Kerala SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (History) - KTET MCQ

A new phase in Britain’s economic relations with India had begun by 1813. Hence, ‘Agricultural India was to be made an economic colony of Industrial England’.

A) The Government of India now followed a policy of free trade or unrestricted entry of British goods. Indian handicrafts were exposed to the fierce and unequal competition of the machine made products of Britain and faced extinction. India had to admit British goods free or at nominal tariff rates.

B) The Government of India also increased the number of purchasers of British goods by following a policy of fresh conquests and direct occupation of protected States like Oudh.

C) Many British officials, political leaders and businessmen also advocated reduction in land revenue so that the Indian peasants might be in a better position to buy foreign manufactures.

D) They also advocated westernization of India so that more and more Indians might develop a taste for Western goods.

The biography of Jawahar Lal Nehru is written by Frank Moraes. Frank Moraes was born in Bombay in 1907. He was the son of a Catholic civil engineer. He was the editor of many prominent newspapers in post-Independence India, including The Indian Express.

The correct answer is option (1) i.e. Cancer.

• Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali (ruled from 1761 to 1782) and his famous son Tipu Sultan (ruled from 1782 to 1799).
• Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.
• The British were furious. They saw Haidar and Tipu as ambitious, arrogant and dangerous – rulers who had to be controlled and crushed. Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799). Only in the last – the Battle of Seringapatam – did the Company ultimately win a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.
• Mughal emperor Akbar died from Dysentery.
• Mughal emperor Humayun died from falling from the stairs.

The correct answer is option 3,They point towards a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living.

Key Points

• The Harappan city plans support this: Grid-patterned streets: This facilitated efficient movement, waste management, and resource distribution, pointing to a high level of organization.

• Standardized brickwork: The uniformity suggests centralized planning and skilled construction, highlighting resource management and efficient urban development.

• Sophisticated drainage systems: These demonstrate an understanding of sanitation and hygiene, essential for thriving urban populations.
  Variations in building sizes and functions: This indicates social differentiation and specialization, reflecting a complex society beyond just basic survival needs.

• In conclusion, analyzing Harappan city plans through the lens of contemporary archaeological theories reveals a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living, making option 3 the most accurate answer.

The correct answer is Maheshwar.

Key Points

Navdatoli

• Navdatoli refers to both a modern-day village and a chalcolithic era settlement located on the Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh in central India.
• The ancient village was inhabited through four stages each defined by distinctly different types of pottery.
• The site was excavated between 1957 and 1959 over two seasons. Both the village and the site are located roughly a mile south of the modern-day town of Maheshwar.
• Maheshwar and Navdatoli are situated in one of the fertile alluvial stretches and on the opposite banks of the Narmada river.
• The sites were jointly excavated by H.D. Sankalia, S.B. Deo and Z.D. Ansari, first in 1952-53 and further horizontal excavations were undertaken in 1957-59.

Additional Information

Chalcolithic Age

• It starts from 4000 to 1200 BC.
• It began after the Neolithic Age.
• It is also called the Copper Stone Age.
• At this age, metal began to use for making tools.
• Copper was the first metal used by human beings.

Main Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh

• Kaytha
• Nagda
• Maheshwar
• Navdatoli
• Eran
• Aavra
• Besnagar

Among the given statements regarding Jainism, the statement 'According to the Kalpasutra, at the time when Mahaveer attained Nirvana, the Jain Sadhus outnumbered Jain sadhvies' is not true.

Key Points

• The Digambara Jain sect believes that women cannot achieve liberation without being reborn as men first.
• The Svetambara sect disagrees and believes that women too can attain Moksha during her life span itself.

Hence, the statement 1 is correct.

• Women in Jainism are treated within the same code of ethics as that is prescribed for men.
• However junior a jain sadhu (male saint) may be whenever he arrives, jain sadhavi (female saint) is bound to offer a formal welcome.

Thus, the statement 2 is correct.

• There is a controversy between the Digambara and Svetambara regarding the 19th Teerthankar Mallinath.
• The Svetambaras believed that Lord Mallinath was a female.
• The Digambaras disagree with Svetambaras and perceive that a true mendicant must renounce all property or possessions including clothes to attain moksha.

Hence, the statement 3 is true.

• According to the Kalpasutra, at the time when Mahaveer attained Nirvana, the Jain sadhvies were more in number than the Jain Sadhus.

Therefore, the statement 4 is not correct.

Hence, we can conclude that among the given statements regarding Jainism, the statement 'According to the Kalpasutra, at the time when Mahaveer attained Nirvana, the Jain Sadhus outnumbered Jain sadhvies' is not true.

