JPSC Prelims Paper 1 Mock Test - 8 - JPSC (Jharkhand) MCQ

• Kinnal village in Karnataka is known for its unique variety of handcrafted toys and religious idols.
  • Kinnal (also spelled Kinhal) toys date back to the 15^th and 16^th centuries during which time it was patronized by the rich kings of the Vijayanagara empire and then later by the nawab of Koppal. Hence pair one is correctly matched.
  • The exquisite carvings on the Hampi chariot as well as the famous mural paintings in the Pampapateshwara Temple are all believed to be the artwork of Kinhal craftsmen. Passed down from generations and having survived several centuries, the wooden toys of Kinnal have been accorded a GI (Geographical Indication) considering the fact that the craft is exclusive and native to this part of the state. o Kinnal idols known for their bright paint and vibrant colours are usually in the form of Gods, animals, wooden panels, murals and even masks.
  • The idols are handmade and the entire process is elaborate and quite a laborious task. The wood used in making the idols is of a tree locally known as “Ponki marra” that grows in and around Kinnal. The characteristic feature of this wood is that it is soft and lightweight and hence amenable to sculpting.
• Etikoppaka is a small village on the banks of Varaha River at a distance of 64 kms away from the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. The name Etikoppaka is synonymous with the beautiful wooden artifacts and lacquer colours.
  • The toys are made with lacquer color and are traditionally known as Etikoppaka toys or Etikoppaka Bommalu. The village is very famous for its toys made of wood. The toys are also called lacquer toys because of the application of lacquer coating. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched.
  • The toys are made out of wood and are coloured with natural dyes derived from seeds, lacquer, bark, roots and leaves. The wood used to make the toys is soft in nature and the art of toy making is also known as Turned wood Lacquer craft.
  • While making the Etikoppaka toys, lac, a colourless resinous secretion of numerous insects, is used. The already prepared vegetable dyes are further mixed to the lac, during the process of oxidation. After this process, the end product obtained is rich and colored lacquer. The lac dye is used for decorating the Etikoppaka toys, which are exported all over the world.
  • Etikoppaka toys are granted GI tag status in India.
• Laiphadibi dolls are the traditional cloth dolls of the Meitei people of Manipur. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.
  • Today, the tradition of making Laiphadibi at home has suffered a decline. The dolls made by professionals have striking features. The faces are mostly round, probably inspired by the notion that rounded faces are the epitome of beauty.
  • The eyes and brows are sewn with black thread, which is also used to simulate long luscious hair, and the nose and lips are stitched with red. The face is made of plain white cloth and the head stuffed with rags.
  • The outstretched hands and torso of the laidhibi are made of straw. These dolls have no legs and stand on their potloi (ornamental lower dress)

Humayun tomb:

• The grandness of Mughal architecture began with the construction of Humayun’s tomb and its design by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas from Persia. He brought with him Persian craftsmen to work on the tomb. This tomb is the earliest specimen of a garden enclosure and is raised on an arcaded sandstone platform. It was built in 1565 A.D. nine years after the death of Humayun, by his senior widow Bega Begam. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Inside the walled enclosure, the most notable features are the garden squares (Chahar bagh) with pathways and water channels, centrally located well proportional mausoleum topped by a double dome. There are several graves of Mughal rulers located inside the walled enclosure and from here in 1857 A.D; Lieutenant Hudson captured the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II.
• It has an irregular octagon plan with four long sides and chamfered edges. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It is surmounted by a 42.5 m high double dome clad with marble flanked by pillared kiosks (chhatris) and the domes of the central chhatris are adorned with glazed ceramic tiles. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Schools of Buddhism

• Mahayana:
  • It is one of the two main schools of Buddhism.
  • The term Mahayana is a Sanskrit word that literally means "Great Vehicle".
  • It believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and Idol worship of Buddha and Bodhisattvas embodying Buddha Nature.
  • It originated in northern India and Kashmir and then spread east into Central Asia, East Asia, and some areas of Southeast Asia.
  • Buddhist schools embedded in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan belong to the Mahayana tradition.
• Hinayana
  • Literally Lesser vehicle, also known as Abandoned Vehicle or Defective vehicle. It believes in the original teaching of Buddha or the Doctrine of elders.
  • It does not believe in Idol worship and tries to attain individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation.
  • Theravada is a Hinayana sect.
• Theravada
  • It is the most ancient branch of extant Buddhism today.
  • It remains closest to the original teachings of the Buddha.
  • Theravada Buddhism developed in Sri Lanka and subsequently spread to the rest of Southeast Asia. It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Vajrayana
  • Vajrayana means “The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt”, also known as tantric Buddhism.
  • Established in Tibet in 11th CE
  • It believes that salvation can be attained by acquiring magical powers called vajra. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • It is grounded on esoteric elements and a very complex set of rituals compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools.
  • Tara is the chief divinity of this sect. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • It was popular in eastern India. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • Much importance is given to the role of the guru called Lama who has mastered the philosophical and ritual traditions. There is a long lineage of lamas. The Dalai Lama is a well-known Tibetan Lama.

