KVS PRT Mock Test - 9 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

The correct order will be:
I read an advertisement that said → posh, air-conditioned (P)→ fully furnished rooms (S)→ are available for (R)→ gentleman of taste.(Q)

As per the given above sentence is given in Passive Voice.
Use structure “To + subject( object ) + auxiliary + past participle”
To resign was his obligation.
Therefore ,required answer will be option B .

"मालिक नौकर से काम करवाता है।” वाक्य में प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया है।

• जिस क्रिया से ज्ञान हो कि कर्ता स्वयं कार्य को न करके किसी अन्य को कार्य करने की प्रेरणा देता है वह प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया कहलाती है।
• जैसे - माता पिता अपने बच्चो के कार्य करवाते है।

Hint

प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया के उदाहरण

• वह सबसे चालान भरवाता है.
• महेश बच्चों को रुलाता है.
• गीता बच्चों को हिंदी पढ़ाती है.
• सुरेश आज नौकर से गाड़ी धुलवाना।
• आज तुम विजय से चाय बनवाना।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्प

सरकारी शब्द के निर्माण में उपसर्ग का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है।
'सरकार + ई = सरकारी' इसमें किसी उपसर्ग का प्रयोग नही हुआ है।Key Points

• उपसर्ग - वे शब्द जो किसी अन्य शब्द के प्रारंभ में लगकर उसका अर्थ बदल देते है।
• उदाहरण - हम + दर्दी, खुश + बू, बद + नाम , अध् + खिला आदि।

Additional Information

Mistake Points

• खुशबू शब्द उर्दू उपसर्ग से निर्मित है

The math lab provides an opportunity for the students to discover mathematics through doing. Many of the activities present a problem or a challenge, with the possibility of generating further challenges and problems. Key PointsFeatures of a mathematics laboratory:

• A mathematics laboratory is a place where anybody can experiment and explore teaching and learning material. It is a place where one can find a collection of games, puzzles, etc.
• It is a space for learning mathematics through play way activities and discovery methods with the help of different types, of multi-sensory aids, objects, and community resources.
• The activities create interest among students or in anybody who wants to explore and test some of their ideas, and beliefs about mathematics.
• A mathematics laboratory is a place to enjoy mathematics through informal exploration. It is a place where anyone can generate problems and struggle to get an answer.
• It provides an opportunity for students to understand and internalize basic mathematical concepts through concrete objects and situations.

Hence option 1 is the correct one. Additional InformationOn the other hand, remaining all options are wrong as they don't indicate and point toward the true need and purpose of the math laboratories in the schools.

Learning is a process by which behaviour is either modified or changed through experience or training. Learning is thus a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a function of reinforced practice.

Key Points

Teacher-related factors affecting learning:

• Teacher's Knowledge over the subject matter: Teachers who are firmly rooted in their subject knowledge make clearer presentations and recognize students' difficulties readily. He/she should be able to undertake application-oriented teaching as well. 
• The leadership style adopted by the teacher in terms of whether it is authoritarian, democratic, benevolent, or indifferent greatly influences how the students will respond and involve themselves in the learning tasks.
• The relationship which teachers have with their students also sets the tone and climate of the classroom.
• The evaluative comments that teachers make either verbally or in writing also have a great bearing on students learning. They have the power to motivate and encourage or stifle and discourage. 
• Apart from expectations, there are many other characteristics related to teachers that influence their learners and the teaching-learning process. The most significant among these are modeling, enthusiasm, caring, and positive expectations.
• Research indicates that teachers who present information enthusiastically, increase learners' self-efficacy, attributions of effort and ability, self-confidence, and achievement.
• The caring attitude of a teacher and how he/she communicates it is another important factor, Caring refers to a teacher's ability to emphasize and invest in the protection and development of her learners. 

