MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 4 - MPTET MCQ

Oral language is the system through which we use spoken words to express.
 Key PointsLanguage Development of Infants:

Up to 3 months

1. Listening & Attention
2. Startled by loud noises
3. Turns towards a familiar sound
4. Recognizes parent’s voice
5. Often calmed by a familiar friendly voice, e.g. parent’s
6. Speech Sounds & Talk
7. Frequently cries especially when uncomfortable - Makes vocal sounds, e.g. cooing, gurgling

3 - 6 months

1. Listening & Attention
2. Watches face when someone talks 
3. Understanding
4. Shows excitement at the sound of approaching voices
5. Speech Sounds & Talk
6. Makes vocal noises to get attention 
7. Makes sounds back when talked to
8. Laughs during play
9. Senses different emotions in parent’s voice and may respond differently, e.g. smile, quieten, laugh
10. Cries in different ways to express different needs

6 - 12 months

1. Listening & Attention
2. Locates sources of voice with accuracy 
3. Focuses on different sounds, e.g. doorbell, clock
4. Understanding
5. Stops and looks when hears their name
6. Understands simple instructions when supported by gestures and context
7. Speech Sounds & Talk 
8. Uses speech sounds (babbling) to communicate with adults; says sounds like ’ba-ba, no-no, go-go
9. Stops babbling when hears a familiar adult voice
10. Uses gestures such as waving and pointing to help communicate
11. Social Skills
12. Enjoys action rhymes and songs
13. Tries to copy adult speech and lip movements
14. Takes ‘ turns’ in conversation (using babble).   

So, from the above features, it is very clear that Voice speaking is one of the characteristics of oral language development among infants. Additional Information

• The age of the infants can be considered from birth to 1year,
• So, during this phase, it is not possible to talk in sentences.
• To say one or two-letter words is also not possible for the infants as they are too small to develop any language.

So, Voice speaking is one of the characteristics of oral language development among infants.

Forgetting is failure to retrieve information from long-term memory. In forgetting, some information does not reach short-term memory from the sensory register, or due to inadequate encoding and rehearsal, the information may not have been transferred from short-term to long-term memory.

Key Points

• Forgetting is a common part of daily life. It is a failure to recall and retain the information.
• We often fail to remember due to brain damage, resulting in loss of memory functions, called amnesia. 
• In fact, remembering and forgetting are both natural processes subject to a number of factors that operate in everybody’s life.
• The first systematic attempt to understand the nature of forgetting was made by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who memorized lists of nonsense syllables (CVC trigrams such as NOK or SEP etc.) and then measured the number of trials he took to relearn the same list at varying time intervals.

Thus, it is concluded that failing to retain or to be able to recall what has been acquired is Forgetting.

Hint

• Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time, depending upon the nature of the cognitive task you are required to perform. Memory is conceptualized as a process consisting of three independent, though interrelated stages. These are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Attention is the ability to focus or concentrate selectively on a selected stimulus, sustaining that focus and shifting it at will. 
• Imagination is an important part of human cognition. It is the ability to come up with mental images that are not present in real.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.

• There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human intelligence.

Key Points

• The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'. 
• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence which later on he increased to nine.
• Gardner said that intelligence is not a single entity, rather distinct types of intelligence exists.'

Gardner's theory emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.

Hence, it could be concluded that Gardner said that intelligence is not a single entity, rather distinct types of intelligence exists.

Additional Information

Refer to the diagram to know the category of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner: 

​ 

Children are divided into different categories based on their interests, behavior, nature, I.Q level, understandings, grasping abilities, etc.

Key Points 

Exceptional Children refer to deviated children as they are the ones:

• who deviate significantly from the normal children in respect to social, mental, physical, and emotional characteristics.

• who show deviations falling far above or extremely below from the average which limits their participation in normal activities.
• who may be gifted, talented, delinquent, backward, underachiever, and underprivileged learners who need special treatment.

