MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

The science of communication and control theory that is concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems (as the nervous system and brain and mechanical-electrical communication systems).

The correct answer is They were European political thinkers who influenced the ideas of American leaders at the time of the Revolution.

• The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that commanded the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.
• It is associated with a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to progressive ideals, such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.
• The Enlightenment has also called the backbone of modern western political and intellectual culture.
• It brought political modern habits and needs to the west by the establishment of democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies.

‘Social and political life’ is an integration of political science, economics and sociology though Political sciences, economics and sociology are three independent liberal sciences/disciplines having their own approaches to learning and understanding the contents.

To understand political science, one of the approaches is Legal-institutional approach

• This approach focuses on the formal apparatus of politics – government, institutions, constitutions and states.
• According to this approach, ‘a description and analysis of legal rules and conventions governing the operation and relationships between formal institutions, based on the readily accessible official sources and records, will provide valuable insight to make general conclusions about political activity’. 
• The functioning of Central and State Governments of India and the constitutional relationships and functioning among them can best be studied through this approach.
• This approach is criticized as static or lifeless, since it stresses the character of government at one fixed moment and neglects the fact that politics is an activity or a process.
• This approach fails to study underdeveloped and backward communities which don’t have formal institutions and political behaviour.
• This approach fails to study international politics since international politics mostly lacks formal institutions and is characterized by violence.

Hence, we conclude that the given statement is about legal institutional approach.

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived from 384 to 322 BC.

• He is considered one of the most influential thinkers in Western history, and his ideas about politics and government continue to be studied and debated today.
• In his book Politics, Aristotle argued that the ideal constitution is one that keeps the political elite in good moral shape and provides lasting political excellence.
• He believed that this could be achieved by a system of checks and balances, in which no one group or individual has too much power.
• He also believed that the political elite should be drawn from the middle class, as he believed that this group was most likely to be virtuous and wise.
• Aristotle's ideas about the ideal constitution have been influential in the development of Western political thought.
• His ideas about the importance of checks and balances and the need for a virtuous political elite can be seen in the constitutions of many modern democracies.

In Presidential form of Government there is the system of checks and balance.

Those who believe that the state is an end in itself believe that should be narrowed down.

The method of Impeachment of the President of India is adopted from U.S.A.

Frantz Fanon was a Martinican psychiatrist, philosopher, and revolutionary. 

•  Marxism, critical theory, and post-colonial studies have all benefited from his writings.
• Fanon was a political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humanist who was interested in the psychological effects of colonization as well as the social, cultural, and political repercussions of decolonization. 
• In his work The Wretched of the Earth, this significant study focuses on what he saw as the essential function of activist violence in carrying out decolonization campaigns.
• Frantz Fanon said that Revolutionary violence is not just cathartic but it also allows the colonial subjects to recreate themselves. 
• The most important anti-colonial thinker of his day has been referred to as Fanon.

Thus, Frantz Fanon said that "Revolutionary violence is not just cathartic but it also allows the colonial subjects to recreate themselves".  

The correct answer is Option A.

• Feminism is a political doctrine of equal rights for women and men. Feminists are those men and women who believe that many of the inequalities we see in society between men and women are neither natural nor necessary and can be altered so that both women and men can lead free and equal lives.
• According to feminists, inequality between men and women in society is the result of patriarchy. This term refers to a social, economic and cultural system that values men more than women and gives men power over women.
• Feminists questions this way of thinking by making a distinction between “sex” i.e. biological difference between men and women, and “gender” which determines the different roles that men and women play in society
• The history of the modern western feminist movement is divided into four "waves". 
  • The first wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the 19th and early-20th centuries, promoting women's right to vote.
  • The second wave, the women's liberation movement, began in the 1960s and campaigned for legal and social equality for women.
  • In or around 1992, a third wave was identified, characterized by a focus on individuality and diversity.
  • Additionally, some have argued for the existence of a fourth wave, starting around 2012, which has used social media to combat sexual harassment, violence against women and rape culture; it is best known for the Me Too movement.

Social equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and services.

It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950.

If sound public opinion is to be formed for that it is essential that Press should be free.

In Parliamentary system real power is exercised by cabinet
It is also for the reason that the Indian constitution provides for a parliamentary form of Government. In the parliamentary form of government, the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister exercised the real powers of the Government.

The Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, Calcutta (Kolkata) was founded in 1774 by the Regulating Act of 1773. It replaced the Mayor's Court of Calcutta and was British India's highest court from 1774 until 1862, when the High Court of Calcutta was established by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.

Thomas Hobbes constructed his Political Philosophy on the basis of his postulates derived from Principles of Natural Science.

• His political philosophy is chiefly concerned with the way in which government must be organized in order to avoid civil war.
• According to Hobbes the two most certain postulates of human nature is 'postulate of natural appetite' and 'the postulate of natural reason'.
• He calls the natural condition of mankind, a state of violence, insecurity and constant threat.
• He recommended peaceful life under an authoritarian-sounding sovereign.

Variance analysis in budgetary control is a crucial process used to compare actual financial performance against the budgeted or expected performance. It helps organizations identify discrepancies (variances) between the planned and actual results.

The correct answer is Political divisions in society.

Samir Amin (1970) presented a new version of unequal exchange by considering wages as an endogenous variable, and he showed that unequal exchange allowed capitalist countries to protect profits. To him, the dominance of foreign capital in LDCs means distorted export activity and the hypertrophy of the tertiary sector.

It means that there can be only one sovereign in a state. This feature is identical with indivisibility of sovereignty.

Universality or all-comprehensiveness:

• The sovereign has jurisdiction over all persons, things, associations and groups within the state territory. No person or association can claim exemption from its laws. Its laws are universal.
• It controls the external behavior of each person and association and thereby brings about social order.
• It is pointed out that there are certain persons like diplomatic agents of other states or ships of other states that claim immunity from jurisdic­tion of the state of their resident. This is a mutual courtesy that states show to one another on a reciprocal basis.

Permanence:

• So long as a state lasts, its sovereignty also lasts. Changes in government do not affect its continuity and permanence.
• A king or a sovereign or a dictator may die or be overthrown, sovereignty does not become extinct. Therein lies the significance of the phrase: “The king is dead, long live the king”.

Inalienability:

• This means that the state cannot transfer its sovereignty without its own death. Sovereignty being the vital element of the state, its alienability is tantamount to committing suicide on its part.
• As observed by Lieber, “sovereignty can no more be alienated than a tree can alienate its right to sprout or man can transfer his life and personality without self-destruction.

• Article 39-A of the Indian Constitution "Equal justice and free legal aid” deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 mentions the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs).
• The idea of DPSPs was borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937 by the framers of the Indian Constitution.

Jyoti Rao Phule has written the book named 'Gulamgiri'. 

•  Jyoti Rao Phule also known as Jyoti Rao Govind Rao Phule or Mahatma Phule. Jyoti Rao Phule was born on 11 April 1827.
•  He was an Indian social activist as well as a writer. He developed his own ideas about the injustices of caste society.
• Phule founded Satyashodhak Samaj (truth-seeker society), on 24 September 1873.
• In 1873, Phule wrote a book named Gulamgiri, meaning slavery.
• The American Civil War had been fought, leading to the end of slavery in America. Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves.
• He linked the condition of the blacks with the condition of the lower castes in India.

The correct answer is Immanuel Kant.

Immanuel Kant:

• He was a German Philosopher, who further developed Emanuel Swedenborg's nebular hypothesis in 1755.
• Immanuel Kant published the book Critique of Pure Reason.
• He explained how reason and experiences interact with thought and understanding.
• According to him, Understanding is a separate faculty which functions on the representations of intuition.
• His ethical theory is referred to as a deontological moral theory.
• It means that an action is moral if it can be considered to be a duty with the reason that is universally acceptable.

Karl Marx:

• On May 5 1818, Karl Marx was born in Trier City of Modern-day Germany that time is known as the Kingdom of Prussia.
• He was a famous Philosopher, Economist and Political theorist.
• He was very vocal for the working class and he argued that the industrial society was capitalist and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
• He believed that to overthrow capitalism, workers had to construct a Socialist society where all property was commonly controlled.
• He was the founder of the theory of 'Marxism'.
• Marxism ethics describes 'Morality as a property of one's behaviour conditioned by social and historical existence'.

Niccolo Machiavelli:
Italian diplomat and philosopher famous for writing “The Prince” and “The Discourses on Livy.”.

Ernest Barker has criticized Mill of inconsistencies in the doctrine of liberty. For Mill, the idea of liberty is absence of constraints or external interference. It means he views liberty in negative sense. Whereas, Barker is a positive liberal who does not have satisfaction with the concept of negative liberty. Mill is accused of giving the theory of liberty, which is relevant for abstract individual, individual of his imagination rather than the real individual.
Thus, option B is correct.

Democratization is the process of becoming a democracy. Democratic centralism is the Leninist organizational system in which policy is declared centrally and is binding to all members. Democracy consolidation is different from democratic transition. Democratic consolidation is a process which results in the maturity of the democracy. Conceptually, a country’s democracy is consolidated when there is no longer a chance that it will revert to authoritarianism. It includes the maturity of both democratic institutions and the society. The consolidation process entails a broader and complex process of institutionalization of the new democratic rules for political life.
Thus, option B is correct.

Correct ascending order.

• Mexico City – UN Conference
• Copenhagen – UN Conference
• Nairobi
• Beijing

The Fabian Socialists believed that the state is an agency which can promote welfare of the people.

Marbury Vs Madison case of 1803 of the US Supreme Court which declared an act of US Congress unconstitutional and established the doctrine of Judicial review, meaning the supreme has the power declare null and void any ac of parliament or congress if it goes against the rights of citizen. Since then it became one of most significant principle in the foundation of Independence judiciary.

It has no faith in human reasoning about liberalism.

There are many schools of philosophy which are basically philosophical movements that determine an idea. It represents a broad view of many individual philosophers who may or may not agree. Some of the western schools of philosophy are Realism, idealism, pragmatism, naturalism, Marxism, etc.

The correct answer is Dimock.

• Administration is such a vast area that a philosophy of administration comes close to being a philosophy of life.
• Marshall E. Dimock was a self-confessed non-conformist who valued individualism and individual self-development above all other values.
• For him a philosophy of administration is more than a science or art and “must deal with institutional goals and objectives, with social values and individual growth, as well as with the paraphernalia of organizing and running things, which are only “incidental.
• At the core of his thinking about problems of administration, management and organization was what he regarded as the fundamental importance of “moral philosophy” although he recognized that “the political economist who epitomizes moral philosophy is regarded as a regrettably nonconformist and excessively individualistic relic of a past age.”