MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (History) - MAHA TET MCQ

Correct answer is - Both 1 and 2.

Annie Besant
Indian Home Rule movement/Founders

• Home Rule League, either of two short-lived organizations of the same name in India established in April and September 1916, respectively, by Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and British social reformer and Indian independence leader Annie Besant.

The aim of the home rule movement

• was the attainment of home rule or a dominion status for India under the British Empire along the lines of countries like Canada and Australia.
• This movement was carried out through the two home rule leagues.

Indian home rule movement began-

• In India in the background of World War I.
• The Government of India Act (1909) failed to satisfy the demands of the national leaders.
• However, the split in the congress and the absence of leaders like Tilak, who was imprisoned in Mandalay meant that nationalistic response was tepid.

Tilak found the first home rule league

• at the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum in April 1916.
• then after this Annie Besant founded second league at Adyar Madras in September 1916.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.

Key Points

• Hind Swaraj is the most seminal work of Mahatma Gandhi and the most original contribution to political theory after Kautilya's Arthashastra.
• It is an alternative to feudalism, Marxism, and western-style democracy based on majority-ism.
• It is key to understanding Gandhi's life and philosophy, and to get over the present dilemma-growth without development.
• Published in 1909, it continues to evoke critical responses the world over.
• It is not a book on how to win political freedom for India; it is a book on how humanity can progress from conscious to super-conscious and moral beings.'
• Gandhi sees capitalism as the dynamic behind colonial imperialism.
• Gandhi’s rejection of capitalism is based on a profound repugnance to a system where profit is allowed to degrade labor, where the machines are valued more than humans, where automation is preferred to humanism. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The ancient Indian civilization "unquestionably the best", was the fountainhead of Indian nationality, as it had immense assimilative power of absorbing foreigners of different creeds. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Parliamentary Democracy did not reflect the general will of the people but of the political parties. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• In fact, Hind Swaraj is a manifesto for a new world order based on the supremacy of ethics and morality over matter.
• It represents the voice of the voiceless, the voice of the common man of India, and the whole world.
• Hind Swaraj teaches "the gospel of love in place of that of hate.
• It replaces violence with self-sacrifice.
• It pits soul force against brute force".

The correct answer is 1 - C, 2 - D, 3 - A, and 4 - B.Key Points

• Daojali Hading is a neolithic site in the Dima Hasao District of Assam, India on a low hillock about 1000 feet above sea level, dating to about 2,700 years before the present. Excavated in 1961-63 by a team led by M C Goswami and T C Sharma, it is the first stratified neolithic site discovered in Northeast India.
• Mundigak is an archaeological site in Kandahar province in Afghanistan. During the Bronze Age, it was a center of the Helmand culture. It is situated approximately 55 km northwest of Kandahar near Shāh Maqsūd, on the upper drainage of the Kushk-i Nakhud River.
• Rana Ghundai. the remains of a multilevel settlement of sedentary agricultural tribes that lived from the fourth to second millennia B.C. near Loralai, Pakistan
• Chirand is an archaeological site in the Saran district of Bihar, India, situated on the northern bank of the Ganga River. It has a large pre-historic mound.

Additional Information

• The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world.

Thus, the prehistoric sites here mentioned are correctly matched in Option 4.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

• Literary Sources of Mauryan Empire:
  • Arthashastra:
    • It was written by Kautilya/Chanakya
    • It is the most important literary source for the Mauryas.
    • It gives a clear and methodological analysis of the political and economic conditions of the Mauryan empire.
    • Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Indica:
    • It was written by Megasthenese.
    • He was the ambassador of Seleucus Nikator.
    • It refers to the Mauryan administration as a 7-Caste system. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
    • It also tells about the absence of slavery and usuary during that period in India.
  • Mudra Rakshasa:
    • It was written by Visakha Dutta during Gupta Period. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
    • Though it was written during the Gupta period yet it describes how Chandragupta Maurya get Kautilya's assistannce to overthrow the Nandas.

Ten principles of Arya Samaj are:

• Vedas are the only source of truth therefore the study of Vedas is absolutely necessary
• Recitation of the Mantras of the Vedas and performance of Yajnas 
• Opposition to idol worship
• Faith in theory of karma and transmigration of soul
• Faith in theory of one god who has no physical existence
• Opposition to reincarnation theory of God and religious pilgrimages
• Opposition to child marriage and polygamy
• Belief in female education
• Support to widow remarriage in certain circumstances
• Attempt to propagate Hindi and Sanskrit language.