Important Points 

Exceptional types of children include:

• Gifted children: It refers to the children who perform tasks extraordinarily when compared with others of their peer group. They are independent in their judgments as they possess advanced logical and creative thinking.
• Intelligent children: These categories of children have divergent thinking, curious in nature, and are able to find solutions for different problems on their own.
• Backward children: These are those children who are low in achieving academic skills. Backward learners not only lag behind other students in academics but in areas of social, emotional, and psychological well-being.
• Mentally Retarded children: The mentally retarded are those whose normal intellectual growth is arrested before birth, during the birth process, or in the early years of development.
• Physically handicapped learner: These categories of children can not participate in educational, social, and vocational activities on fairly equal terms with their peers due to physical disabilities.
• Disabled child: Disabled children are again divided into different groups based on types of disabilities. They can be learning, cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or some combination of these.

Hence, it could be concluded that Exceptional Children are the ones whose physical attributes and/or learning abilities differ from the normal.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It includes all the qualitative changes in an individual over a period of time by the process of learning and maturation.

• It is a wide and continuous process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

Key Points

Principles of development include:

Additional Information

The other principles of growth and development are given below: 

• Development is cumulative: The children will go through the same stages of development in the same order but not with the same speed because of the existence of individual differences. In the development of learning a language first the children will develop the listening skills and then the speaking skills. But some children will develop listening skills faster than others because of individual differences and only after that, they will acquire speaking skills in the same order as others. Hence, development is cumulative.
• Principle of continuity: It starts from the womb and continues till death. It is a continuous life-long process.
• Principle of individual differences: Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children with respect to their growth and development.
• Development proceeds from general to specific responses: The child's responses are of the general sort before they become specific. The general activity precedes the specific activity i.e., the Child moves his hands first randomly and then starts using his fingers specifically and takes complete control of his hand movements.
• Principle of interrelation: The growth and development in various dimensions like social, mental, physical, emotional, etc. are related to each other and interdependent. The growth and development in any one dimension affect the growth and development of the child in other dimensions as well.
• Development is predictable: By studying the present rate of growth and development of a child we can predict the range within which his mature development is going to fall.
• Principle of developmental direction: The development is cephalic caudal (in the direction of the longitudinal axis, head to foot) and as well as proximodistal (proceeds from the center to the periphery, inward to outward, control of large muscles first then smaller ones). The control over the finger comes after the control of arm and hand is an example of proximodistal tendency.
• Growth and development are a joint product of both heredity and environment: Both heredity and environment directly or indirectly influence the process of growth and development in any dimension at all times.

Hence, we can conclude that the principle of integration signifies the movement from whole to parts and from parts to the whole.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality.

• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is the ability to understand, express, and appreciate the human mind as a fundamental product.

Key Points

Open-ended questions in a test will be helpful in assessing the creativity of the learners as 'Open-ended' questions: 

• requires an answer with a proper explanation.
• promotes divergent thinking, creativity, and ingenuity.
• can't be answered in yes or no and discourages one-word answers.
• give chances to answer an unrestricted amount of conceivable responses.
• inspires the respondents to deliver the information containing their worries and ideas.

Hence, it could be concluded that Open-ended questions in a test will be helpful in assessing the creativity of the learners.

Additional Information

• Multiple choice/One-word question:
  • allow a learner to choose one answer from a limited list of possible answers.
  • require one-word answers thus minimising the subjective inference and judgment.
• True/False type of question:
  • These are used to check the factual knowledge of the students.
  • The students have to recognize and mark the statement as true or false based on their knowledge.

Learning disabilities are disorders that affect a person's ability to understand or respond to new information. Learning disabilities tend to cause problems with listening skills, language skills (including speaking, reading, or writing), mathematical operations, etc.

• Few learning disabilities in children: Dyscalculia (problems with mathematical operations), Dysgraphia (problems with handwriting), Information-processing disorders (inability to fully use sensory information), Language-related problems, etc.

