक्षा में भाषा के अधिगम से भिन्न होती है।
• शिशु आने वातावरण में अन्तःक्रिया करके श्रवण तथा अनुकरण की प्रक्रिया द्वारा स्वभाविक रूप से अनायास ही भाषा को अपने व्यक्तित्व का अंश बना लेता है।
• वह अपने तात्कालिक और सांस्कृतिक परिवेश में बोले जाने वाली ध्वनियाँ तथा शब्दों एवं वाक्यों को ग्रहण करता है, और बोलने का प्रयत्न करता है ।
• उत्तरोत्तर, वह कुछ ध्वनियाँ, शब्द, एक्शाब्दिय, और द्विशाब्दीय अभिव्यक्ति/संप्रेषण का प्रयोग करता है और धीरे-धीरे छोटे सरल वाक्य बनाना सीखता है ।
• भाषा अधिगम और भाषा अर्जन दोनों ही प्रक्रिया में बच्चों के भाषा कुशलता का विकास होता है।

अतः यह निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि भाषा अर्जन और भाषा अधिगम में अंतर का आधार कुशलता नहीं है।

भाषा सीखने सिखाने में शिक्षक तथा छात्रों दोनों की समान रूप से भागीदारी होनी चाहिए। 2005 में एन सी एफ ने यह स्पष्ट कर दिया था कि, विद्यार्थियों की सीखने की क्रिया में उनकी भागीदारी, सीखने संबंधी सर्वोत्तम परिणाम पाने की कुंजी है। इन सब के अतिरिक्त सब छात्र समान रुप बुद्धिमान नहीं होते हैं। 

• सामाजिक अन्तः क्रिया - समाज में लोगों के साथ बातें करने और विचारों के आदान प्रदान करने से भाषा का सम्पूर्ण विकास होता है l इसलिए यह भाषा सीखने-सिखाने में सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है। इसमें बालक को अपने अनुभव से सीखने का अवसर मिलता है।
• दृश्य श्रव्य सामग्री - यह दिव्यांग और मंद बुद्धि बच्चों के लिए बहुत ही मददगार होता हैl वीडियो देख कर बच्चे किसी भी चीज को आसानी से समझ सकते हैं तथा इससे श्रवण शक्ति का विकास होता है l
• बाल साहित्य - पठन शक्ति और भाषा के शुद्ध प्रयोग करने की क्षमता का विकास होता हैl बालको में पठन संस्कृति का विकास करता है किन्तु बस उपलब्धता होना भर काफी नहीं है बालको को इन पुस्तको के चयन की तथा पड़ने की स्वतंत्रता होनी चाहिए।
• संज्ञानात्मक विकास - ज्ञानेन्द्रियों के माध्यम से हम जगत को जानने समझने की कोशिश करते हैं, उसे ही संज्ञान कहते हैं संज्ञान का अर्थ होता है जानना l संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत जीन पियाजे ने दिया थाl

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि उपरोक्त सभी बहुकक्षा की दृष्टि से सीखने-सीखाने की उचित सामग्री हैं।

अनुतान- वाक्य-रचना के क्रम में एक महत्वपूर्ण विचारणीय तत्व -अनुतान' (Tone) भी है। यह वाक्य में उपयोग होने वाला उचित उतार-चढ़ाव, जो वाक्य को अर्थपूर्ण बनाता है।

Important Points

• मुखर पठन शिक्षार्थी को उचित अनुतान और बल के साथ पठन का प्रशिक्षण देता है।
• अनुतान भाषा के संगीत-तत्व को दर्शाता है।
• प्रत्येक भाषा का अपना एक सांगितिक गुण होता है, उसे एक निश्चित लय में बोला जाता है।
• उच्चारण का संबंध स्वर, अक्षर या व्यंजन की ध्वनि से होता है। दूसरी ओर अनुतान अर्थ, अनुभूति और संवेग को अभिव्यक्त करता है। 
• किसी वाक्य में ध्वनि का उतार-चढ़ाव ही अनुतान को सूचित करता है।
• यही उतार-चढ़ाव किसी कथन को आदेश या अनुरोध अथवा एक सामान्य कथन बना देता है। अनुतान के कुछ उदाहरण हैं :
  • दरवाजा बंद था - सामान्य कथन
  • कृपया दरवाजा बंद कर दें - विनम्नता पूर्ण कथन
  • दरवाजा बंद कर दो - आदेश

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि अनुतान भाषा की संगीतात्मकता को इंगित करता है।

श्रुतलेख-

• श्रुतलेख का अर्थ 'सुने हुए को लिखना' या 'सुनकर लिखना' होता है जिसे 'इमला' भी कहते हैं, इससे सुनकर लिखने की कुशलता का विकास होता है।
• श्रुतलेख लेखन कौशल को विकसित करने का साधन है, परन्तु इसकी सहायता से श्रवण कौशल को भी विकसित किया जा सकता है।

Important Points

श्रुतलेखन अभ्यास विधि के प्रमुख उद्देश्य:

• छात्रों के श्रवण व लेखन में समन्वय करना।
• विद्यालयों में श्रुतलेखन का उपयोग वर्तनी सुधारने हेतु किया जाता है।
• लेखन की गति में वृध्दि करना।
• भाषा शुद्धता का विकास के लिए।
• नवीन शब्दो की जानकारी के लिए।
• शुद्ध लेखन क्षमता का विकास के लिए।
• श्रवण और लेखन कौशल में वृद्धि के लिए।

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि लिखने-सुनने की क्षमता व कौशल आकलन का महत्वपूर्ण तरीका श्रुतलेख है।

The correct answer is 'the demand for energy is very high'.