The correct answer is None of the above.

Key Points

• The Vakataka Empire was an Indian subcontinent dynasty that arose from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE.
• Their state is thought to have stretched from the northern borders of Malwa and Gujarat to the Tungabhadra River in the south, as well as from the Arabian Sea in the west to the eastern borders of Chhattisgarh.
• After Pravarasena I, the Vakataka dynasty was divided into four branches, two of which are recognized and two of which are unknown.
• The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch and the Vatsagulma branch are the two known branches.

Important Points

• They were the most important Satavahana successors in the Deccan and lived at the same time as the Guptas in northern India. It was not after the weakening of Satavahanas that Vakataka came into power, these dynasties were existing in parallel timelines. Hence option (i) is incorrect.
• Vindhyashakti (250-270), whose name is taken from the deity Vindhyavasini, was the Vakataka dynasty's founder. Hence Option (ii) is incorrect.
• Pravarasena I (270-330), the next monarch, kept the kingdom a strong power.
• Pravar Sen was the son of Vidhya Sakti. Hence option (iii) is incorrect.
• He was the first Vakataka ruler to name himself a Samrat (universal ruler) and wage battles against the Naga rulers.

Poetry in India

The Vedas

• The term Vedas has been derived from the Sanskrit word Vid which means ‘to know’.
• They are a compilation of hymns and prayers, offered to various Gods by sages and poets. They are not just a series of sacred texts but are essentially archetypal poetry of high literary value.
• They are also known as Samhitas.
• Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Classical Sanskrit Literature

• Classical Sanskrit literature includes epic poetry, drama, lyric poetry, romance, popular tales, didactic fables, grammar, medicine, law, astronomy, mathematics, etc.
• It is mostly secular in character.
• An important example of poetry in Classical Sanskrit in Malatibhava, written by Bhavabhuti (c. 700 CE). It is a love story written in poetry form.
• Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Sangam Literature

• The Sangam period roughly spans from 300 BCE - to 300 CE.
• The most interesting feature of Sangam literature is that it is mostly secular in nature, and not religious. Its themes revolve around the love, praise, and bravery of kings.
• The Sangam literature has mainly two schools of poems:
• Aham (love poems)
• Puram (public and heroic poems)
• In Sangam literature, Tenais are types of themes or genres of poetry.
• A single Thinai contained the entire political landscape - time, place, background, season, flora, and fauna.
• Ettutogai is a collection of eight anthologies of poems, Pathupattu is a collection of ten long poems.
• Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Telugu Literature

• Telugu is also a Davidian language.
• The literature began in the 10th-11th centuries CE.
• The literature is mainly poetry in secular and religious themes.
• Sataka (century of verses) is a very popular form of literature.
• The literature attained new heights under the Vijayanagar empire (14-17th century CE), of which Telugu was the court language.
• Pattu song literature developed in Malayalam literature, not Telugu literature.
• Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

Malayalam Literature

• The Malayalam language is a member of the Dravidian language family.
• Popular song literature flourished called pattu. It consisted of erotic poetry written in a mixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit.
• Campus are compositions written in alternating passages of verses and prose.
• Earlier Malayalam texts were entirely indigenous. However, with time Sanskrit and Tamil contributed to its development.
• Manipravalam developed as a dialect that is a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam.

Inscriptions are carved on seals, stone pillars, rocks, copper plates, temple walls and bricks or images.

1) Epigraphy:- study of inscriptions.

2) Palaeography:- study of the old writings used in the inscriptions and other old records.

3) Numismatics:- study of coins, tokens, paper money and related objects.

Futuhat-i-Firozshahi literally means ‘Victories of Firuz Shah’. It was written by Firuz Shah Tughluq. It gives a reliable picture of the mind and attitude of Firuz Shah. It was a political pamphlet to win the sympathy and co-operation of his co-religionists. Sikander-bin-Muhammad Manzu composed his work, Mirat-i-Sikanderi, in 1611. It describes the political events, along with the social and cultural life of Gujarat. Shahjahan Nama was written by Muhammad Sadiq Khan. He recorded the events of Shah Jahan’s reign from the death of Jahangir to the accession of Aurangzeb in an intelligent and impartial manner. Abdul Hamid Lahori wrote a detailed account of the reign of Shah Jahan in two volumes under the title of Padshahnama.