Key Points​​Causes of learning disabilities:

• Heredity factors:  Problems during pregnancy/childbirth, or problems after childbirth, brain damage are heredity factors that led to learning disability.
• Physiological factors/Organic factors:
  • Brain injury, damaged central nervous system, genetic factors, and prenatal and postnatal problems also lead to learning disabilities.
  • Maternal health, diet, lifestyle, and postnatal factors like head injury, nutritional defects are potential causes of learning disability.
  • Maturational lag and neurological disturbances can also be factors that lead to a learning disability.

• Environmental factors: Unstimulating environment at home develops emotional and language deprivation. Language plays a crucial role in a child's environment, in his thinking as well as in learning other skills. Language deprivation and diversity complicate learning disabilities.

Thus, it is concluded that heredity, physiological and environmental factors are the causes of learning disability.

Questioning refers to the most effective strategy to arouse curiosity and makes the classroom ambiance interactive. It helps in keeping the student focused for longer times during a class. It also helps in developing the process of critical thinking.

Key Points

• Asking questions from the students is a great way to check if students are understanding the concept or not and also engages the students as they become aware they might be questioned about the topic.
• Effective questioning encourages them to reflect on things and ideas and leads them to participate in the discussion. 
• A teacher equipped with effective questioning skills can :
  • elicit desired information from students.
  • help the students to display/test their knowledge.
  • motivate students to participate in the teaching-learning process. 
  • enable students to apply their knowledge to a specific new situation.
  • enable students to analyze the problems related to the topic being taught.
  • help students to evaluate themselves and their understanding of the concepts.

Thus, it is concluded that a teacher asks questions during classroom teaching to students to check students' understanding of concepts.     

Calculation:    

1 kg = 1000 gm

⇒ 4700 gm = 4700/1000 = 4.7 kg

⇒ Difference = 9.75 kg - 4.7 kg = 5.05 kg

According to the question:   

⇒ The 1/5th of difference of 9.75 kg and 4700gm = 1/5 of 5.05 = 1.01 kg

∴ The 1/5th of the difference of 9.75 kg and 4700gm is 1.01 kg

The correct option is 3 i.e. 1.01 kg        

The aims are achievable through the realization of objectives that are narrow and specific. Teaching-learning of mathematics also takes account of well-defined objectives. Developing mathematical knowledge, understanding various mathematical terms, widening appreciation towards Mathematics, and expanding the skill of applying the acquired knowledge in everyday activities are some of them.

• Acquire knowledge of facts, concepts, theories, laws, principles, proofs of Mathematics;
• Develop the ability to communicate mathematical ideas with precision and accuracy; 
• Develop interest and positive attitude towards Mathematics 
• Apply mathematical knowledge to solve real-life problems;
• Develop the skill to use algorithms in problem-solving; to develop student judgment.
• Appreciate the contributions of mathematicians;
• Develop mastery of algebraic skills, drawing skills, deducing interpretations, finding patterns, making connections, analysing, organising data, reasoning, critical thinking, etc. 

It can be concluded that mathematical teaching not only aims to develop only mental to know calculation skills.

The correct answer is Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Carbon Monoxide is not a greenhouse gas.

Explanation:

Greenhouse Effect: Solar energy trapped by the earth's atmosphere and radiate it slowly so as to cover our earth with a warm blanket. This is the natural process of the greenhouse effect on earth to maintain its temperature and makes the earth perfect for life.

Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases are methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, CFCs, and ozone. 

Values of radiation absorbed by the greenhouse gases are as follow:

Values of radiation absorbed by the greenhouse gases are as follow:

The major greenhouse gases are From the above table, it is clear that carbon dioxide absorbs the maximum radiation in the earth’s atmosphere

• Water vapor - causes about 36% - 70% of the greenhouse effect
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) causes 9 - 26%
• Methane (CH4) causes 4 - 9%
• Ozone (O3)
• Nitrous Oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Important Points

• Global warming: If the amount of greenhouse gases crosses by delicate proportion, the natural greenhouse balance may get disturbed and there is a continuous rise in temperature of the earth by trapping the solar heat continuously. This creates the overall effect of Global warming.

Environmental studies include the study of the relationship of humans with other aspects affecting their life

• It also studies how humans can contribute positively to bring the desired changes in our environment.
• It gives emphasis on the development of scientific attitude so that students can develop their own concepts of environment.