1) In 1853, it was decided that the Indian railways were to be constructed and operated by the private companies who were guaranteed a minimum of five per cent return on their capital by the Government.

2) This system proved very costly and slow, and so in 1869, the Government of India decided to build new railways as state enterprises. But the speed of railway extension still did not satisfy officials in India and businessmen in Britain.

3) After 1880, railways were built through private enterprise as well as through state agency. By 1905, nearly 45,000 kms of railway had been built.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only

Key Points

Rebels and revolt

• 10th May 1857, the sepoys in the cantonment of Meerut broke out in mutiny. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The sepoys captured the bell of arms where the arms and ammunition were kept and proceeded to attack white people and ransack and burn their bungalows and property.
• Shah Mal mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region
• Gonoo was a leader of the Singhbhum tribal region of the 1857 revolt. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• In 1851 Governor-General Lord Dalhousie described the kingdom of Awadh as “a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day”. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• Five years later, in 1856, the kingdom was formally annexed to the British Empire.

Ambedkar: A Life is a book about B. R. Ambedkar written by the senior leader of the Indian National Congress, Shashi Tharoor. The book is divided into two parts, first part containing the initial phases of his life and Second part explains his life in Indian politics.

• Ambedkar: A Life is a book about B. R. Ambedkar written by the senior leader of the Indian National Congress, Shashi Tharoor.
• The book is divided into two parts, first part containing the initial phases of his life and Second part explains his life in Indian politics.
• The biography of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is neither the first one nor the last, but Shashi Tharoor’s meticulously-researched work adds a new perspective to one of India’s most revered icons.
• In Tharoor’s own words, “Dr Ambedkar’s greatness cannot be reduced to any one of his accomplishments, because all were equally extraordinary
• Tharoor lucidly provides a panoramic view of Ambedkar’s illustrious life while sharing deep insights and anecdotal references into his multi-faceted personality and life’s turning points – historical decisions, social ostracism and stigmas, political leanings, endless struggles and of course his strong personality which made him stand up for the causes he espoused.

The Dutch East India Company established their first factory in India in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653.

• Fa-Hien (399 AD) was a traveller from China. He travelled from China-Gobi-Central Asia to India. His account is the only literary source specifically talking about the Gupta age society. The account says the following things:

• Buddhists and Brahmins were 2 popular religions that were living in peace.
• High wealth creation during the period.
• Law-abiding people. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Land revenue tax was there.
• Vegetarian people. Nonveg was banned. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The existence of Caste but harmony was well established.
• Treatment of untouchables was very bad. It proves equality was not there. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• No state interference with individual life.
• Punishments were not severe.
• More freedom was given to people.
• No spy system.

• Accordingly, option C is correct.

​

Fa-Hien

The correct answer is Bhagwanpura.

Key Points

• From Bhagwanpura sites, evidences have been found for the first time regarding co-existence of the people of Late Harappan culture and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture.
• Bhagwanpura, also known as Baghpur, is a village in Thanesar sub-district of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India.
  • It is an archaeological site that lies on the bank of the Hakra Ghaggar channel.
• Painted Grey Ware culture is one of the significant archeological cultures of northern India.
  • Fine grey ware painted with black paintings is known as Painted Grey Ware.
  • It is associated with village and town settlements, domesticated horses, ivory-working, and the advent of iron metallurgy.
  • The most crucial aspect about this culture has been its chronology and its proposed relation to the Mahabharata.
  • The main concentration of PGW is in the area of northern India which covers core area of four Mahajanapadas namely Surasena, Panchala, Kuru and Matsya.
• Late Harappan Phase existed during 1900 BCE and 1300 BCE.
  • The period marks the gradual decline of the civilisation, with a breakdown of urban centres and the establishment of rural networks.
  • Towards the end of the phase, most post-urban sites were abandoned.

"The decline of the west" is the creation of Oswald Spengler.

Important Points

• The 'Decline of the West' or 'The Downfall of the Occident', is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler.
• The first volume, subtitled Form and Actuality, was published in the summer of 1918.
• The second volume, subtitled Perspectives of World History, was published in 1922.
• The definitive edition of both volumes was published in 1923.
• Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher and mathematician.

• His work 'The Decline of the West' argues that the development of civilizations follows a recognizable series of repetitive rises and falls.

Hence, we can conclude that "The decline of the west" is the creation of Oswald Spengler.