The Pali texts speak of three types of villages.

The first category included the typical village inhabited by various castes and communities. Its number seems to have been the largest, and it was haeded by a village headman called bhojaka.

The second category included the suburban villages which were in the nature of craft villages; for instance a carpenters’ village or chariotmaker’s village lay in the vicinity of Varanasi. Obviously these villages served as markets for the other villages and linked the towns with the countryside.

The third category included the border villages situated on the limits of the countryside which merged into forests. People living in these villages were mainly fowlers and hunters, who mostly lived on food gathering.

The correct answer is (A), (B) & (C).

Key Points

Administration during Kakatiyas:

• During the Kakatiya Dynasty agriculture was the main profession. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • They witnessed excellent economic progress because they paid a keen interest in the agricultural expansion.
  • They brought large tracts of uncultivable lands under cultivation by building tanks and digging wells
• The Kakatiya rulers especially Prataparudra attempted to increase the extent of cultivable land by cutting down forests and brought many virgin soils under the plough. Hence, statement 2 is correct
• The Land revenue was collected either in cash or in kind. Hence, statement 3 is correct
  • The state collected one-fourth to one-half of the produce as revenue.
• The Kakatiy also paid very keen interest and attention to improve the agricultural potentialities of the country by constructing tanks, wells, irrigation facilities, and canals, establishing agrahara villages, and bringing wastelands under cultivation. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

[The Gold Content of Gupta Era coins was maximum in comparison to previous major dynasties]

Although the Gupta rulers issued the largest number of gold coins, their gold content, particularly after Skandagupta was very low. This justifies the deteriorating economy in later gupta era. 

Bharatnatyam, one of the classical dance form, is called ‘fire dance’ as the movements of bharatnatyam resemble the movements of a dancing flame. It portrays the mystic manifestation of the metaphysical element of fire in human body. It was originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu.

Viceroy Lord Linlithgo described the Quit India Movement (1942) as by far the most serious rebellion since 1857.

Linlithgo served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. He implemented the plans for local self-government embodied in the Government of India Act 1935, which led to provincial governments led by the Congress Party in five of the eleven provinces of British India, but the recalcitrance of the princes prevented the establishment of elected governments in most of the princely states.

Provincial Administration

• During Akbar's reign, the Empire was divided into 12 provinces known as Subas. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Subas were divided into Sarkars (districts).
• Sarkars were further divided into Parganas. Mahals were introduced during Shah Jahan’s reign.

Provincial Governor

• The Subedar or provincial governor was directly appointed by the Emperor.
• Duties of the Subedar included looking after the welfare of the people and the army, maintaining general law and order, welfare activities, and enhancing the revenue of the state. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

• Accordingly, option (c) is correct.

The correct answer is Vidyadhar.

Key Points

Vidyadhara (c.1003−1035 CE)

• Vidyadhara was a Chandela king of central India. The Chandela dynasty is famous in Indian history for King Vidyadhar, who repulsed the attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni.
• According to some legends, Vidyadhara killed the Pratihara king of Kannauj (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the Ghaznavid invader, Mahmud of Ghazni.
• Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara’s kingdom and the conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud. By the end of Vidyadhara’s reign, the Ghaznavid invasions had weakened the Chandella kingdom.
• Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India.
• His love for sculptures is shown in the world heritage site temples of Khajuraho and Kalinjar fort.

Important PointsMahendrapala I, Mihir Bhoja, and Nagbhata belong to the Gurjara-Pratiharas.

• The Gurjara-Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River.
• Nagabhata I defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin in the Caliphate campaigns in India. Under Nagabhata II, the Gurjara-Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India.
• He was succeeded by his son Ramabhadra, who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son, Mihira Bhoja.
• Under Bhoja and his successor Mahendrapala I, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty reached its peak of prosperity and power.
• By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivaled that of the Gupta Empire stretching from the border of Sindh in the west to Bengal in the east and from the Himalayas in the north to areas past the Narmada in the south.

Trade was facilitated by the use of money. The term Nishka and Satamana in the Vedic texts are taken to be names of coins, but they seem to have been prestige objects made of metal. Coins actually found are not earlier than the sixth-fifth century B.C.

1) Coins made of metal appear first in the age of Gautama Buddha.

