TS TET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (Science and Mathematics) - TS TET MCQ

An inclusive classroom includes each and every category of children in the educational system, regardless of their differences and disabilities. In an inclusive classroom, all creative, gifted, intelligent, backward, mentally retarded children study together.

• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is the ability possessed by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
• Creative children are those who show high-performance capability in several areas such as artistic and creative work, leadership quality, keen power of observation, etc.

Mastery learning is a term, formulated by John B.Carrol (1971) and Benjamin Bloom (1971). It provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the likelihood that more students will attain a satisfactory level of performance in school subjects. First, all students are taught together in the same way and the method of teaching is equal for all the learners. Then, a mastery test is given to check, if students have mastered the subject. Those students are separated who could not master the subject, and diagnose their difficulty and divide them into various groups according to their problems. They are given mastery learning according to their difficulty requirements and then again they are checked by mastery test.

Age is a personal matter. It doesn't reflect environment, cognition or society. So, option (2) is the correct answer.

According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium are the ways through which children integrate new experiences into already existing cognition structures (schema). 

"Development process lags behind learning process" best summarizes the relationship between development and learning as proposed by Vygotsky.
According to Vygotsky, learning is a process that occurs anytime in everyday life and that isn't just an external phenomenon. His theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) expanded learning and development, which posits that learning precedes development processes.

• Development: It refers to a progressive and systematic series of changes that occur in the life of an individual he/she grows from infancy to old age.
• Learning: The process by which a person alters his responses and behavior in order to adjust himself to the changing environment is called learning.

Thinking is a higher cognitive process. In the literature, it has been defined primarily in two ways; one category of definition considers thinking as a problem-solving activity. While the other class of definition considers it as a mechanism of an internal representation of the external world.

Vygotsky's social development theory laid the foundations for Constructivism.
Constructivism: It is the theory which backs the idea that child construct their knowledge by themselves when they explore. Lev Vygotsky, who idealized the fact that children learn whey they collaborate with others, derived sociocultural theory which says that development takes place due to the intermingling of culture, social interaction (which has three components explained below), and language.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): It is the zone a child wants to master in. For example, if he wants to learn chess, it would be ZPD for him.
More knowledgable other (MKO): To learn chess, when he needs a person who is good at chess, that person is more knowledgable other.
Scaffolding: It is the help or motivation that is provided by MKO to that child.
Thus, it can be concluded that Vygotsky's social development theory laid the foundations for ​Constructivism.

गद्यांश के अनुसार, "सद्गुरु ही एकमात्र व्यक्तित्व है जो निःस्वार्थ प्रेम करता है। उसे आपसे कुछ पाना नहीं है। उसे तो अपना सब कुछ आपके ऊपर लुटाना है।"
इसलिए, यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि सद्गुरु निःस्वार्थ प्रेम करता है।

सुनना और पढ़ना ग्रहणशील श्रेणी में आता है जबकि बोलना और लिखना भाषा कौशल की उत्पादक श्रेणी के अंतर्गत आता है।

• बोलना और लिखना भाषा कौशल की उत्पादक श्रेणी के अंतर्गत आता है क्योंकि ये मौखिक और लिखित रूप में आउटपुट उत्पन्न करते हैं। यही कारण है कि इन्हें उत्पादक कौशल के रूप में जाना जाता है।
• सुनना और पढ़ना ग्रहणशील श्रेणी के अंतर्गत आता है क्योंकि शिक्षार्थी शिक्षक द्वारा दिए गए इनपुट को प्राप्त करता है। यही कारण है कि इन्हें ग्रहणशील कौशल के रूप में जाना जाता है।

इसलिए, हम यह निष्कर्ष निकाल सकते हैं कि बोलना और लिखना भाषा कौशल की उत्पादक श्रेणी के अंतर्गत आता है।

वर्ण-विच्छेद यानी वर्णों को अलग-अलग करना।
किसी शब्द (वर्णों का समूह ) को अलग-अलग करके लिखने की प्रक्रिया को वर्ण विच्छेद कहते हैं। 
वर्ण-विच्छेद करते समय हमें स्वरों की मात्राओं को पहचानना पड़ता है और
उस मात्रा के स्थान पर उस स्वर (अ, आ, इ, ई आदि) को प्रयोग में लाया जाता है जिसकी वह मात्रा होती है।
उदाहरण - निधि शब्द का वर्ण विच्छेद होगा - न् + इ + ध् + इ

पलाश के वन को अंगूठी इसलिए कहा गया है क्योंकि खिले पलाश के वन आग के समान दिखाई देते हैं।
पद्यांश से

• "पास ही दहक रही है… पलाश के जंगल की अंगीठी।"

घरेलू भाषा अर्जित भाषा का एक उदाहरण है जबकि मानक भाषा को अधिगम से प्राप्त होने वाली भाषा के रूप में देखा जाता है।

• समझ का विकास हमारे अपने स्वयं के अनुभवों द्वारा होता है।
• बालक की समझ के विकास का एकमात्र रास्ता उसके लिए विभिन्न अनुभव देने वाली परिस्थितियों का निर्माण करना है।
• बालक पर कोई अन्य व्याख्या आरोपित कर देने से समझ का विकास नहीं हो सकता।

Language is a tool to communicate with the world. Considering the size of the world, there have been many civilizations in different parts of the world which have developed different languages.

The correct answer is 'To meet our food security and climate needs proper balance between mineral and particulate-based organic matter is required, considering human interaction.'
Let's refer to the following lines of the passage:
Sequestering soil carbon effectively requires an understanding of how particulate organic matter and mineral-associated organic matter work, how human actions affect them, and how to build up both types to meet our planet’s climate and food security needs.