Additional Information

• Learner related:

1. Maturation (Readiness to learn)
2. Motivation
3. Self-concept
4. Goals

• Teacher Related

1. Teacher's Personality
2. Mastery over the subject-matter
3. Communication
4. Leadership style of teacher
5. Interpersonal relationships of the teacher with the learners.
6. Teaching styles

• Task Related 

1. Methods used
2. Nature of Task
3. Teaching aids used
4. Structure of the discipline 

• Environment Related 

1. Physical environment (climate/comfort)
2. The socio-emotional climate of the class 

Hint

• Proper seating arrangement, Availability of teaching-learning resources, Nature of the content or learning experiences are the classroom related factors affecting learning.

From the above, we can conclude that mastery over the subject-matter is a teacher-related factor affecting learning.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects. It takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and others.

Key Points

Characteristics of development:

• Development of children is influenced by their social context: Socio-cultural context emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in the process of child development. It focuses that a child’s thinking does not develop in a vacuum but rather is influenced by the sociocultural context in which s/he grows up.
• Development involves change: The human being is never static. From the moment of conception to the time of death, the person is undergoing changes. The major changes include changes in size and proportions, acquisition of new mental, motor, and behavioral skills. 
• Development is predictable: Because the rate of development is constant for a child, it is possible to predict certain development outcomes at an early age. The X-ray of the wrist will predict the approximate height of the child.

Thus, it is concluded that the development of children is influenced by their social context statement is correct with respect to the development of children.

Hint

• Development is a smooth and continuous process for all children: The process of development is continuous starting from conception through birth to lifelong, i.e., from womb to tomb but it is not smooth as it has to pass through different stages.
• ​Domains of development are distinct and unrelated from one another:- It is not a correct statement with respect to the development of children. There are different domains of development. All domains of development, i.e. physical, mental, social, and emotional, are related to each other. E.g. a child, who is physically healthy is likely to have superior sociability and emotional stability. The child develops as a unified whole. Each area of development is dependent on the other and thus influences the other developments.
• Different theories of child development agree on the same ideas regarding the development of children: It is also not a correct statement as the development theories like socio-cultural theory, cognitive theory, Psychosexual stage theory are different and idea regarding child development is also different.

Adolescence is the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood that occurs between ages 11 and 19. It is a stressful period of life characterized by discernible physical, mental, emotional, social, and, behavioral changes.

Key PointsThe development changes in adolescents include :

• Accepting physical changes: Rapid and dramatic physical development and growth mark adolescence, including the development of sexual characteristics. This age is marked by a rapid growth spurt followed by the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
• Business Selection: They explore different career opportunities and seek financial independence.
• Development of Self-identity: influenced by gender, peer group, cultural background, and family expectation and seek more responsibility, both at home and at school.
• Emotional development: Adolescents have to cope, not only with changes in their physical appearance but also with associated emotional changes and emerging and compelling sex urges. Bodily changes cause emotional stress and strain as well as abrupt and rapid mood swings.

Thus, it is concluded that Achievement of object stabilization is not a developmental characteristic of adolescents. 

George Herbert Mead, an American sociologist and psychologist, has propounded the theory of “I” and “Me”.

Key Points

• The theory emphasizes the two sides or phases of self in which 'me' and 'I' are the socialized and active aspects of the person respectively.
• Mead believed that an individual's social experience was the primary determinant of individual identity, which he called “the self”.
• He advocated two dimensions of self which were partly guided from within and by the reactions of others. 

Hence, it could be concluded that George Herbert Mead believed that an individual’s social experience was primary determinant of individual identity, which he called as “the self”.

Growth refers to the physical development of children from birth to adolescence. Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death.

• It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects related to the development.

Key Points

• The best method to study the growth and development of a child is the comparative method.
• Piaget wanted to explore the nature of children's moral judgement, and he chose three areas to study the same. i) their attitudes towards rules, ii) their judgement of right and wrong, and iii) their assessment of justice id fairness.
• On the basis of both longitudinal and cross-cultural studies by comparing different children of various age groups, he established that moral judgement is not determined by rewards, punishment or even imitation rather it is a developmental process through gradual cognitive restructuring. 