2) The earliest are made largely of silver though a few copper also appears. They are called punch-marked because pieces of these metals were punched with certain marks such as hill, tree, fish, bull, elephant, crescent, etc.

3) In Vedic times the exchange was carried on through means of barter, and sometimes cattle served the purpose of currency.

After the decline of the Pala dynasty, which was known for its Buddhist patronage, it was the Sena dynasty that reinstated Hinduism as the prominent religion in Bengal and made significant contributions to art and architecture

Key Points

• The dynasty credited with re-establishing Hinduism in Bengal after the decline of the Pala Empire is:

  Senas

• The Sena dynasty played a pivotal role in the resurgence of Hinduism in the Bengal region following the period of Pala rule, which was strongly associated with Buddhism. The Palas, who were great patrons of Buddhism, had established a significant Buddhist cultural and educational presence in Bengal.

• However, with the decline of the Pala Empire, the Sena dynasty emerged as a powerful force, and under their reign, Hinduism saw a significant revival.

• The Senas, originally from Karnataka in South India, established their kingdom in Bengal in the late 11th century.

• They were staunch followers of Hinduism and made concerted efforts to promote and patronize Hindu religious practices, rituals, and the construction of Hindu temples.

• This period under the Senas marked a significant transformation in the religious landscape of Bengal, transitioning it from a predominantly Buddhist culture to one where Hinduism regained prominence.

The Wardha Resolution is also known as “Quit India Resolution”. This resolution was ratified in the All India Congress Committee at Bombay on August 7, 1942. Here a nonviolent mass struggle under the leadership of Gandhi was sanctioned in the “August Kranti Maidan”. On the next day, Gandhi, Nehru and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government and Congress party was banned. The movement was not supported by Muslim League.

Boundary Commission

Jawaharlal Nehru, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, and Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Source: Recalling Radcliffe's division of India

• Boundary Commission was a consultative body created in July 1947.
• It was set up under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• They were two in number (one each for Bengal and Punjab).
• Both of the Commissions were chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Therefore, Statement 3 is correct.
• They were appointed by the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, not Lord Wavell. Hence, the Statement 2 is wrong.

Objectives

• Their main objective was to recommend how the states of Punjab and Bengal were to be divided between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan.
• The Commission was instructed to draw boundaries in such a way that the Hindu and Muslim populations in Indian and Pakistan would be kept intact as much as possible.

Members

• Each commission included five members - Sir Cyril Radcliffe as Chairman, two members nominated by the Indian National Congress, and two members nominated by the Muslim League.

Sir Cyril Radcliffe was a lawyer from England with no previous knowledge or experience of Indian demography or cartography.

The correct answer is honouring the king.

Key Points

• Ashoka was the great Mauryan ruler and grandson of the dynasty's founder Chandragupta Maurya.
• Ashoka became a Buddhist in the 9^th year of his reign i.e., a year after the conquest of Kalinga.
• Dhamma is Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word 'Dharma'.
• Ashoka’s dhamma was neither a new religion nor a new political philosophy, it was a way of life.
• Ashoka denounced all useless ceremonies and sacrifices held under the influ­ence of superstition.
• One of the striking features of Asoka’s edicts is that he regards himself as a father figure for the people. Hence honoring the king was not dhamma.

Additional Information

• Ashoka's major dhamma is inscribed in 14 rock edicts. Some of the important dhamma are:
  • Prohibition of animal sacrifices in festive and public gatherings.
  • It pleads for toleration amongst all religions.
  • Respect for others and regard even for slaves and servants and donations to sramanas and Brahmans.
  • Emphatic plea for toleration amongst the various religions.
  • Plantation of medicinal herbs and trees and digging of wells along the roads, which describes the promotion of welfare of the people.

The correct answer is Francois Bernier.

Key Points

• Francois Bernier:
  • A French physician, political philosopher, traveller, and historian, lived in India for 12 years. He was associated with the Mughal Court as a personal physician of Dara Shikoh (eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan) and later as a scientist with Danishmand Khan (Nole at Mughal Court). Hence, option 3 is correct.

