MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Works of Isaiah Berlin in chronological order of his publications is - 
Karl Marx : His Life and Environment
Four Essays on Liberty
Vico and Herder : Two Studies in the History of Ideas
Concepts and Categories : Philosophical Essays

Both Assertion- For Fukuyama, liberal democracy may constitute the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and Reason- The earlier forms of government were characterised by grave defects and irrationalities that led to their eventual collapse are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Aitchison Commission - 1886 
Gladstone Committee - 1894
Brownlow Committee - 1937 
Masterman Committee - 1950

I. The Election Commission of India wanted that 'None of the above' button on Electronic voting machine should be offered to voters.
IV. the candidate with highest number of votes will be declared elected even if she/he receivees less than the NOTA votes.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

• India on 14 May 2022 banned wheat exports in an effort to protect its domestic supply, a move that drew the criticism of the U.S. and its fellow G7 member countries, says U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack.

The correct answer is Functionalists. 

• A person who sees the relationship between the various strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence would likely subscribe to the functionalist perspective in sociology.
• Functionalist theorists believe that social structures, including stratification, serve a purpose in maintaining social order and stability.
• They argue that each social stratum or class has a specific function to perform in society and that these functions are interdependent and require cooperation among members of different strata.
• Therefore, a functionalist would be more likely to see the relationship between different strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence, as opposed to conflict or exploitation.

The correct answer is Karl Marx.

• Marx's theories on administration are dispersed among his many books. He has addressed the emergence of bureaucracy, its function in developed and developing nations, its flaws, its obliteration during the socialist revolution, and its replacement in the emerging non-exploitative society. 
• According to Marx, nation states and capitalism emerged in western Europe in the sixteenth century, which is when bureaucracy first appeared.
  • A tool for managing riches and exercising power was required as a result of the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of merchant capitalists and absolute monarchs. The bureaucracy served as this instrument.
  • Capitalists competed with one another with its assistance, while the king reduced the power of feudal lords. 
  • Trade in medieval society was regional, i.e., between neighbouring villages or inside the community. Trade with far-off locations became possible with the development of steamships. However, the merchant explorers who had to travel to such remote locations felt unsafe.
  • Only a state with extensive control over a region could guarantee their security. The nation state was born because of the need for international trade.
  • Around the seventeenth century, nation states first emerged. However, the king was unable to oversee such a vast territory without the assistance of a great number of officials. The bureaucracy is made up of these individuals. 
  • As a result, the bureaucracy is linked to nationalism and capitalism. This implies that bureaucracy would also be rendered obsolete if nation states and capitalism could be defeated.
• Bureaucracy ensures that workers of the government are kept in check. The government's bureaucracy also contributes to the preservation of capitalism's production relations throughout broader society.
  • Therefore, if employees in a private company go on strike, the capitalist can enlist the assistance of the police to keep them in check. The government supports and protects private business and commerce.

The correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

• Colonialism entails exploiting people's lives and cultures to gain political and economic dominance over the colony.
  • When the Europeans discovered a maritime route across Africa's southern coast and America, naval power went to the growing nation-states of Portugal, Spain, France, and England. Gradually, colonization expanded to other regions of Asia as well.
  • Colonialism is a modern historical event.
  • The alien minority claims racial and cultural superiority over the native majority in this process of colonialism.
• Colonialism significantly negatively impacted the nation's social, political, regional, economic, and cultural characteristics.
  • However, colonial structures were dismantled after World War II in a procedure known as decolonization, which is essentially the undoing of Colonialism.
  • It might entail nonviolent revolutions or national liberation wars by pro-independence organizations for the colonized people's right to colonial self-determination. Sovereign states in the Americas, Asia, and Africa refer to it as the division of colonies for this reason.
  • The following are some of the post-World War II factors that contributed to decolonization:
    • Several nations were no longer able to assist in maintaining colonial administration after the Second World War due to a lack of financial resources.
    • As western literature and education opened up spaces for independent thought and reasoned debate about liberty, equality, freedom, and other topics, movements began to emerge in colonial states.
    • When the United Nations was founded, it put pressure on imperial powers like the United Kingdom and France to grant colonies their independence and recogrecon-states as the best form of political organization.
    • During the Cold War, the US and USSR put pressure on their allies in Europe to grant independence and liberate colonies. The constant exploitation of the colonial people and their resources stoked the flames of nationalism and patriotism.

Planning commission is not a Constitutional Body.