Pandyas:

• The kingdom belongs to the Sangam Period. (200 B.C. to 300 A.D.)
• The first time it was mentioned by Megasthenes (not Fa-Hien). Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Pandyas were celebrated for pearls.
• Some evidence of Matriarchal Influence in the Pandya society. Megesthenes described the Pandya queen at the time, Pandaria as the daughter of Herakles.
• The territory occupied the Southernmost and Southeastern portions of the Indian Peninsula.
• It had its capital at Madurai.
• Sangam literature refers to the Pandyan rulers but it doesn’t give any connected account.
• The Pandyan Kings profited from trade with the Roman empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Brahmins enjoyed considerable influence, and the Pandyas king performed Vedic sacrifices in the early centuries of the Christian era.
• Accordingly, option B is correct.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

• The Battle of Plassey:-
  • When Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Siraj Ud-Daulah became the nawab of Bengal.
  • The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges. So it tried, though without success, to help one of Siraj Ud-Daulah's rivals become the nawab.
  • An infuriated Siraj Ud-Daulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kassimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there.
  • On hearing the news of the fall of Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets.
  • In 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Siraj Ud-Daulah at Plassey.
  • One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Siraj Ud-Daulah's commanders, never fought the battle.
  • Robert Clive had managed to secure his support by promising to make him nawab after crushing Siraj Ud-Daulah.
  • The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory the Company won in India. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • After the defeat at Plassey, Siraj Ud-Daulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar made the nawab. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
  • The Company was still unwilling to take over the responsibility of the administration. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.
  • Its prime objective was the expansion of trade. If this could be done without conquest, through the help of local rulers who were willing to grant privileges, then territories need not be taken over directly.
  • When Mir Jafar protested, the Company deposed him and installed Mir Qasim in his place.
  • When Mir Qasim complained, he in turn was defeated in a battle fought at Buxar (1764), driven out of Bengal, and Mir Jafar was reinstalled.

Under the act All presses had to have a licence from the government with no distinction between publications in English and other regional languages. So Assertion is wrong but reason is right as the purpose of the Act was to control the printing and circulation of seditious material specifically that which could produce disaffection against the British government, of which largely the vernacular papers were accused of. Under the act proceedings were instituted against The Som Prakash, The Bharat Mihir, The Sanchar etc.

The correct answer is Mimamsa.

Key Points

• Mimamsa, one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy.
  • The aim of Mimamsa is to give rules for the interpretation of the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of Hinduism, and to provide a philosophical justification for the observance of Vedic rituals.
• Shramana was an ancient Indian religious movement with origins in the Vedic religion.
• However, it took a divergent path, rejecting Vedic Hindu ritualism and the authority of the Brahmins—the traditional priests of the Hindu religion.
• Shramanas were those who practised an ascetic, or strict and self-denying, lifestyle in pursuit of spiritual liberation. They are commonly known as monks.
• The various Shramana schools include:
  • Jainism
  • Buddhism
  • Ajivikas
  • Ajnanas
  • Charvakas
• Jainism is an ancient Indian religion. It is one of the oldest Indian religions.
  • The three main pillars of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (non-attachment).
  • Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or Tirthankaras
• Ajivikas: It was founded by Makkhali Gosala (also called Gosala Makkhaliputta), a friend of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. \
  • The Ajivikas' central belief was that absolutely everything is predetermined by fate, or niyati, and hence human action has no consequence one way or the other.
• Charvakas: philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self.
  • Of the recognized means of knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (anubhava).

Parakesari and Yuddhamalla were the titles of Rajendra 1

 Rajadhiraja Chola assumed the title of Rajakesari

The British East India Company was formed during the reign of Elizabeth I.  They were the traders of cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The Company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth in 1600 CE.

Sarojini Naidu was first Indian woman to become President of INC; first woman was Annie Besant. Thus, first statement is incorrect. Second is correct. Third is incorrect because she was awarded by British “Kaiser-i-Hind medal” for her work during the plague epidemic in India.

• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq is known for his active interest in experimenting with the coinage.
• According to Barani, the Sultan introduced token currency because the treasury was empty while he needed money to fulfill his schemes of conquest
• According to Barani, the Sultan issued copper coins while Ferishta says that these were of brass or bronze.
• Probably, the Sultan issued coins of both metals.
• Also, the token coin also had inscriptions of its legends in Persian also.
• Muhammad Tughluq introduced beautiful and various types of coins during his reign and fixed up their relative values.
• However, the notable feature of his coinage system was the introduction of token currency and issue of copper and brass coins.
• The Sultan made these token coins legal tenders and kept their value at par with gold and silver coins
• Previously, the copper coin was Jital (Paisa). Now, the Sultan issued Tanka (rupee), a silver coin, also that of copper.

Therefore, we see options (A), (B), and (C) are correct.