Additional Information

• Niccolao Manucci:
  • He was born in 1638 in Venice but came to India when he was just 17. He landed in Surat and was employed as an artilleryman in the army of the Mughal prince, Dara Shikoh. After Shikoh’s defeat, he worked for the famous Rajput king, Mirza Raja Jai Singh, but this too did not last long. Manucci’s travels and quests for employment took him from all over India – from Kashmir to Bengal, Goa to Madras.
• Duarte Barbosa:
  • ​He was a Portuguese writer and Portuguese India officer between 1500 and 1516–1517. He was posted as a scrivener in the Cannanore factory and occasionally served as an interpreter of the local language (Malayalam). His Book of Duarte Barbosa (Livro de Duarte Barbosa) is one of the earliest examples of Portuguese travel literature.
• Marco Polo:
  • ​He was a merchant from Venice and an adventurer who travelled from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295. He travelled through Asia along the Silk road in the 13th century. The story of his travels is recorded in ‘II Milione’ (The Million) also called ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’.

The correct answer is 1580.

• In 1580 Akbar analyzed the state revenue statistics of the last 10 years, which contained information on price fluctuations and land productivity and averaged crop yield and prices for different regions of his empire.​

Important Points

• Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar was crowned in 1556 at the very young age of 13 years.
  • Art and Architecture: Fatehpur Sikri, Jama Masjid(UP) and its Gateway Buland Darwaza.
  • The land revenue system of Akbar was known as Zabti or Bandobasth system.
    • The land was classified as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar, Banjar.
  • Mansabdari system: The nobility and Army were organized by the system.
  • Jagirdari system: Assigning the revenue of particular territory to nobles for their services to the states.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.

Key Points

First Anglo-Maratha War

• After many battles Both Marathas and Britishers signed the Treaty of Salbai to Conclude the first Anglo-Maratha War in 1782. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• The First Anglo-Maratha War was fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire, during 1775 - 1782. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• After the Third Battle of Panipat, the Maratha power in India started declining.
• Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 and was succeeded by his son Madhavrao I who was able to recover some of the territories lost in the third battle of Panipat.
• Madhavrao I died in the early 1770s, leading to a fight for Maratha’s throne between Narayan Rao (Son of Madhavrao I) and uncle Raghunathrao.

The main cause of the first Maratha war was the increased interference of the British in affairs, both internal and external. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

Causes

• Treaty of Surat 1775:
  • It was signed between Raghunath Rao and the British East India Company (EIC). British EIC agreed to support the claim of Raghunathrao over Peshwaship.
  • In return, Raghunathrao conceded Salsette and Bassein to the English.
• Beginning of the First Anglo-Maratha War
  • The Treaty of Surat in 1775 is considered the beginning of the First Anglo-Maratha War.
  • Raghunathrao supported by the British EIC attacked and won the battle against the Peshwa of Maratha.
• Disagreement among Britishers
  • British Calcutta Council under Warren Hastings cancelled the agreement reached between Raghunathrao and the Bombay Presidency.
  • British Calcutta Council signed a new Agreement of Purandhar with Ministers of Maratha in 1776.
  • Raghunathrao was given the only pension and Salsette was held on by the British.
• Breach of Agreement of Purandhar 1776
  • The British establishment at Bombay breached this treaty and protected Raghunathrao.
  • On the other hand, Nana Phadnavis gave permission to the French to build a port on the west coast.
• Battle at Wadgaon
  • The above conflict led to a battle at Wadgaon near Pune in which the Marathas under Mahadji Shinde secured a conclusive victory over the English.
• Treaty of Wadgaon
  • The English were forced to sign a humiliating agreement with Marathas in Wadgaon in 1779.
• Treaty of Salbai
  • ​It was signed on 17 May 1782.
  • The Company retained control of Salsette and Broach and acquired guarantees that the Marathas would defeat Hyder Ali of Mysore and retake territories in the Carnatic.
  • The Marathas also guaranteed that the French would be prohibited from establishing settlements on their territories.
  • Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause was abandoned.
  • The British also recognised the territorial claims of the Mahadji Shinde west of the Jamuna River and all the territories occupied by the British after the Treaty of Purndar were given back to the Marathas.
  • The Treaty of salbai resulted in 20 years of relative peace between the Maratha Empire and the East India Company until the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802.
  • Devudiya Anderson concluded the Treaty of Salbai on behalf of the East India Company.

The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien came during Chandra- gupta-ll reign not during Kanishka reign. Though Harsha was a Hindu he was not antagonistic to Buddhism when Hiuen-Tsang met him.