Hence, option 2 is correct. 

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

Key Points

• Socialization is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors. 
• In the process of socialization, the person assumes values, behavior patterns, attitudes, beliefs, and skills by various rules of their own culture.
• It is a process of learning the rules, habits, and values of a group to which a person belongs whether it is family, friends, colleagues or any other group. It is the process by which a child slowly becomes aware of her/himself as a member of a group and gains knowledge about the culture of the family and also the society into which she/he is born.

Hence, it is clear that both (a) and (b) are correct.

 The process of learning to internalize the values and norms into itself or the mode of learning to live in society is called the process of socialization. It may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values, and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts.

Key Points  Socialization can be classified into two broad groups:

• Primary socialization
• Secondary socialization.
• Primary socialization- Inculcation of norms and values within the family is called primary socialization. Here children want to know themselves and try to find their identity and learn the daily routine tasks of humans.
  • Example: Family.
• Secondary socialization- The process of imbibing norms, values, and behavior patterns of school may be called secondary socialization.
  • Example: Church, School, Media, Religion, institutions, books, magazines, etc.

Thus by all these references, we can consider that Families and schools are major contributors to socialization but there are other agencies such as media and peers who have an important role.

Important Points 

•  Change in a child by the Primary socialization-
  • The identity of the child is formed.
  • Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood.
  • Infancy is the most crucial stage of socialization as the child learns basic behavior patterns at this stage.
•  Change in a child by the secondary socialization-
  • ​Development of different aspects starts with secondary socialization as Divergent thinking, Creative thinking, etc.
  • children learn how to act in a way that is appropriate for the situations they are in.

Assessing the needs of the child is important to understand the child and what the child requires to grow and develop. Assessing child's need gives a thorough idea about the child's strengths and weaknesses. 

Key Points

•  Assessing health information is not a necessary method for estimating the needs of a child.
• Health information gives a thorough details about the health of the child and physical development of the child. Though, it is not the immediate need of the child. 
• Assessing health information is necessary, though it is not a child's need. 
• Child's interests, learning style, and preferences gives a detailed insight about the child's need 
• Assessing child's interest help to better understand the child and what child requires to grow cognitively and emotionally
• Assessing child's learning styles help to identify better education plans for effective outcomes. 
• Understanding child's preferences gives a detailed idea about the child and his needs.

Thus it can be concluded that health information is not a necessary method for estimating the needs of a children. 

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It includes all the qualitative changes in an individual over a period of time by the process of learning and maturation.

Key Points

• Development Proceeds from General to Specific:  As the child develops, his behaviour becomes more and more intricate and complex leading towards specificity. In the beginning his behaviour remains mass and undifferentiated— a general response to all stimuli. But gradually they get differentiated and specific response is elicited to specific stimulus.
  • For example, the child at birth expresses only three kinds of behaviour—they lie and rest on the bed, they sleep and they cry when they are hungry.
  • Again, a baby makes general arm movements long before specific responses for reaching objects. These are the examples of behavioural development. Even in terms of physical development, as the cells of the body change their character, Specific kinds of tissues with specific functions are developed — skins, bones, blood etc. Same thing happens during the child’s language development.
• Development Proceeds Directionally: “The cephalo-caudal” principle refers to the fact that development (as well as growth) always proceeds direc­tionally from head to foot. We see this principle demonstrated in physical growth simply by comparing the changes that take place in the comparative sizes of different parts of the body.
  • The other direction in which the body develops is known as “proximo-distal” fashion i.e. it proceeds from areas closest to the central nervous system outward to the extremities of the body. Therefore, arm muscles develop before finger muscles.
• Principle of continuity: This principle defines that development is a life-long process as it does not stop at maturation and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth. 
• Principle of individual differences: ​Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children with respect to their growth and development.
• Uniformity of pattern: The development does not proceed at a uniform rate but it does follow a definite sequence or pattern and is somewhat uniform i.e., the child learns saying "papa" to greet every man he meets, but it's only afterward he uses it for his father only. Hence, it follows a pattern.
• A joint product of both heredity and environment: 'Heredity and Environment' play a vital role in determining the growth and development of an individual. How a person will develop depends on the environment but how far a person can develop depends on heredity.