Important Points 

The aspects involved in the study of Environmental Studies: 

All of the above-mentioned aspects are included in the scope of environmental studies.

The correct answer is ‘Forests and Livelihoods: Sustaining People and Planet'.

Key Points

• Every year 3 March is celebrated as World Wildlife Day commemorating the day of the signing of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1973.
• The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) celebrated the day every year to raise awareness about global wildlife and plants.
• The theme of World Wildlife Day 2021 — Forests and Livelihoods: Sustaining People and Planet.
• Significance:-
  • This year's theme is to highlight the role of forests, forest species, and ecosystem services in sustaining the livelihood of millions of people at a global level and especially of the indigenous and local communities that have been associated with the forest for the longest of times.

EVS at class IV level, have broad objectives. It will empower you to develop knowledge, ideas, values, and attitudes about the environment and world of the learners that make them aware to inculcate habits of being more environmentally sensitive and friendly. 

Key Points

Students should be sensitized towards wildlife conservation as it would develop their concern for the environment. Pledging not to buy animal-based products would be the best practice for sensitizing students towards wildlife conservation.

Approaches to make students sensitized towards wildlife conservation:

• Enabling them to know the importance and benefits of conserving animals. 
• Motivating them to conserve animals for the betterment of the environment.
• Making them learn to take care of the animal along with their own development.
• Different viewpoints to the same concern, based on different beliefs, priorities, culture and context, get generated. Children learn to respect and appreciate diversity
• Such learning processes develop divergent thinking, reflective thinking, listening abilities and inter-personnel skills among children
• Helps to bring real-life situations into the classroom
• Helps to inculcate positive inter-relationships
• To sensitize the students to the 'concept of protection of animals' a teacher should motivate each student to adopt and nurture one animal.
• Foster a reasoned and sensitive concern for the quality of the environment and the management of natural resources.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that this would help the students to co-relate classroom learning to real-life situations.

Concept:

• Air pollution is the presence of unwanted substances in the atmosphere.
• These are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
• An air pollutant is a substance that contributes to air pollution due to its physical, chemical or biological properties.
• There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases, particulates, and biological molecules.

​Explanation:

Sources of Air pollution:

• Burning of waste.
• Burning of fossil fuels.
• Vehicular exhaust.
• Non-sustainable agricultural practices.
• Factory emission.
• Emissions from power plants.
• Natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forests fire.

Effects of Air Pollution on human:

• People experience a wide range of health effects from being exposed to air pollution
• Short-term effects, which are temporary, include illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis.
• They also include discomforts such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin. 
• Long-term health effects from air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as asthma.​

Thus, the burning of garbage leads to air pollution. Air pollution can cause deadly diseases such as lung cancer and asthma.

Important Point:

• Cholera and Typhoid are caused due to polluted water.
• The burning of waste does not cause water pollution.

The correct answer is Diesel, Petrol, CNG.

Key Points

• Both petrol and diesel are derived from crude oil, a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons, petrol being lighter.
• Petrol has only carbon and hydrogen, and very few nitrogen atoms. It typically has chains of 9 carbon atoms while diesel mostly comprises chains of 14 carbon atoms.
• Because of long carbon chains, diesel packs more energy per unit volume compared to petrol.

Important Points

• Difference between CNG and LPG are -

पढ़ना उस प्रक्रिया का नाम है जिसमें पठन सामग्री से मिलने वाली जानकारी व पाठक के पूर्व-ज्ञान में निरन्तर एक संवाद चलता रहता है। पढ़ने की प्रक्रिया का विकास करने तथा उसे रूचिकर बनाये रखने के लिए शिक्षक रोचक सन्दर्भों का इस्तेमाल करता है। 