Additional Information

• The Sultan for the failure of the scheme. They say that it was a blunder on the part of the Sultan that he did not take proper precaution to check imitation of coins issued by royal mints.
• Those coins, therefore, could be imitated by moderately skilled artisans. Therefore, the citizens began to mint token coins in their houses. In fact, both the Sultan and his subjects were responsible for the failure of this scheme.
• According to Barani, “The house of every Hindu became a mint.”

The correct answer is Mirat-ul-Akbar.

Key Points

Mirat-ul-Akbar

• It was the first Persian Newspaper of India. It was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1821.
• It had to cease publication after the imposition of Licensing Regulations, 1823. The acting governor-general, John Adams, who had reactionary views, enacted these regulations.

Additional Information

• Jam-i-Jahan Numah was the first Urdu newspaper in India. It was established in 1822 in Calcutta by Harihar Dutta.
• Sambad Kaumudi was a Bengali weekly by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• Rast Goftar was a gujrati newspaper established by Dada Bhai Naoroji in 1854.

Licensing Regulations, 1823

• Licensing Regulations, 1823 was brought by the acting governor-general, John Adams, who had reactionary views.
• Under these regulations, starting or using a press without a license was a penal offense.
• Later on, the Act was extended to cover journals, pamphlets, and books. These restrictions were directed chiefly against Indian language newspapers or those edited by Indians.

The correct answer is option 2.Key PointsThe attack of the Mongols:

• The first Mongol invasion of India took place in the reign of Sultan Shams-ud-din lltutmish in 1220-21, under the leadership of Chengez Khan. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Mongols attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule-forced the two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which posed a huge administrative challenge.

During Khalij Dynasty:

• In 1299, against advice, Delhi sultan Alauddin Khilji attacked the Mongols.
• The advance guard of the Indian army was led by Zafar Khan himself. He defeated the Mongols and pursued them as they withdrew.
• The Mongols took a long time to rally from this setback. Then they attacked at the worst time possible for Alauddin Khilji – when he was busy laying siege to Chittor.
• The Mongols plundered Punjab and burnt everything along the way.
• Alauddin Khilji sent a strong army led by two of his toughest generals: Ghazi Malik and the famous Malik Kafur to engage the invaders. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• They surprised the Mongols on their way back to Central Asia with their plunder.
• Kubak and other Mongol generals were captured and brought back to Siri, along with other prisoners.

During Tughlaq Dynasty:

• The next major Mongol invasion took place after the Khiljis had been replaced by the Tughlaq dynasty in the Sultanate.
• In 1327 the Chagatai Mongols under Tarmashirin, who had sent envoys to Delhi to negotiate peace the previous year, sacked the frontier towns of Lamghan and Multan and besieged Delhi. The Tughlaq ruler paid a large ransom to spare his Sultanate from further ravages.
• Muhammad bin Tughluq asked the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id to form an alliance against Tarmashirin, who had invaded Khorasan, but an attack didn't materialize. Tarmashirin was a Buddhist who later converted to Islam.
• Religious tensions in the Chagatai Khanate were a divisive factor among the Mongols. No more large-scale invasions or even raids took place in India; by this time the Mongol attempt to conquer India had finally ended in failure.
• The raising of taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion during Muhammad Tughluq. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information Administrative challenges during Alauddin Khalij and Muhammad Tughlaq:

Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.

1) The man who planned the system was John Shore, who succeeded Cornwallis as Governor-General.

2) The zamindars were not only to act as agents of the government in collecting land revenue from the ryots but also to become the owners of the entire land in their zamindaris.

3) Their right of ownership was transferable but hereditary.

The correct answer is S → P → R → Q.

Key Points

• Poona Pact: (1932)
  • Poona Pact signed in the year 1932.
  • The reason for the Poona Pact was the Communal Award of August 1932 which provided a separate electorate for depressed classes.
  • Poona pact signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
  • Poona pact signed on September 24, 1932, at Yerwada Jail in Pune.
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya signed it on behalf of upper-caste Hindus and Gandhi.
  • Ambedkar signed on behalf of depressed classes.
  • The final outcome of Poona pact was 147 electoral seats.
• August Offer: (1940)
  • On 8th August 1940, Lord Linlithgow suggested some measures to get the support of the INC and Muslim League for World War II that is known as August Offer or Linlithgow's offer.
  • Some of the provisions were:
    • Immediate expansion of the Viceroy Executive Council by including more number of Indians.
    • A war advisory council
    • Constitution-making body after the war.
    • All the constitutional agreements in India must take the consensus of the minority community (veto power to the Muslim League).
  • Congress rejected the August Offer as it demanded complete freedom from colonial rule.
• Cripps Mission: (1942)
  • ​The Cripps Mission was constituted by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.
  • The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps.
  • It was a failed attempt in late March 1942.
  • Its proposal includes Indian Union with dominion status.
  • India would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth.
  • The Hindu Mahasabha rejected the proposal and the Muslim League also rejected it.
• Wavell Plan: (1945)
  • ​Lord Wavell set this plan for resolving the deadlock in Indian politics.
  • It proposed the following provisions:
    • A national executive council of Indian members except for Viceroy and Commander in Chief.
    • Congress and the Muslim League were equally represented.
    • It would act as an interim government.
    • Shimla Conference was held in June 1945 which ended in failure.