• During the medieval period, Many works of Sanskrit were translated into Persian. The integration process continued in the music field under Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Under Firoz shah Tughlaq, the Indian classical work 'Ragadarpan' was translated into Persian. Musical gatherings spread from the abodes of the Sufis to the palaces of nobles. So, Statement 1 is not correct.
• Zain-ul-Abidinwas a great scholar of Persian, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Arab languages and patronized the Sanskrit and Persian scholars. Under his patronage, the Mahabharat and Kalhana’s Rajatarangini were translated into Persian, and many Persian and Arabic works were translated into Hindi. He was a poet and wrote poetry under the pen name ‘Qutb’. Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit, running into nearly 8000 verses spread over eight books or sections. It was composed in 1148-1150 in Kashmir, India, by the poet, Kalhana, who was a member of the ancient Indian learned class of brahmans. The Rajatarangini is an account of the many royal dynasties that ruled the ancient kingdom of Kashmir from its mythical origins down till the poet’s own time. It gained iconic stature ever since 19^th and 20^th-century scholars labeled it as the first work of history to be found in the entire corpus of Sanskrit literature. So, Statement 2 is correct.

• Under Sher Shah, the local administrative structure of the Delhi Sultanate was followed with certain changes. The village headmen who were made responsible for the goods stolen within the area under their control became vigilant. The welfare of the peasants was a prime concern. Sher Shah believed the king is ruined when the peasant is ruined. So, Statement 1 is correct.
• Sher shah was to set up a strong administrative system. He was the one who experimented with forming a bureaucracy under a centralized despotism occurred. He made his government highly centralized just like sultanate period. He followed a flexible revenue system. The land was surveyed, and revenue was settled according to the fertility of the soil. So, Statement 2 is not correct.
• During his short rule, Sher Shah had little time to build new cities and palaces. He started building laterelhi, which later came to be known as PuranaQila (Old Fort). He built his own mausoleum in Sasaram. So, Statement 3 is not correct.

• Akbar provided a systematic and centralized system of administration which contributed to the empire's success and introduced the Mansabdari system. The nobles, civil and military officials combined into one service, with each officer receiving the title of Mansabdar. Mansabdar rank was divided into Zat and Sawar. The former (Zat) determined the number of soldiers each Mansabdar received, ranging from 10 to 10,000. The latter (Sawar) determined the number of horses under a Mansabdar. So, Statement 1 is correct.
• Mansabdari was a unique system devised by the Mughals in India. The Mansabdari system diversified the ethnic base of his nobility. The Mughal privileged class consisting of zamindars and nobles led an ostentatious life. The nobles were Mansabdars who received jagirs or land grants as payment according to their ranks. So, Statement 2 is correct.
• The salary of a Mansabdar was fixed in cash but was paid by assigning him a jagir (an estate from which he could collect money instead of his salary), which was subjected to regular transfers. The rank of Mansabdar was not hereditary, and immediately after the death of a Mansabdar, the jagir was resumed by the state. So, Statement 3 is not correct.

• Jizya is a tax levied and collected per head by Islamic states on non-Muslim subjects living in their land. This tax applied especially to followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, who were tolerated in the practice of their religion because they were “peoples of the book.” So, Statement 1 is correct.
• In India, Qutb-ud-din Aibak imposed jizya on non-Muslims for the first time. Jizya tax is imposed because of certain erring factions from among the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitab; non-Muslim groups such as Christians and Jews recognized in the Quran as possessing a divine scripture) who violate their own religious and ethical principles. So, Statement 2 is not correct.
• Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) favoured orthodox Islam and imposed jizya, a head tax on non- Muslims, which even the Brahmins were compelled to pay. Yet Firuz shah Tughlaq did not prohibit the building of new Hindu temples and shrines. Jizya was abolished by the Mughal ruler Akbar in the 16^th century but was re-introduced by Aurangzeb in the 17^th century. So, Statement 3 is not correct.

• Adnyapatra, also pronounced as ‘Ajnapatra’, is a royal edict on the principles of Maratha policy written in Modi Marathi by Ramchandra Pant Amatya, who served on the Council of 8 (Ashta Pradhan) as the Finance Minister (Amatya) to Maratha King Shivaji, with the intention to guide Shivaji’s grandson Sambhaji II. It is supposed to be the formal documentation of Shivaji’s ideals, principles, and policies of state administration.
• Adnyapatra is a script of about 7000 words in Modi Marathi. It is divided into two sections. The first section comprises the first two chapters which give a brief narration of the achievements of Shivaji and his sons in building and preserving the Maratha Empire. The second section comprises seven chapters in which he discusses the principles of state policy and various aspects of administration he had learned while working with Shivaji.
• Modi was a script used to write Marathi for an estimated 700 years. The script was used for war correspondence and secret socio political conversations between Marathas. • Hence option (c) is the correct answer.