Most-favoured-nation treatment means a favourable treatment extended to a particular State.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

• New Public Administration 
  • It is an anti-positivist, anti-technical, and anti-hierarchical reaction against traditional public administration. A practiced theory in response to the ever-changing needs of the public and how institutions and administrations go about solving them.
  • The focus is on the role of government and how it can provide these services to citizens who are a part of the public interest, through, but not limited to, public policy.
  • New Public Administration traces its origins to the first Minnowbrook Conference held in 1968 under the patronage of Dwight Waldo. 
• New Public Administration theory deals with the following issues:
• Democratic citizenship; Refers directly to the belief in creating a government where the "common man" has a voice in politics. For such an approach to work, citizens must become aware, knowledgeable, and active in their communities and nations. True democratic citizenship requires more than voting for representatives. It requires using one's own mind, voice, and actions.
• Public interest; Refers to the collective common good within society, which is the main objective of public interest.
• Public policy; How new public policy is enacted and introduced. Not limited to the participation of the public but encouraged involvement.
• Services to citizens; Providing and upholding the moral and ethical standard in regards to meeting the needs of citizens through institutions and bureaucracies.
• First, a ‘new’ theory should start with the idea of democratic citizenship. The public service derives its true meaning from its mandate to serve citizens to advance the public good. This is the raison d’être of the institution, the source of motivation and pride of all those who choose to make it their life, whether for a season or an entire career.​

The correct answer is Normative Concerns.

• The advent of new public administration coincided with the height of the political turmoil and upheaval of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a period during which Western civilizations, particularly the USA, experienced several social difficulties such as unrest, instability, confusion, and the like.
• The traditional public administration opens in a new window, which is built on the principles of economy and efficiency but was unable to respond to the growing unrest and the complexities that resulted from the political unrest in a way that was effective.
• Eventually, a movement within the field emerged in quest of a new public administration—one that was aware of and capable of resolving societal issues that had not been addressed during the 1960s.
• A rising group of American academics had met at Minnowbrook in 1968 and had contested the tenets of traditional political science and public administration.
  • These young academics were of the opinion that public administration ought to be value-driven rather than efficiency-driven.
  • This sparked the New Public Administration trend, which places a greater focus on morals and ethics.
  • The phrase "new public administration" was first used in a way that reflected the spirit of the period, as well as a statement of dissatisfaction with the condition of the profession and a call to arms for a new, improved public administration.
• The primary focus of the new public administration was to strengthen the function and capability of the public administrative system to address social change's difficulties and guide it.
• It represented a backlash against the strongly felt positivist influence that emerged after World War II and reflected the radical reformism of the 1960s.
• Relevance, values, social equality, change, and customer focus are the five main themes that can be used to summarise the objectives of public administration.
• The fundamental normative issue in administrative studies was made evident by the new public administration movement.
• It rejected the value-neutral stance taken by behavioural political science and public administration with a managerial focus.

The correct answer is b, d, and e only.

• There are basically three types of integration models which are assimilation, melting pot, and multiculturalism or cultural pluralism.
• The first model argues that immigrants lost their original customs and practices, they shape their behavior according to the values and norms of the majority.
• This paper provides a discussion of different models or stages of multiculturalism: denial, assimilationism, affirmative action, valuing diversity, managing diversity, global multi-culturalism, and humanistic multiculturalism.
• Three kinds of multiculturalism can be identified as coexisting in the same society: ethnic, linguistic, and national multiculturalism.

"An elevation of text and language as the fundamental phenomena of existence."

• This is one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism elevates text and language as the fundamental phenomena of existence, rather than material reality or objective truth.
• This is because post-modernism sees reality as constructed through language and discourse, and therefore language becomes the primary means of understanding and interpreting reality.

"The application of literary analysis to all phenomena."

• This is also one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism sees all phenomena as texts, and therefore subject to literary analysis.
• This includes not only literary texts, but also cultural artifacts, social structures, and even the natural world.
• Post-modernism approaches these phenomena through a critical lens, analyzing the language and discourse used to describe and construct them.

"A favour to meta-narratives."

• This statement is false.
• In fact, post-modernism is known for its rejection of meta-narratives or grand narratives that claim to explain the world in its entirety.
• Post-modernism sees these narratives as oppressive and limiting, because they impose a singular perspective on reality and exclude other voices and perspectives.

"A questioning of reality and representation."

• This is also one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism questions the idea of a stable, objective reality that exists independently of language and discourse.
• Instead, post-modernism sees reality as constructed through language and discourse, and therefore subject to interpretation and re-interpretation.
• Post-modernism also questions the ability of representation to accurately reflect reality, and instead sees representation as always already mediated by language and discourse.

In summary, the correct answer is 1, 2 and 4 are the primary tenets of post-modernism, while statement 3 is false.

According to Popper, Scientific determinism is a doctrine that if we were given a sufficiently precise description of events, together with all the laws of nature, any events could be rationally predicted, with any desired degree of precision.

It should devote attention both to the government and opposition viewpoint

The correct option is '  Developed in 2014, target year for achievement is 2030'.

•  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed by the United Nations General Assembly in the year 2014.
• They were included in the General Assembly’s resolution named Agenda 2030, which sets the target year for achievement as 2030.
• The SDGs are a set of 17 goals that are designed to serve as a blueprint for a future that is sustainable and accessible to all.
• They include goals related to poverty eradication, sustainable economic growth, access to education and healthcare, reducing inequality, and combating climate change.

The correct answer is both statements are true.