Hence, we can conclude that a baby makes general arm movements long before specific responses for reaching objects. This reflecting the development of proceeds from general to specific.

Stimulus generalization can be defined as when an individual behaves similarly in two similar situations.

Key Points

•  The child is conditioned to respond to stimuli in a specific manner, when similar stimuli occur (not the same) the child is more likely to evoke the same response to it as the earlier one.
• In this child develops the connection between two similar stimuli and responds in the same manner.
• Stimuli generalization can occur in both operant and classical conditioning.

Thus to conclude we can say the learning principle in developing the link between two stimuli(snakes) is called stimulus generalization.

Hint

• Reinforcement - Action(reward or punishment) which alters the strength of the response.
• Spontaneous recovery - Re-appearance of conditioned response after a rest phase
• Stimulus Discrimination - The ability of the child to distinguish between two similar stimuli and develop a different response to them.

Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between users. A worldwide e-mail network allows people to exchange e-mail messages very quickly. E-mail is the electronic equivalent of a letter, but with advantages in timeliness and flexibility. 

Key PointsE-mail is the preferred means of communication. In the case of sending time table to the parents, email is the most suitable option as it has several advantages.

• Email allows for easy referencing. Messages that have been sent and received can be stored, and searched through safely and easily. It is a lot easier to go through old email messages rather than old notes written on paper.
• Email is one of the fast client communication systems. 
• Email allows for instant access to information and files.
• Email allows for the mass sending of messages. An effective medium to utilize to get your message out there, you can send one particular message to several recipients all at once. In case of sending time table Email is effective to parents of different children quickly.  Email allows a message to be communicated to several recipients at once.
• Email reduces shipping and mailing costs.

Thus, it can be concluded that email is the proper option for sending the timetable to the parents.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects related to the development. 

Key Points

The important characteristics beliefs of the life span approach are-

• Lifelong development:
  • the potential for development extends across the entire life span, development may involve processes that are not present 13 at birth but emerge throughout the life span. No age period dominates during development.
• Development is Multidimensional:
  • Multidimensionality refers to the fact that development cannot be described by a single criterion such as increases or decreases in a behaviour. It occurs in the biological, cognitive and social-emotional domains.
• Development is Multidirectional:
  • The principle of multidirectional maintains that there is no single, normal path that development must or should take. In other words, healthy developmental outcomes are achieved in a wide variety of ways.
• Development is Plastic:
  • Plasticity refers to the within-person variability which is possible for a particular behaviour or development. For example, infants who have a hemisphere of the brain removed shortly after birth (as a treatment for epilepsy) can recover the functions associated with that hemisphere as the brain reorganises itself and the remaining hemisphere takes over those functions.
• Development is Multidisciplinary:
  • The study of developmental psychology is multidisciplinary. That is, the sources of age-related changes do not lie within the province of any one discipline. For example, psychological methodologies may not be appropriate for understanding factors that are sociological in nature. 

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the given statement shows that development is multidimensional.

Psychology is defined as the study that observes and measures mind and behavioural activities.

There are five types of 'psychiatry domain' or psychological domain, viz. biological domain, cognitive domain, development domain, social & personality domain, and mental & physical domain. 
The study of all the five domains is done to conduct research, make assumptions and draw conclusions. 

Key Points

• The mental and physical domain is one of the domains of psychology includes abnormal psychology, health psychology and therapies. 
• This domain has described the myth people are carrying in their minds about mental disorders, mental illnesses, and imbalance.
• As mental illnesses can be diagnosed in the change of someone's mental skills or physical skills or how they perform a specific task, it helps the psychologists in treating them. 
• It not only studies mental skills but also about physical skills as the physical skills of a person also tell a lot about him. Mental processes like how we perceive a concept, how we think, analyze, or take action which has the ability to influence our physical actions or skills we learn.
• The therapies and counselling sessions are not only to treat mental disorders but it is also done to cope with the stress and to live a healthy life. 