Statement Analysis:

• Statement 1 is correct: It is a final carbon-rich solid material and residual waste material extracted from oil refining. It is a spongy, solid residue from oil distillation that can be burned for fuel similar to coal.  
• Statement 2 is Correct: It releases toxic gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and hydrogen chloride after burning.    
• Statement 3 is incorrect: It is high in calorific value and easy to transport and store.

Context – The Union government of India permitted the import of pet coke for making graphite anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Statement Analysis:

• Statement 1 is Correct: Kavach System is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system. Kavach was developed by the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) under Indian Railway (IR) in collaboration with Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd, HBL Power Systems Ltd and Kernex Microsystems.
• Statement 2 is Correct: It is a set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency Identification devices installed in locomotives, in the signalling system as well the tracks, that talk to each other using ultra-high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all based on the logic programmed into them.
• Statement 3 is Correct: The system can alert the loco pilot, take control of the brakes and bring the train to a halt automatically when it notices another train on the same line within a prescribed distance. The device also continuously relays the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility.

Context – It was in news due to the recent train accident in Odisha

Hindu Missionary Society –

• It was established by Gajananrao Vaidya in Bombay. Its objective was to perform 'Sudhi' that is convert people of other faiths and admit them into Hindu fold. It concentrated on bringing back to Hindu fold people who had converted to other religions.
• Anjuman-i-Punjab – It founded in Lahore in 1865 by the distinguished linguist, Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. It was a voluntary society which aimed at the development of “vernacular literature” and dissemination of popular knowledge through this medium. Its actual activities spanned a wide range of educational forums and social issues, including encouragement of Vedic and Unani medicine, a mushaira or poetical symposium, newspaper journalism, a free public library, a system of private primary schools, lecture series and publication of literary works in Indian languages.
• It also started an Oriental school and was instrumental in the establishment of the Panjab University College. This college was converted into Panjab University which was the outcome primarily of the labours of the Anjuman.

• The Madras Native Association was established in 1852 as a platform for educated Indians to protest against any injustice on the part of the British. It was the first Indian political organization in the Madras Presidency.
• It was set up as a branch of the British Indian Association of Calcutta. The Madras Association also sent a petition to the Parliament on the eve of the passing of the Charter Act of 1853 making demands similar to that of the British Indian Association and the Bombay Association right from its inception was worked by some officials, possessed very little vitality, had hardly any hold upon the public mind and languished into obscurity after 1857.
• The British Indian Association of Calcutta was formed in 1851 through the merger of the Landholders’ Society and the Bengal British India Society.
• Other important political association in Madras was the Madras Mahajan Sabha founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu.
• Hence option (b) is the correct answer.

Statement 1 is correct: Tukaram Bhaurao Sathe later came to be known as Annabhau Sathe was born in a Dalit family on August 1, 1920 in Maharashtra’s Wategaon village in Satara district.

• He belonged to the Matang community among Dalits.
• He was a social reformer, writer and folk poet of Maharashtra.
• He is also known as a pioneer of dalit literature.

Statement 2 is not correct: He was influenced by the communist ideology and is often known as the ‘Maxim Gorky of Maharashtra’, having been inspired by the Russian writer-activist’s work, as well as the Russian Revolution. Statement 3 is correct: Literary Contributions: In 1939, he wrote his first ballad ‘Spanish Povada’.

• Several of his works like ‘Aklechi Goshta,’ ‘Stalingradacha Povada,’ ‘Mazi Maina Gavavar Rahili,’ ‘Jag Badal Ghaluni Ghav’ were popular across the state.
• His ‘Bangalchi Hak’ (Bengal’s Call) on the Bengal famine was translated into Bengali and later presented at London’s Royal Theatre.
• He dedicated his most famous novel Fakira to Dr Ambedkar.

Statement 1 is not correct and 2 is correct.

• The Yamuna rises on the slopes of the Bandarpunch massif in the Great Himalayas near Yamunotri in Uttarakhand.
• The river flows through the state of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and  the Union Territory of Delhi.
• The important tributaries of the Yamuna River are Tons, Chambal, Hindon, Betwa and Ken.
• Yamuna is the  right bank tributary of river Ganga.

In News : A study just published in the journal Climate and Atmospheric Science reported a sharp change in the potential for cyclones to form over the Arabian Sea during the late 1990s.

• The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake.
• It was coined by Henry Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea
• The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
• Cyclones are given many names in different regions of the world – They are known as typhoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean; hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.; willy willies in north-western Australia and tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean.