MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 5 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Works of Amartya Sen in chronological order of his publications is - 
Choice, Welfare and Measurement
Inequality Re-examined
Development as Freedom
Idea of Justice

In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party. 

Educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi was influenced by the then social, political and economic circumstances of India. British education was being promoted and disseminated by the Britishers at that time. British education system affected the Indian minds directly and that affect the then education system of India. He suggested need-based education for India to make the child self-centred and not depend upon the British. Educational thought of Gandhi can be pointed out on the following lines:

• Gandhi accepted that the aim of education is the development of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual abilities of the child. Ultimate aim of education is realisation of the self.
• The main aim of education is also earning livelihood. Education of the child should be based on craft. The craft centred education should be based upon the locally available products like pottery, horticulture, agriculture, jute work etc. by which the child can be studied and becomes self-dependent.
• The medium of instruction should be Mother Tongue.
• From seven to fourteen years of age, education of each child should be free, compulsory and universal.
• School should be a place for activity where the child gets busy in various experiments and gains new experiences.
• Education should create useful, responsible and dynamic citizens.

Hence, we conclude that both the above statements are correct.

• Meghnad Desai said that globalization is the growing reciprocal interdependence and integration of various economies around the globe. Desai is an Indian-British economist and politician. The other individuals, A. Gidd Certainly,  Certainly, let's continue.
• Meghnad Desai, an Indian-British economist and politician, said that globalization is the growing reciprocal interdependence and integration of various economies around the globe. His works have often revolved around the global political economy and the impacts of globalization. The other individuals, such as Anthony Giddens, have also made significant contributions to sociological theories related to globalization and social structures.
• Giddens, a British sociologist, proposed the theory of structuration and has written extensively on modernity and globalization. Hazel Henderson is a futurist and an economic iconoclast who has written about alternative economics. Martin Knor, on the other hand, is a fictitious character and seems out of place in this list of well-known social scientists.
• Each of these sociologists and economists provides a unique perspective on the concept of globalization and its impact on social structures and economies around the world. Their works collectively contribute to a holistic understanding of global interactions and transformations in the contemporary era.

The correct answer is International Monetary Fund.

• The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are the Bretton Woods Institutions.
• They were established in July 1944 at a gathering of 43 nations in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the United States.
• Their aims were to help rebuild the shattered postwar economy and to promote international economic cooperation.
• Plans for an International Trade Organization (ITO) were also part of the original Bretton Woods agreement, but they were shelved until the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in the early 1990s.
• The creation of the World Bank and the IMF came at the end of the Second World War.
• They were based on the theories of three important experts: British economist John Maynard Keynes, US Treasury Secretary Harry Dexter White, and US Treasury Secretary Henry Morganthau.
• They wanted to establish a postwar economic order based on notions of consensual decision-making and cooperation in the realm of trade and economic relations.

One of the compulsory functions of the state is to defend the people from outside aggression.

The state of war is the conditions when there is no actual conflict but a permanent cold war that could become a 'real' war at any time.

A State becomes a member of the United Nations when General Assembly admits it after recommendation of the Security Council.

A. He used the term Total Revolution for the first time in a British magazine called ‘the Time’ in 1969. 
This statement is correct.  
Jayaprakash Narayan, often known as JP, coined the term "Total Revolution" and introduced it in an article published in the British magazine 'The Time' in 1969. The concept of Total Revolution emphasized a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to social and political change.  

B. He was very rigid regarding the number of his seven revolutions. He said the seven revolutions could not be grouped and changed as per the social structure in a political system. 
This statement is incorrect. 
Jayaprakash Narayan was not very rigid regarding the number of these revolutions. He said the seven revolutions could be grouped as per demands of the social structures in a political system. He said, "For instance the cultural may include educational and ideological revolutions. And if culture is used in an anthropological sense, it can embrace all other revolutions." He said, 'economic revolution may be split up into industrial, agricultural, technological revolutions etc. similarly intellectual revolutions may be split up into two - scientific and philosophical. Even spiritual revolution can be viewed as made of moral and spiritual or it can be looked upon as part of the culture. And so on." 

C. He was deeply influenced by Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution" and preached the concept of "permanent civil disobedience". 
This statement is incorrect.  
Jayaprakash Narayan was not deeply influenced by Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution," nor did he advocate for the concept of "permanent civil disobedience" based on Trotsky's ideas. JP had his own unique approach to social and political change, which was not rooted in Trotsky's theories. However, Rammanohar Lohia was associated with the concept of "permanent civil disobedience," and it was not Jayaprakash Narayan who preached this concept. 

Hence, the correct answer is B – Only B and C.

The correct answer is  Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Assertion (A): E-Governance is important for good governance in Higher Educational Institutions.

• This statement is true.
• E-governance refers to the use of information and communication technologies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government processes and services.
• In the context of higher education institutions, e-governance can improve administrative processes, increase transparency, and provide better access to information and services for students, faculty, and staff.
• Therefore, e-governance is important for good governance in higher educational institutions.

Reason (R): E-Governance is responsive, transparent, and subjective.

• This statement is also true and provides a correct explanation of the assertion.
• E-governance is responsive in the sense that it enables quick and efficient responses to queries, complaints, and feedback from stakeholders.
• It is transparent because it promotes openness and accountability in decision-making and service delivery.
• Finally, it is subjective in the sense that it is customized to meet the specific needs and preferences of users.
• All these features of e-governance contribute to good governance in higher educational institutions.

Therefore, the correct answer is  Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The correct answer is Ravindranath Tagore.

• Rabindranath Tagore is regarded as the Rishi, Gurudev, and Maharshi of Indian literary learning. He had a multifaceted personality, and the love of man was the central theme of all of his works.
• The world's geographical boundaries are no longer valid. Separatism is bred by nationalism. In favour of the federation of men, Tagore rejected the concept of a nation.
• He had faith in a multicultural society where individuals would work out their differences and pursue what they perceived to be their true better selves. He fervently thinks that humanity is in perfect harmony.
• There will be a world where the oppressed will no longer experience suffering and everyone will experience freedom and oneness. 
• Men ought to put nationality aside and pursue universalism and humanism.
• Tagore states that he is not against any country or nation in particular. Instead, he was against the general idea of all nations.
• His concept of universalism was 'synthetic' because Tagore wanted to give precedence to a culturally cohesive society over a centralised solid nation-state. The synthetic version of universalism was to apply culture-specific norms to nations and not ride the general wave of nationalism.

Swami Dayananda Saraswati was against the caste system in India and believed that idolatry, untouchability and caste system were against the values enshrined in the Vedas.

• He wanted to establish a caste free society. Hence, statement 1 is wrong.
• After the completion of his education, his mission was to spread the true Hindu culture and Religion, for which he relied solely on the Vedas.
• He thus founded the “Arya Samaj” at Bombay on 10th April, 1875.
• Accepting Vedas as the absolute truth, he propounded ‘Back to the Vedas’ as his strategy for Hindu Revivalism.
• He opposed child marriage and polygamy, and had faith in female education.
• Using his robust “Vedic Counterpart”, he challenged the masculine West.

India is a federal (or quasi-federal) democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government largely based on the UK model. India's federal legislative branch consists of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) as the upper house, and the Lok Sabha (House of the People) as the lower house.

The best-known power of the Supreme Court is judicial review, or the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution, is not found within the text of the Constitution itself. The Court established this doctrine in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

It should not criticise the government bluntly a reasonable restriction on the freedom of speech.

According to Glaucon's argument in "The Republic," The people establish laws and mutual covenants because To maintain social order and prevent both injustice and suffering.

• In "The Republic" by Plato, Glaucon presents an argument about the origin and purpose of justice.
• Glaucon suggests that people establish laws and mutual covenants primarily out of a need for self-preservation and to prevent the harms that arise from an absence of social order.
• According to Glaucon's argument, in the hypothetical "state of nature," individuals are driven by self-interest and would pursue their desires without any constraints.
• This unrestrained pursuit of desires would lead to a state of constant conflict, where each individual seeks to maximize their own advantages at the expense of others.
• Glaucon claims that in such a scenario, life would be filled with injustice, suffering, and insecurity.
• To address these concerns and alleviate the detrimental consequences of this chaotic state, people come together and establish laws and mutual covenants.
• By collectively agreeing to abide by these laws, individuals create a social contract that forms the foundation of a just society.
• The purpose of these laws and covenants is to maintain social order, prevent injustice, and alleviate suffering by providing a framework within which individuals can interact and pursue their interests without infringing upon the rights of others.
• Glaucon argues that people, driven by self-interest, reluctantly accept these laws not out of a genuine desire for justice but because they see the benefits of living in a society governed by rules.
• Glaucon suggests that if individuals had the power and freedom to act without constraint, they would still prefer to exploit others for personal gain.
• However, recognizing the necessity of social order for their own self-preservation, they agree to uphold laws and covenants.
• So it is not To promote injustice, enforce power and control, or exploit others for personal gain.

Therefore the correct answer is To maintain social order and prevent both injustice and suffering.

'A Market Polity' refers to the transformation of the Indian political system where the number of opposition parties increased, and political competition shifted from being primarily within the dominant party (Congress) to a more competitive environment involving multiple opposition parties. This shift introduced a competitive 'marketplace' for political power and influence, leading to changes in the dynamics of Indian politics.

PAC is a crucial parliamentary committee in many democratic systems, including India and the United Kingdom. Its primary role is to scrutinize government expenditure and ensure that public funds are spent efficiently and in accordance with the law.

• As per the Constitution of India, the President of India is authorized to transfer the Judge of a High Court to another High Court.
• As per Article 222, the President of India perhaps, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, can transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court.
•  When a Judge has been transferred, he would, during his duty, after the conception of the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment Act, 1963, as a Judge of the other High Court, be entitled to receive an addition to his salary.
• This reimbursing allowance may be determined by Parliament by law and, fixed by the President of India.

Force theory believed that state makes use of force for commanding obedience to its laws. The Force Theory was supported by Church fathers during the middle ages, who tried to discredit the State as a child of force and as an instrument of force and domination.

Speaking generally, a type of internal sovereignty is the holding of a form of power by a group in an unlimited way, such that that group has supremacy in regard to that form of power.

The correct option is A: public choice approach.
The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration deals with Public Choice Approach.

In the Republic, Plato says that art imitates the objects and events of ordinary life.

• In other words, a work of art is a copy of a copy of the form.
• It is even more of an illusion than is ordinary experience.
• On this theory, works of art are at best entertainment, and at worst a dangerous delusion. 
• Life itself was just a mere and poor copy of perfect ideal forms, the art as a copy of a copy was simply a third removal from the reality and truth. 
• A good imitation can undermine the stability of eve

Liberalism is a concept that is far too fluid and dynamic to be defined precisely.

•  As Alabaster argued Liberalism should not be understood as a fixed absolute phrase, as a collection of unchangeable moral and political principles belt as a distinct historical movement of ideas in the modern era that began with the Renaissance and Reformation. 
• Negative liberalism has a similar connotation to classical liberalism which was propounded by John Lock and Adam Smith, which view the state as a minimal state in the early 19th century. 
• In the late 19th century heavily criticism from the Socialists and Marxists liberalism as the middle-class ideology and the increasing gap between rich and poor become the reason of change the Negative liberalism to Positive Liberalism. 
• Egalitarian liberalism was propounded by Rawls in the 1980s in which he tries to reconcile liberal individuals with the principles of redistribution.'
• Libertarianism evolved as a response to Egalitarianism which draws inspiration from Locke.

Thus,  Negative Liberalism⇒ Positive Liberalism⇒ Egalitarianism⇒ Libertarianism is the phases of the evolution of Liberalism in ascending order.

The correct answer is Citizenship should not make assimilation to majority values and norms as a precondition.

• Iris Marion Young critiqued mainstream citizenship theory for promoting an ideal of a universal, homogenous public that coerces marginalized groups to assimilate to dominant cultural values.
• She argued that conventional citizenship marginalizes minorities by imposing dominant norms and forcing them to give up their particular group identities to become citizens.
• Instead, Young advocated a pluralistic approach where citizenship should not make assimilation to majority values and culture a precondition for equal membership rights and participation.
• Different cultural groups should be allowed to retain their identities within the common public sphere.

Compulsory voting is an effect of laws which require eligible citizens to register and vote in elections, and may impose penalties on those who fail to do so. As of August 2013, 22 countries provide for compulsory voting, Compulsory voting is a generalised view that democratic election of governing representatives is the responsibility of citizens, rather than a right afforded citizens constitutionally to nominate representatives.

Lucian Pye’s six crises in political development facilitate the applicability of the model to nation building in India. India’s social, political and economic development process passes through six crises: Identity crises, Legitimacy crises, Participation crises, Penetration crises, Integration crises and Distribution crises.
Thus, option C is correct.

Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life and growth i.e. teacher should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people. Many famous educators, including John Devey, were pragmatist.

The foreign policy of non-alignment was formed by  Playing an active role in mediating between the USA and USSR for a humanitarian co-existence.

Thomas Hobbes well-known for making a significant contribution to political theory such as obligation, state of nature, and negative view of human nature.