Key Points

• Let's have a look at the first line of the second paragraph of the passage:
  • ' The solar industry is developing steadily all over the world because of the high demand for energy while major energy source, fossil fuel, is limited and other sources are expensive.'
  • ​It can be concluded from the above line that the solar industry is developing steadily because the demand for energy is very high.
• ​Hence, the correct answer is 'the demand for energy is very high'.

Additional Information

• Let us discuss the MEANING of some words:

The correct answer is Sea-ice platform.

Key Points

• Look at the beginning lines of the passage: That amounted to about 15,000 to 24,000 adult breeding pairs. But in 2016, the sea-ice platform on which the colony was raising its babies collapsed during rough weather, throwing infant penguins unable to swim into the frigid water. 
• Thus, it can be concluded that emperor penguins breed i.e. produce offspring on Sea- ice platform.
• Hence, option 3 is the most appropriate answer choice.

The correct answer is At least some of the colony appears to have moved and not died.

Key Points

• Look at the line: The good news is that at least some of the colony appears to have moved, rather than died out. 
• Thus, it is true that at least some of the colony appears to have moved and not died.
• Hence. option 2 is the most appropriate answer choice.

Confusion Points

• You might think option 3 is the correct choice but look at this line from the passage:
  • The Dawson-Lambton Glacier colony 34 miles (55 kilometers) to the south has significantly swelled in numbers since the devastation of Halley Bay, the BAC reported. That colony, which had hit a low of just 1,280 pairs in the 2015 season, swelled in each succeeding year. In 2016, it reached 5,315 pairs.
  • Thus, it can be concluded that Dawson-Lambton Glacier colony and not Halley Bay colony reached 5315 pairs in 2016.

Speaking is the process of transmitting information from the source to the receiver. The form or method of transmission of information when occurs through verbal communication is known as speaking.

• Speaking skills are the skills that give us the ability to communicate effectively.
• Speaking skills also help to assure that one won't be misunderstood by those who are listening.
• This skill allows the speaker, to convey his message in a passionate, thoughtful, and convincing manner.

Key Points

• To state a story by a student  in various ways is most helpful in exercising speaking skills.
• Storytelling, the art of narrating a tale from memory rather than reading it is one of the oldest of all art forms, reaching back to prehistoric times. 
• Narrating stories provide a bridge between the oral language skills of early childhood and the more formal language of print.
• When the students state a story they will think creatively and use their minds to develop ideas.
• This can enhance their speaking skills as while stating a story they will speak after thinking by properly organizing their thoughts.

Thus, it is concluded that the students would state a story in various ways based on some points provided to the activity is the most helpful in exercising speaking skills.

Language acquisition is the process through which a child develops the full linguistic capabilities at least in one language that can be their dialect, mother tongue, or their rural language.

• It refers to the subconscious process of learning a native or second language because of the innate capacity of the human brain.
• It is a natural process whereby children acquire language by observing and repeating what they hear in their native environment.

Key Points

Children seem to pass through a series of fixed stages as they acquire a language. The stages of language acquisition are described below:

Two-word stage\Telegraphic speech:

• Two-word utterances also express the same kind of meaning as those of the one-word stage like duudh nahii, Khanna nahi (negation), duudh khatam (something finishes) and ball dedo (asking for something).
• This speech is also referred to as telegraphic speech as it very closely resembles telegraph messages which only have content words i.e. words like doodh, mummii, khaanaa, paapaa, maaraa, fone etc that carry meaning.
• At this stage, children’s utterances begin to resemble the structures of sentences in the languages used around them.
• New kinds of meanings begin to appear later in this stage– mummii khaanaa(mummy I want roti), didi maaraa(didi hit me), ghuumii jaana(I want to go out), paapaa fona(papa’s phone), duduu piinaa(I want milk).

Thus, it can be concluded that telegraphic speech is children using small groups of content words which comes in the two-word stage of language acquisition.

Additional Information

Teaching language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce spoken language for proper and effective interpersonal communication. The four basic language skills are listening-speaking-reading-writing.

• Listening is the most important skill to promote active communication. It is the ability to accurately Identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages for meaningful communication. Listening, being a significant part of the business of daily living, needs to be practiced extensively.
• Learners need to be prepared to handle situations in life even beyond the classroom and after leaving school where they might need to obtain information from radio or television, announcements, telephonic information, directions, or simply, as oral information from another person.

Key Points

A language teacher can develop listening skills by creating opportunities for them to listen to a variety of sources as listening helps to develop a person’s spoken competence which gets enriched with: 

• new vocabulary as listening exposes a person to the vocabulary in context.

• new grammatical structures when a speaker uses expressions that are new to the listener.
• new phonological patterns which enable the listener to learn the permissible combinations of sounds and the phonemic clusters as part of words in a particular language
• pragmatic information like deriving meaning from stress, tone, expression, and body language of the speaker, which is an indicator of the speaker’s meaning, intent, and purpose.

Hence, it could be concluded that a language teacher can develop listening skills by creating opportunities for them to listen to a variety of sources.