Important Points

• पढ़ना एक रचनात्मक गतिविधि है। कोई भी पाठ्य-सामग्री अपनी पूरी बात स्वयं नहीं समझा देती यानी पूरी बात उसी में निहित नहीं रहती।
• किसी भी पाठ्य-सामग्री को समझने के लिए पाठक पाठ्य-सामग्री के विषय के बारे में अपने पूर्व-ज्ञान का उपयोग करता है। 
• पढ़ना सही मायने में धाराप्रवाह होना चाहिए। धाराप्रवाह रूप से पढ़ने का आधार है शब्दों की पहचान। 
• हर पढ़ना सीखने वाले को उस ‘कोड’ को आत्मसात करना पड़ता है जिससे हिज्जों, शब्दों व अर्थों में सम्बन्ध स्थापित हो सके। 
• समझकर पढ़ने के कौशल में वही बच्चे आगे निकलते हैं जो प्रथम कक्षा में शब्दों को सही व तीव्रता से पहचानने लगते हैं।
• पाठकों में तीव्र गति से शब्दों को डीकोड करने की क्षमता होना आवश्यक है। 
• तभी वे इस प्रक्रिया का किसी भी पाठ्य-सामग्री के अर्थ निर्माण की प्रक्रिया के साथ तालमेल बिठा सकते हैं।
• कुशल पाठक मनगढ़न्त (अनुमानिक) शब्दों को पढ़ने में कोई गलती नहीं करते।
• कुशल व साधारण पाठकों को इस स्थिति में जो बात अलग करती है वह तीव्र गति है, न कि शुद्धता।
• कुशल पाठक अपरिचित शब्दों को उन नियमों के अनुसार नहीं पहचानते जिनसे हिज्जों व उच्चारण का सम्बन्ध नियमित होता है। उनकी पहचान वास्तव में अपरिचित शब्द की पहले से परिचित शब्दों के साथ अनुरूपता पर आधारित होती है। 
• एक-एक शब्द के सही उच्चारण पर ध्यान देने की विशेष आवश्यकता नहीं। 
• यह आवश्यक है कि डीकोडिंग की कुशलता इस हद तक विकसित हो जाए कि वह स्वचालित हो जाए। उस पर चेतन स्तर पर ध्यान देने की कोई आवश्यकता न रहे।
• पाठक का ध्यान पाठ्य-सामग्री के अर्थ पर केन्द्रित होना चाहिए। न कि यह समझने पर कि टुकड़े-टुकड़े करने पर एक-एक शब्द के क्या मायने होने चाहिए। 

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि 'पढना आना' के लिए शुद्धता एवं सटीकता प्रक्रिया सटीक है।

पठन अथवा पढ़ना भाषा के चार कौशलों में से एक है। यह एक सार्थक, उद्देश्यपूर्ण एवं चिंतन प्रधान प्रक्रिया है जिसमे भाषा की संरचना की समझ तथा पढ़े जा रहे पाठ के साथ विद्यार्थी के भावनात्मक सम्बन्ध स्वर अर्थ ग्रहण पर बल दिया जाता है।  

Key Points 

• जिसमे हित की भावना का निहित हो वही साहित्य है। साहित्य मनुष्य के भावो, विचारो, घटनाओ, अनुभवों की भाव सहित प्रस्तुति है। बाल साहित्य दो शब्दों से मिलकर बना है- बाल और साहित्य अर्थात वैसा साहित्य जो बालको के लिखा गया हो।
• प्राथमिक स्तर पर बच्चों की पठन क्षमता का विकास करने के लिए बच्चों को भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के बाल-साहित्य पढ़ने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है। बच्चों में भाषाई विकास के लिए साहित्यिक विधाओं जैसे कविता, कहानी, आदि को सबसे अधिक महत्त्व दिया जाता है।

Important Points 

उपरोक्त वर्णित स्थिति में शिक्षिका चाहती है क्योंकि बाल साहित्य:

• बच्चों में पठन संस्कृति का विकास करता है।
• बच्चो में भाषिक एवं संज्ञानात्मक कौशलों का विकास करता है।
• बच्चों में सृजनशीलता को रोचक तथा चित्रात्मक कहानियां द्वारा बढ़ाती है।
• बच्चों को बड़े, स्पष्ट तथा रंगीन चित्रों तथा पाठों के द्वारा पढ़ने की और उन्मुख करती है।
• बच्चों को उत्साही पाठक बनने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करती तथा उन्हें काल्पनिक दुनिया की सैर कराती है।