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

Town Planning of Harappan Civilisation

• ​The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.
• Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had their own citadel or acropolis, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.
• Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town containing brick houses, which were inhabited by the common people.
• The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed the grid system.
• Granaries constituted an important part of the Harappan cities.
• The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The drainage system of Mohenjodaro was very impressive.
• The underground drainage system connects all the houses to the street drains which were covered with either bricks or stone stabs and equipped with manholes.
• In almost all cities every big or small house had its own courtyard and bathroom.
• In Kalibangan many houses had their wells.
• At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified, and sections within the town were also separated by walls.

This question tries you to differentiate between the Prapatya Vivaha and Arsha Vivaha and Asura Vivah. In Prajapatya Vivaha, the rights of boy and girl were equally secured, this is a correct statement. How to secure? The groom approached the father of the bride and the father of the bride would agree on certain conditions BUT not certain price. Please note that in Arsha Vivaha, the bride’s father used to receive a pair of cattle for certain uses prescribed by the law. But still it was NOT a price of the bride. It was only the Asura Vivah in which the groom`s family paid to the bride’s family in return for the girl.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.​
Key-Points

• Bose met Hitler under the pseudo name, Orlando Mazzotta.
• With the help of Hitler, the ‘Freedom Army’ (Mukti Sena) was formed which consisted of all the prisoners of war of Indian origin captured by Germany and Italy.
• Dresden, Germany was made the office of the Freedom Army. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Bose came to be called ‘Netaji’ by the people of Germany. He gave the famous slogan, ‘Jai Hind’ from the Free India Centre, Germany. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

Subhash Chandra Bose’s Role in Indian Independence Struggle

• His political guru was Chittaranjan Das.
• Bose was sent to prison in Mandalay for nationalist activities in 1925.
• He was released in 1927 and became the INC’s general secretary.
• He worked with Jawaharlal Nehru (Born on November 14 – 1889) and the two became the Congress Party’s young leaders gaining popularity among the people.
• He advocated complete Swaraj and was in favor of the use of force to gain it.
• He had differences with Gandhi and he wasn’t keen on non-violence as a tool for independence.
• Bose stood for and was elected the party’s president in 1939 but was forced to resign due to differences with Gandhi’s supporters.
• Bose’s ideology tilted towards socialism and leftist authoritarianism. He formed the All India Forward Bloc in 1939 as a faction within Congress. At the start of the Second World War, Bose protested against the government for not consulting Indians before dragging them into the war.
• He was arrested when he organized protests in Calcutta for the removal of the monument memorializing the Black Hole of Calcutta. He was released after a few days but was kept under surveillance. He then made his escape from the country in 1941 to Germany via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
• He had previously traveled to Europe and met with Indian students and European political leaders. In Germany, he met with the Nazi leaders and hoped to stage an armed struggle against the British to gain independence.
• He hoped to befriend the Axis powers since they were against his ‘enemy’, the British.
• He founded the Indian Legion out of about 4500 Indian soldiers who were in the British army and had been taken prisoners by the Germans from North Africa.
• In 1943, he left Germany for Japan disillusioned with the lukewarm German support for Azad Hind.
• Bose’s arrival in Japan revived the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) which had been formed earlier with Japanese help.
• Azad Hind or the Provisional Government of Free India was established as a government-in-exile with Bose as the head. Its headquarters was in Singapore. The INA was its military.
• Bose motivated the troops with his fiery speeches. His famous quote is, “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”
• The INA supported the Japanese army in its invasion of northeast India and also took control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, they were forced to retreat by the British forces following the Battles of Kohima and Imphal in 1944.

The correct answer is Both I and II

Key Points:

• Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the Mysore Kingdom and he is known as the Tiger of Mysore.
• He reigned from 1782 to 1799.
• Tipu Sultan expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin.
• The French commander-in-chief, Napoleon Bonaparte, sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan.

Additional Information:

• Hyder Ali fought the first Anglo-Mysore War in 1767-69 at the age of 17 and then Second Angle Mysore in 1780-84.
• Hyder Ali died during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and then Tipu Sultan led Mysore.
• He reformed the tax system and imposed tax directly on the peasant and collected through salaried agents in cash.
• Tipu Sultan deployed rockets against the advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Siege of Seringapatam and the Battle of Pollilur.

Both are incorrect statements because besides  Prakrit, Ashokan edicts are written in Greek and Aramaic languages also. All the edicts of Ashoka engraved in the Kharoshthi and Brahmi scripts are in the Prakrit language.