Hence, it can be concluded that mental or physical skills are included in the psychiatry domain. 

Additional Information

• Mental skills belong to the cognitive domain of psychology.
• Physical and emotional development belongs to social and personality development that is one of the five domains of psychology.

Concept-

• The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed.
• The stem bears nodes and internodes.
• The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• It conducts water, minerals, and photosynthates.

Explanation-

• Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection, and of vegetative propagation.
• The stem may not always be typically like what they are expected to be.
• They are modified to perform different functions.
• Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, Colocasia are modified to store food in them.

Therefore turnip is not the stem.

Additional Information
Turnip

• Roots in some plants change their shape and structure and become modified to perform functions other than absorption and conduction of water and minerals.
• They are modified for support, storage of food, and respiration.
• Taproots of carrot, turnip, and adventitious roots of sweet potato, get swollen and store food.

Concept:

• Carnivorous plants obtain essential nutrients from heterotrophs.
• These plants trap insects and obtain the nutrients which they do not get from the soil as they grow in nitrogen-deficient soils.
• They are not called heterotrophs or consumers, because they only derive nutrients from insects.
• These plants get energy from the process of photosynthesis.
• Hence they are both producers and carnivores.

Explanation:

• The pitcher plant is an insectivorous plant
• It has a Pitcher-like structure that is the modified part of the leaf.
• The apex of the leaf forms a lid that can open and close the mouth of the pitcher.
• Inside the pitcher, there are hairs that are directed downwards.
• When an insect lands in the pitcher, the lid closes and the trapped insect gets entangled into the hair.
• The insect is digested by the digestive juices secreted in the pitcher.
• It can trap and eat frog, insects and even mice.
• It is found in Australia, Indonesia and Meghalaya in India.
• It has a pitcher-like shape and the mouth is covered by a leaf.
• It has a special smell that attracts insects to it, which get trapped and can't get out.

Thus, the pitcher plant is an insectivorous plant.

​

Additional Information

Concept:

• The disease is a state of discomfort in which the normal functioning of the body is affected.
• The disease may be defined as a disorder in the physical,
  physiological, psychological, or social state of a person caused due to nutritional deficiency, physiological disorder, genetic disorder, pathogen, or any other reason.​

Key Points

• The diseases may be classified into two broad categories
  • A. Congenital disease: The disease which is present from birth (e.g. hole in the heart in infants).
    • They are caused by some genetic abnormality or metabolic disorder or malfunctioning of an organ.
  • B. Acquired disease: The disease which may occur after birth during one’s lifetime.
• Acquired diseases may generally be classified into :
  • Infectious diseases: The diseases which can be transmitted from a diseased person to a healthy person e.g. measles.
  • Degenerative disease: The diseases caused by the malfunction of some vital organs of the body e.g. heart failure.

Explanation:

• Communicable diseases are caused by an infection which spreads through the medium of touch, sharing towels, handkerchiefs, etc. of the patient.
• Influenza, polio, typhoid, measles, mumps, chickenpox, tuberculosis (T.B.), sexually transmitted infections, and AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) are some communicable diseases.
• Communicable diseases are caused by very tiny organisms called germs and parasites.
• Germs are present everywhere around us and they can spread through four modes:
  (i) Food and water
  (ii) Air
  (iii) Contact
  (iv) Insects

​Thus, infectious diseases spread through the air, water, and living organisms.

The correct answer is California Current.

Key Points

• Cold currents as currents usually move towards the Equator.
• These waters are colder than the water they are moving into.
• If you were swimming in the ocean whose temperature was 70º F and you swam into a current whose temperature was 60º F, the sensation would be cold.