अतः, उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों से स्पष्ठ है कि भाषा शिक्षण के दौरान बालको को पढ़ने में कठिनाई आती है। पढ़ने में आने वाली कठिनाई को दूर करने के लिए शिक्षक को रोचक चित्रों से परिपूर्ण बाल साहित्य का उपयोग करना चाहिए।

भाषा के चार मुख्य कौशल सुनना, बोलना, पढ़ना तथा लिखना है। इन कौशलों के प्रयोग के द्वारा ही मानव अपने विचारों का सरलतापूर्वक आदान प्रदान करता है। भाषा से संबंधित इन चारो प्रक्रियाओं को प्रयोग करने की क्षमता ही भाषा कौशल कहलाती है।

• ये चारो कौशल एक दूसरे से अतःसंबंधित होते हैं तथा मानव में भाषाई विकास को विस्तार देते हैं।
• यहां सुनना और पढ़ना विचारों को ग्रहण करने से तथा बोलना और लिखना विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने से संबंधित है।

Important Points 

श्रवण कौशल के विकास का अर्थ है-

• किसी कथन को सुनकर उस पर चिंतन मनन करने योग्य बनना।
• कहीं गयी बात को समझने की क्षमता का विकास।
• वक्ता के भाव को समझने की क्षमता का विकास।
• वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त उक्तियों व मुहावरों का प्रसंगानुकूल भाव समझने की क्षमता का विकास।
• कथन से संबंधित उचित और सहज प्रतिक्रिया देने या निर्णय लेने योग्य बनाना।
• तर्किक क्षमता तथा चिंतन कौशल को भी सही दिशा देना

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि मौखिक भाषा के माध्यम से अभिव्यक्त भाव एवं विचारों को सुनकर समझना वास्तव में श्रवण है।

आँगनविहीन' शब्द में तत्पुरुष समास है।

Key Points

तत्पुरुष

• परिभाषा - वह समास जिसमें पहले पद में कर्ताकारक होता ही नहीं है और शेष कारकों की विभक्तियाँ लुप्त हो जाती हैं तथा अन्तिम पद का अर्थ प्रधान होता है।
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - जलचर शब्द तत्पुरुष का उदाहरण है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - तत्पुरुष समास।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग।

अव्ययीभाव

• परिभाषा - व्याकरण में, समास का वह प्रकार जिसमें अव्यय के साथ उत्तर पद समस्त होता है।
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - अतिकाल,अनुरूप आदि अव्ययीभाव के उदाहरण हैं ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - अव्ययीभाव समास।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग।

द्विगु

• परिभाषा - समास का एक भेद जिसका पहला पद संख्यावाचक होता है
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - द्विगु समास का एक उदाहरण चौराहा हो सकता है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - द्विगु समास
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

द्वंद्व

• परिभाषा - दो पुरुषों या दलों में होनेवाली बराबरी की लड़ाई
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - वहाँ द्वंद्वयुद्ध चल रहा है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - द्वंद्वयुद्ध , मल्लयुद्ध , परस्पर युद्ध
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

इंसान अपने आस-पास की दुनिया को देखता है, छूता है, सूँघता है, चखता है और सुनता है देखना, सुनना इत्यादि को हम इंद्रिय-संप्रेषण कह सकते हैं।