According to the passage, the author mentions extensively about her temple visits and how she visited quite a few temples. She also describes the temples she visited. So, ‘temple fatigue’ refers to the mental and physical exhaustion that as arose from too many temple visits. 

The English language has achieved a prior place in the curriculum. The aim of teaching the English language is to help children to acquire practical commands of the English language. In the present era, English language teaching is facing several problems.
First language: A native language or mother tongue that a child acquires since birth.
Second language: A language learned by an individual other than his/her native language. 
Many a time students always find it difficult to listen to and understand a second language presentation inside or outside their class. Therefore,

• Students are given the opportunity to learn the targeted language (L2) and should able to use it in a social context.
• The teachers should give an opportunity for students to mimic/imitate, practise the language.
• Based on the principle that language learning is habit formation, the method encourages imitation and memorization of set phrases. Structures are taught one at a time using drills.
• Teaching points are often determined by the differences and similarities between L1 and L2, with an emphasis on the differences.

Hence, we conclude that in the above situation practice by using the second language more can be helpful.

Encouraging students to ask more and more questions is suitable for making students responsible for their own learning. The students feel motivated for asking questions, which in turn arouse their curiosity and also help to assess their understanding of the material. These also help to develop critical thinking skills and to nurture insights.

The teaching-learning of mathematics stresses much on developing the skill of mathematization. It is expected that children should expand the horizon of cognition by incorporating abilities that help them to manage situations mathematically.

• For a plano-convex lens, one of the surfaces is flat (Plano) and the other is curved (convex).
• The radius of curvature of the curved surface is given as 20 cm, and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
• The focal length of the lens can be calculated using the lens maker's formula:

1/f = (n - 1) × (1/R1 - 1/R2)
where
f is the focal length of the lens,
n is the refractive index of the lens material,
R₁ is the radius of curvature of the first surface (the flat surface in this case, which is infinite), and
R₂ is the radius of curvature of the second surface (the curved surface in this case).
Since the first surface is flat, the radius of curvature R1 is infinite, and the term (1/R1) becomes zero. Therefore, the lens maker's formula simplifies to:
1/f = (n - 1) ×  (1/R2)------(1)
Calculation:
Substituting the values in equation (1), we get:
1/f = (1.5 - 1) × (1/20)
1/f = 0.025
f = 1/0.025
f = 40 cm
Therefore, the focal length of the plano-convex lens is 40 cm.
The correct answer is option (4)

• The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll.
• It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight.
• This energy is used to synthesize (prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water. 
• Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.
• Photo means light and Synthesis means to combine.
• We find that chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are necessary to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
• It is a unique process on the earth.
• The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the form of food.
• Thus, the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms. 
• By the middle of the nineteenth century, the key features of plant photosynthesis were known, namely, that plants could use light energy to make carbohydrates from CO₂ and water.

Fibre can be obtained from various sources.

• Natural Fibre: Natural fibres are the fibres that are obtained from plants, animals or mineral sources. Some examples are cotton, silk, wool etc.
• Synthetic fibres: Synthetic fibres are man-made polymers designed to make a fabric. Polymers are obtained when many small units are joined together chemically. Some examples are silk, acrylic, rayon, dacron etc.

Sound: It is a form of energy produced by vibration or disturbance that propagates in a medium.

• It travels in the form of longitudinal waves (Compression or rarefaction)
  
• Speed of Sound in a Medium: The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels its temperature and elasticity.
• The Sound wave is a type of longitudinal mechanical wave which propagates only through a medium by vibrating the molecules of its particle. 
  • Solid having molecules compact together. So usually, the speed of sound is more in Solids compared to liquids and more in liquid than gases. 

• Liver is the largest gland in our body that is characterised by its reddish brown colour.
• Liver is the largest gland, located in the upper right side of the abdomen below the diaphragm.
• It secretes bile, which gets collected in gall bladder and is finally poured into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
• Besides secreting bile, which helps in digestion, the liver has numerous other functions.

The first step is to outline learning objectives, i.e. to determine what you want students to learn and be able to do that at the end of class.

According to NCF 2005, science is a dynamic, expanding body of knowledge, covering ever-new domains of experience. In a progressive forward-looking society, science can play a truly liberating role, helping people escape from the vicious cycle of poverty, ignorance, and superstition.

• Science education cultivates students' curiosity about the world and enhances scientific thinking.
• This will prepare students to participate in public discourse in science-related issues and enable them to become life-long learners in science and technology.
• The advances in science and technology have transformed traditional fields of work such as agriculture and industry and led to the emergence of wholly new fields of work.
• People today are faced with an increasingly fast-changing world where the most important skills are flexibility, innovation, and creativity. These different imperatives have to be kept in mind in shaping science education.
• These different imperatives have to be kept in mind in shaping science education. Good science education is true to the child, true to life, and true to science.
• Process Validity requires that the curriculum should engage the learner in acquiring the methods and processes that lead to the generation and validation of scientific knowledge and nurture the natural curiosity and creativity of the child in science.
• Process validity is an important criterion since it helps the student in 'learning to learn' science and satisfied by activities and experiments.

Therefore, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that process validities of a good science education curriculum are satisfied by activity and experiment.

Scientific method is a method of solving problem scientifically. Training in the method is more important than the acquisition of information.

• According to Lundberg “Scientific method consists of systematic observation, classification, and interpretation of data”.

Self-reporting technique used to evaluate the student's own feelings, interests is an interview.

Open-book exams are known to reduce anxiety and stress levels in students. When there is less pressure to recall and rote-learning is discouraged, students can focus on clarifying concepts and explore possible applications of the theory.

Project method is one of the modern methods which is carried out in a natural setting, thus making learning realistic and experiential.

A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable's effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results.