Permanent settlement:

• Lord Cornwallis in 1793 introduced this policy.
• It was applied to Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Banaras, etc. 19% of British India was under it. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Wanted to create one ownership only so, ownership was given to zamindars who will be loyal to the government.
• It was hereditary ownership. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• It became easy for the British to collect the revenue. 10/11 th part of total revenue collected went to the British; while the rest to the zamindars.
• Zamindars were given judicial powers to convict the peasants in case of non-payment of taxes.
• Agriculture was made on the capitalist line.
• Accordingly, option D is correct.

Concept:

Kakatiya dynasty:

• Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the Kakatiya dynasty of India ruled over the majority of the eastern Deccan region.
• It includes Telangana and Andhra Pradesh today, as well as portions of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha.
• Orugallu, now known as Warangal, served as their capital.

Explanation:

Ganapati Deva:

• The first Emperor to unify all of Telugu-speaking India was Ganapathi Deva.
• He changed or shifted the capital from Anmakonda to Warangal, then known as Orugallu.
• He ruled Kakatiya Dynasty from 1199-1262.
• Ganapathideva began building an earthen bund and a rock bund around Orugallu to protect it from any outside enemies.

Thus, the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu during the regime of this king Ganapati Deva.

Additional InformationPrataprudra/ Rudradeva II:

• Rudradeva II, also known as Pratparudra, was the last emperor of India's Kakatiya dynasty (1289–1323).
• He had Warangal as his seat of government while in charge of the eastern Deccan.

Rudrama Devi:

• From 1263 until the time of her death in 1289, Rudrama Devi ruled the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan Plateau.
• She was one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history, and she did so by projecting a masculine image.

• The policy of commercialization of agriculture by the British encouraged market-oriented produc­tion of cash crops such as opium, tea, coffee, sugar, jute and indigo.
• Indian peasants were forced to grow these cash crops that spoiled the fertility of the land and no other crop could be grown on it.
• Trade and money relations existed in the countryside even during the Mughal reign.
• As soon as the EIC desperately began to acquire more and more territories it insisted land tax be paid in cash.
• The British rule introduced cash assessments in the system of land revenue.
• Gradually, the former system of payment of land revenue in kind went out of fashion.
• This compelled the cultivator to sell a part of his produce.
• This was, however, not the whole problem.
• A new merchant class appeared in rural India who took advantage of the abysmal indebtedness of the peasantry.
• Secondly, the effect of monetization could not go far until internal means of transport were improved.
• The railway lines were built by the British rulers.
• The agricultural crops reached the parts of the then Madras, Calcutta, Bombay or Karachi from self-sufficient villages with the expansion of the railway lines
• The basic motive behind the tremendous spurt in the construction of the railway lines was to subserve the interests of the British industrialists in England.
• Colonial commerce brought the industrial revolution there.
• The raw material of the British cotton industry was almost entirely colonial, if not purely Indian.
• With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, transhipment costs of agricultural crops per cubic ton were reduced by roughly 30 p.c. Indian products, as a result, were sold at cheaper rates in Europe.
• Thus market—mainly for cotton—widened. As transport costs declined with the expansion of the means of transport, other agricultural crops, like rice and wheat, were added to the export list.

The major vocal forms or styles associated with Hindustani classical music are Dhrupad, Khayal and Tarana.

Other forms include dhamar, trivat, chaiti, kajari, tappa, ashtapadis, thumri, dadra, ghazal and bhajan. These are folk or semi-classical or light classical styles, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules of classical music.

All forms of music and their themes are correctly matched.

The Mansabdari system was the unique administrative system under the Mughals. Though introduced by Babur, it was perfected by Akbar. The mansabdars were the civil servants selected on merit. They discharged civil, military and judicial functions on behalf of the State/Emperor and were given land called jagirs. Some of their ranks were as follows: Mir-i-Atish was in-charge of artillery. Mir-i-Bahari was in-charge of Navy. Mir-i-Askan was in-charge of military offences. Waqa-i-Nawis was a Royal Correspondent, he was one of the central government administrators.