Key Points

• इंसान इन इंद्रिय-संप्रेषणों को अपनी स्मृति में रख सकता है।
• उस स्मृति को जागृत कर सकता है। विभिन्‍न स्मृतियों व इंद्रिय-संप्रेषणों में संबंध देख सकता है इन क्षमताओं व संप्रेषणों के आधार पर वह “विचार' बनाता है 'लाल', 'पीला' आदि रंगों के “विचार', 'चारपाई', 'पेड़' आदि वस्तुओं के 'विचार'।
• इन 'विचारों' को हम 'अवधारणाएँ' कह सकते हैं।
• इन अवधारणाओं में आपसी संबंध पहचानता है जैसे- 'भेड़', 'ऊन', 'कपड़ा', 'ठंड' में संबंध। 'आम', “गर्मी, 'मीठा', 'केरी', 'अचार' में संबंध।
• भाषा की इन अवधारणाओं के द्वारा ही हम विभिन्न विषयों जैसे- विज्ञान, गणित, समाजिक विज्ञान आदि की विषय वस्तु समझ पाते हैं। 
• इस प्रकार आपस में जुड़ी अवधारणाओं के समूह को हम 'अवधारणाओं की संरचना' कह सकते हैं।
• इस तरह इंसान अवधारणाओं की संरचनाएँ बना लेता है अब इन अवधारणा संरचनाओं के आधार पर वह अपने इंद्रिय-संप्रेषणों की व्याख्या करता है। 
• इंद्रिय-संप्रेषणों से होने वाली सीधी दैहिक अनुभूति को हम यहाँ अनुभव कहेंगे।
• समझ का आधार व्यक्ति के अपने अनुभव ही हो सकते हैं। क्योंकि मूल अवधारणाएँ सीधे अनुभवों से ही बन सकती हैं। जैसे
• बिना देखे 'लाल' की अवधारणा बना पाना संभव ही नहीं है अर्थात्‌ समझ का आधार अनुभव होते हैं। 

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि प्राथमिक कक्षा में भाषा कौशल के विकास के लिए अवधारणाओं को बनाने तथा उसकी व्याख्या करने के पर्याप्त अवसर होने चाहिए।

• अब से मैं एक भाषा को वाक्यों के एक सेट (परिमित या अनंत) होने पर विचार करूंगा, प्रत्येक परिधि लंबाई में और एक सीमित तत्वों के सेट से। नाॅम चौमस्की
• भाषा एक ऐसा व्यवहार है जो शरीर के अंगों का उपयोग करती है : मुखर तंत्र और मौखिक भाषा के लिए श्रवण प्रणाली; हाथनुमा उपकरण और साइन भाषा के लिए विजुअल सिस्टम। ऐसे शरीर के अंगों को उनके कार्य के लिए मस्तिष्क के अलावा किसी और के द्वारा नियंत्रित नहीं किया जाता है।” फ्रेड सीसी पेंग

Important Points

भाषा एक महत्वपूर्ण तंत्र है। भाषा हमारे रोजमर्रा के जीवन के हर पहलू और व्यवहार के लिए अपरिहार्य है। भाषा के कार्य व महत्व- 

• अपनी भावनाओं और आकाक्षाओं के बारे में लोगों को बताने के लिए भाषा का उपयोग करते हैं,
• भाषा में एक मित्रता, सांस्कृतिक रिश्ते और आर्थिक संबंधों को भी शामिल किया जाता है।
• बेंजामिन व्हार्फ ने भाषा के महत्त्व पर जोर दिया है कि “भाषा सोच और भावनाओं को आकार देती है, वास्तविकता की धारणा को निर्धारित करती है।" 
• जॉन स्टुअर्ट ने कहा है कि “भाषा मन की रोशनी है” इस प्रकार भाषा एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कारक है जो मानव सभ्यता को सुदृढ़ और निरंतर बना देती है।
• भाषा से व्यक्तिगत, सामाजिक और विद्वानों के स्तर पर बातचीत की सुविधा मिलती है।
• भाषा सामाजिक पहचान के मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले समुदाय के विचारों, धारणाओं, भावनाओं और मूल्यों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए एक वाहन है।
• साहित्य के छात्र भाषा को मानवीय अनुभवों की व्याख्या के साधन के रूप में रचनात्मक साधनों और दार्शनिकों के रूप में देखते हैं। 

• बोलने वाली भाषा की शिक्षा सांस्कृतिक सहानुभूति और सहभागिता की भावना को बढ़ाती है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि हमारे रोजमर्रा के जीवन में भाषा भावनाओं व इच्छाओं के बारे में दूसरों को बताने में काम आती है।

The teaching method is a way to put theory into practice. It generally describes the pedagogy of children, general principles, and management strategies that are to be used through the whole teaching-learning process.