Additional Information

• The Labrador Current is a cold current in the North Atlantic Ocean that flows from the Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south along the east coast of Canada near Nova Scotia.
• Oceanic currents describe the movement of water from one location to another.
• Currents are generally measured in meters per second or in knots (1 knot = 1.85 kilometers per hour or 1.15 miles per hour).

Concept:

Digestion:

• It is the complex process of turning the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive.
• It also involves creating water to be excreted.

• Human Digestive system:​
  • Human Digestive system consists of the alimentary canal which can be further divided into various components. a) The buccal cavity b) food pipe or oesophagus c) stomach d) small intestine e) large intestine ending in the rectum f) the anus

Key Points

Mouth:

• The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew.
• The mouth is also called the buccal cavity or the oral cavity.
• In the human digestive system mouth is the upper end of the beginning of the alimentary canal, which leads to the pharynx and the oesophagus.
• In humans, both the mouth or the buccal cavity and the nasal cavity are separated by the palate.
• The buccal cavity mainly comprises the primary organ of the digestive system including the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
• Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily into your stomach.
• Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in your food.

Stomach:

• The stomach is a muscular hollow organ.
• It takes in food from the oesophagus (gullet or food pipe), mixes it, breaks it down, and then passes it on to the small intestine in small portions.
• The stomach stores the food for 4-5 hours.
• Hydrochloric acid is the major acid present in the stomach.
• Gastric juice is made up of digestive enzymes and acid.
• The food mixes thoroughly with the acidic gastric juice of the stomach by the churning movements of its muscular wall and is called the chyme.
• The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food.
• So the process of digestion is very quick inside the stomach.

Liver:

• The liver mainly secretes 'Bile Juice' which is stored in a Gall bladder.
• Bile Juice and Pancreatic juice are released into the small intestine by a common duct.
• Unused glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.
• Heparin, Urea, and Bile Juice are produced in the liver.
• The liver is the largest gland in the body.

Thus, the kidney does not play a role in food digestion.

Additional Information

Kidney:

• In humans, the kidney is one of the main organs of the excretory system.
• Kidney's function is the filtration of the blood and removing waste (toxic) products.
• Waste products and excess fluid are removed through the urine.
• If the kidney fails person needs to undergo dialysis.
• Dialysis is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e. 2nd October 2014.

Key Points

• Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on October 2, 2014.
• The scheme aimed to achieve a clean and open defecation free India.
• It is implemented by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
• It seeks to improve the level of cleanliness in rural areas by solid and liquid waste management activities.
• It is working towards making gram panchayats open defecation free, clean, and sanitized.
• More than 10 crore individual toilets have been constructed since the launch of the mission.

Concept:

• Water is very important for human survival.
• Water in raw form contains various impurities such as harmful chemicals and microorganisms that cause disease.

Explanation:

• There are various ways to purify water.

Boiling

• Boiling is the traditional method used to purify the water.
• Various microorganisms have the capability to survive only at a favourable temperature.
• So when we boil the water, It kills almost all the pathogens present in it.
• So, it is also an effective method for purifying the water.

Filtering

• Filtration is the process used to separate unwanted particles from liquid or gases.
• It uses a filter medium through which the solution has to pass.
• The filter medium allows only the liquid to pass but not solid.
• Filtration can be of any kind biological, physical or mechanical.
• Filtration can help in purifying the water.

​Sterilizing

• Sterilization of the water is also an effective method to purify the water.
• It kills or eliminates all the microorganism that present in the water.
• It helps in preventing the water borne disease.

Thus, boiling, filtering and sterilizing all are the method to purify the water.

Additional Information

Other methods used to purify the water are as follows:

Purification by chlorine tablets:

• Chlorination ​is the process of adding chlorine to the water to kill pathogens or disinfect the water.
• It is an effective method of water purification.
• Chlorine kills a large variety of microorganisms.

Coagulation:

• ​The process of adding alum to the water to disinfect the water is called coagulation.
• Alum acts as an electrolyte present in the water that attracts all the unwanted particles present in the water.
• This helps in settling down the suspended particles in the water.
• So, it is also an effective method for purifying the water.