• Both statements are part of the political philosophy developed by John Rawls known as "justice as fairness."
• Rawls proposed a hypothetical thought experiment called the original position, which is a hypothetical social contract situation where individuals are placed behind a "veil of ignorance."
• This means that they are unaware of their own social position, wealth, talents, or personal characteristics.
• Statement 1 accurately reflects Rawls' perspective.
• He argues that in the original position, individuals would prioritize the interests of the worst-off members of society.
• This means that they would aim to create rules and institutions that would uplift the most disadvantaged individuals and improve their overall well-being.
• Rawls believes that this approach is fair because no one knows if they will end up in a disadvantaged position, so it is rational to design a society that provides the best possible conditions for the least advantaged.
• Statement 2 also aligns with Rawls' philosophy.
• Rawls argues that the purpose of decision-making behind the veil of ignorance is to ensure that everyone has reasonable opportunities and equal access to important resources.
• This includes not only material resources but also social, political, and educational opportunities.
• Rawls advocates for a society where the distribution of resources and opportunities is structured in a way that benefits the least advantaged members while still allowing for inequalities that benefit all members of society, particularly those who are less well-off.

Therefore we conclude that both statements are true.

The theory says that several rights rose as a result of historical evolution. When the State was evolved, human beings must have had certain customs and traditions hardened by time and these provided an evolution. Certain rights are created by law, and they do not have history as the source of their origin.

MILL S once declared that the intellectual's politics should be the politics of truth. The intellectual should search for the most adequate definition of reality.1.Not the politicization of truth but rather the demystification of politics, the creation of an atmosphere favourable to the scientific study of social and political life is what Mills most certainly had in mind when he penned this equation. Yet there are certain connotations which leave an unmistakable residue of doubt. The idea ''politics of truth" implies a certain activism against which the notion of scientific investigation, gradual and laborious, appears as rather pusillanimous counsel, unsuited to the needs of the intellectual engaged in social reconstruction. Truth' in Mills' usage is tied, not directly by the meaning of the equation, but indirectly by the connotative overtones, to a more aggressive task of social and political action. This link appears very markedly in the title of the essay in which the phrase appears, "On Knowledge and Power".

Minnow brook conference had facilitated Syracuse University, beautiful conference centre in the Adirondack Mountains. The general theme of the conference was public administration that was relevant to public interest but unfortunately no idea was put forward in the proceedings. The scholars who actually attended the conference were young scholars. They were not at all interested in public administration they were basically interested in embracing new definitions for their own discipline of life. Minnow brook conference put emphasis on normative approach. They provided four goals and three anti goals. the four goals consisted:
1. Relevance 2. Value 3. Equity 4. Change.
The anti goals are:
1. Rejection of the value- neutral concept
2. Rejection of the public administration
3.Public Administration is not a part of politics.

• Sovereignty is one of the elements of the State, substantive term, supremacy on the polity.
  • The element makes the state supreme over all individuals and groups of individuals and independent of other states.
  • This element of the state distinguishes it from other associations.
  • The term ‘sovereignty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘superanus’, meaning supreme.
  • Though in its technical and political sense it is a modern concept, the idea is as old as Aristotle
• Sovereignty has been differently defined by different writers.
  • Aristotle has referred to the 'supreme power’ in the state, which is the same thing as sovereignty.
  • The Roman spoke of the fullness of the power of the state.
  • Bodin (1530-96) defined sovereignty as ‘the supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.’

• Nancy Shoemaker holds the position of history professor at the University of Connecticut and described the twelve types of colonialism.
• Her latest publication, titled "Native American Whalemen and the World: Indigenous Encounters and the Contingency of Race," was released by the University of North Carolina Press in 2015.

21 November 1918: the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into Parliament. 1928: Women received the vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928.

Shuddi Movement was started by Arya Samaj to bring back the people to Hinduism who had converted to Islam and Christianity. Swami Dayanand Saraswati played a significant role in this movement. The contribution of V.D Savarkar to Shuddi Movement is that of a philosopher, worker, leader, and leader of leaders. He was not against voluntary acceptance of any religion but was against unethical methods of conversion.
Thus, option C is correct.

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow

The constitution of U.S was signed in 1787 which is in written form. Indian constitution is also in written form which came into effect in 1950. Currently, the fourth constitution of Vietnam is in operation which is in written form. The constitution of Israel is unwritten. Israel has evolved a system of basic laws and rights, which enjoys semi-constitutional status.
Thus, option C is correct.

Assertion (A): The relation between a generalist and a specialist is one of a senior and a subordinate.
Reason (R): A specialist is required to assist the generalist in the formulation and implementation of public policy.
(A) is wrong, but (R) is true.

The correct answer is The inner-possession of an individual or group.

•  L.D. White says, A high morale is essentially joined, ”with a belief in the importance and value of the work that each individual performs.” Training will help the public servant to understand the purpose of his work and organization and to view its significance in the larger context of the well-being of society.
• Moral means to well-based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of duties, principles, specific virtues, or benefits to society.

• The Justice Rajendar Sachar committee was set up by the Government of India to examine the social and economic status of the Muslim community. 
• The committee was constituted in 2005. 
• The Manmohan Singh administration appointed the Committee.