• The teaching of English grammar must be done in a way so that it could reduce the errors and compel students to use English in their daily life and could give them confidence and satisfaction while using the grammar. 

Key Points

Thus, it is concluded that the inductive method of teaching English promotes divergent thinking among children.

Language plays an important and crucial role in the development of humans.  Languages have words to express the actions (or activities), objects, and customs where the language is being used. If an object or custom does not exist in a particular area, the language being used may not have words for such things. Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. In a child, language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning.

Key Points

Language Acquisition refers to developing competence in a language by using it in natural communicative situations as available while learning languages we hear in our homes and the neighborhood. 

• Children have an innate ability to acquire language. They acquire more than one language proficiently if it is present in their environment. Therefore, children do not learn language by just imitating adults.
• Children acquire language naturally between 2-14 years. This period is thus referred to as the critical period for acquiring language. After this period it is difficult to learn language so naturally and as a native speaker, particularly if our focus is on pronunciation. Grammar and vocabulary may be learned at any age if adequate exposure is available.
• Language acquisition does not require any formal instruction, children acquire the language without being Hence, we can conclude that developing competence in a language by using it in natural communicative situations is known as language acquisition.

Additional Information

• Language learning: It refers to developing competence in a language by learning its rules and vocabulary through explicit teaching in a classroom setting.
• Language Adaptation is the process by which a speech community is forced to adopt an active role in making its language suitable for changing function.
• Language Immersion: It is a method developed to teach people a second language

The correct answer is 'It increases the tension.'

Key Points

• The second paragraph of the passage says ''Adolescents are faced with the demands of their developmental tasks and that of a complex society. They need to acquire skills of adjustment to emerge into adulthood unaffected by these demands. If they lack these skills or if too many demands are made on them, they fail.''
• Hobbies bring a sense of fun and freedom to life that can help to minimize the impact of chronic stress.
• From the above sentences, we can say that hobby does not increase the tension or it helps in minimizing the tension.
  Hence, the only possible answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Stress is experienced by parents, students, and teachers.'

Key Points

• The first paragraph of the passage says ''Before examinations, many students are under tremendous stress. But it is not just the students who are stressed, teachers, and parents to face the same situation. Why do people get stressed?''
• Therefore, we can say that the second statement- Stress is experienced by parents, students and teachers is TRUE.
  Hence, the only possible answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'Underperformance.'

Key Points

• The fifth sentence of the sixth paragraph says ''Anxiety and fear hamper recall and result in a mental block during the examination.''
• From the above sentence, we can say that as per the passage, over anxiety and fear of failure lead to underperformance.
  Hence, the only possible answer is option 2.

The correct answer is '7 - 8 hours a day.'

Key Points

• The eighth sentence of the last paragraph of the passage says ''Seven to eight hours of sleep is necessary for optimal physical rest and brain functioning.''
• From the above sentence, we can say that sleeping for 7 - 8 hours a day helps the brain to function properly.
  Hence, the only possible answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'Sharing one's feelings with others.'

Key Points

• The fourth paragraph of the passage says ''Some of the reasons for an increase in stress levels are identity crisis, the need to make career-oriented decisions, teachers' and parents' attitudes, and peer pressure. The inability to communicate with parents also plays a major role.''
• From the above sentences, we can say that as per the passage, stress can be reduced by sharing one's feelings with others.
  Hence, the only possible answer is option 3.

Teaching language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce spoken language for proper and effective interpersonal communication. 

• The four basic language skills are listening-speaking-reading-writing. Language skills can be developed in the learners by providing them opportunities for active processing and using the language on their own.
• The teacher needs to function as an organizer and facilitate in the classroom and provide the learner's opportunities for language use. "Successful teachers are effective planners. Therefore, novice and experienced teachers alike must plan and plan well".