Test: Vitamins, Minerals, Proteins & Carbohydrates - 2 (Old NCERT) - Grade 11 MCQ

Thiamin or vitamin B₁ is an important water soluble vitamin. Vitamin B₁ plays an essential role in cellular metabolism as coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Beriberi is a deficiency disease which develops due to deficiency of vitamin B₁. It is common in individuals who consume polished grains and refined flour because whole grains are a good source of vitamin B₁. The important symptoms of beriberi are loss of appetite. fatigue, muscle atrophy, paralysis, mental confusion, cardiac oedema etc.

Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, comprises a group of fat-soluble seco-sterols. The two major forms are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3.

The mineral element whose deficiency in the human body may lead to goitre is iodine.
Explanation:
Goitre is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for regulating metabolism.
Causes of goitre:
The most common cause of goitre is iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential mineral that is required for the production of thyroid hormones. When there is a lack of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more hormones.
Effects of iodine deficiency:
- Lack of iodine in the diet leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones.
- This triggers the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge.
- The enlarged thyroid gland is known as a goitre.
Prevention of goitre:
- The primary method to prevent goitre is by ensuring an adequate intake of iodine through the diet.
- Iodized salt is a common source of iodine and is widely used to prevent iodine deficiency and goitre.
- Other sources of iodine include seafood, dairy products, and some fruits and vegetables.
Conclusion:
Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of goitre. Adequate intake of iodine through the diet is essential to prevent goitre and maintain optimal thyroid function.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin E is also known as antisterility vitamin. It is required for motility of sperms, maturation of RBCs and is an important antioxidant vitamin. The vitamin E deficiency causes problems such as poor transmission of nerve impulses, muscle weakness, sterility and degeneration of the retina that can cause blindness.

Carbohydrate storage in mammals
Carbohydrates in mammals are stored in the form of glycogen, primarily in the liver and muscles. This glycogen serves as an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized when needed. Here is a detailed explanation of carbohydrate storage in mammals:
Glycogen
- Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose molecules.
- It is the storage form of glucose in animals.
- Glycogen is highly branched, allowing for rapid release of glucose when needed.
Liver
- The liver is the primary site of glycogen storage in mammals.
- It stores glycogen as a reserve to maintain blood glucose levels.
- When blood glucose levels are low, the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream to raise glucose levels.
Muscles
- Glycogen is also stored in muscles, primarily for energy use during exercise.
- Muscles use glycogen as a fuel source during intense physical activity.
- The breakdown of glycogen in muscles provides glucose for energy production.
Other Organs
- While the liver and muscles are the main sites of glycogen storage, small amounts of glycogen may also be found in other organs, such as the spleen.
In conclusion, carbohydrates in mammals are primarily stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles. This allows for quick mobilization of glucose when energy demands increase.

Vitamin B₁ is called as thiamine. The deficiency of this vitamin results in beriberi. It affects the nervous and the circulatory system.
Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets. Bending of the long bones is a common symptom. Due to deficiency, the bones become brittle and fractures or breaking of the bones is also observed.
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B₃). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Primary pellagra is due to a diet that does not contain enough niacin and tryptophan.
Vitamin K deficiencies in newborns are associated with vitamin K deficiency bleeding or VKDB (also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn). This can cause excessive bleeding and bruising and, in severe cases, can lead to fatal bleeding into the brain, but not sterility.

Bow- shaped legs are caused by a vitamin D deficiency also called rickets. Babies are born bowlegged because of their position in the womb. By age 3, most kids no longer appear bowlegged.

Causes of Beri-Beri, Scurvy, and Rickets:
1. Beri-Beri:
- Beri-Beri is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine).
- Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and energy metabolism.
- A lack of thiamine can lead to symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and cardiovascular problems.
2. Scurvy:
- Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
- Vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis, which is essential for the integrity of connective tissues, blood vessels, and wound healing.
- A deficiency of vitamin C can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, joint pain, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing.
3. Rickets:
- Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.
- Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphate, which are essential for bone mineralization and growth.
- A deficiency of vitamin D or inadequate intake of calcium and phosphate can lead to soft and weak bones, growth retardation, skeletal deformities, and muscle weakness.
Answer: B (Beri-Beri is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1, Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, and Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate)

Vitamin K refers to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and regulating blood calcium levels. The body needs vitamin K to produce prothrombin, a protein and clotting factor that is important in blood clotting and bone metabolism.

Pellagra is characterised by swollen lips, pigmented skin of hands, legs and irritability. This disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin-B, of niacin. This is pellagra protective vitamin and can be synthesised in the body from amino acid tryptophan.

When your skin is exposed to sunlight, it makes vitamin D from cholesterol. The sun's ultraviolet B (UVB) rays hit cholesterol in the skin cells, providing the energy for vitamin D synthesis to occur. Vitamin D has many roles in the body and is essential for optimal health.

Dental fluorosis, also termed as mottled enamel, is an extremely common disorder. It is caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. Clinical dental fluorosis is characterized by staining and pitting of the teeth. In more severe cases all the enamel may be damaged.. The early symptoms of skeletal fluorosis include stiffness and pain in the joints.  Hence, the dental disease characterised by mottling of teeth is due to the presence of an ingredient in drinking water is fluorine.

Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease most frequently caused by a chronic lack of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet. Pellagra is characterized by diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia etc. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

alpha- Tocopherol accounts for 90% of the vitamin E in human tissues and acts as an antioxidant. Vitamin E protects cell membranes, proteins and DNA from oxidation and thereby contributes to cellular health.

Beta-carotene (β-carotene) is a precursor to vitamin A, an essential vitamin at any age, including for cellular health and vision. It is also a powerful antioxidant that may reduce the risk of cancer.

The role of Vitamin K in the body is to facilitate blood clotting. Here is a detailed explanation of why Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin:
1. Blood clotting process:
- Blood clotting, also known as coagulation, is a crucial process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
- It involves the conversion of circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure that helps to clot the blood.
2. Prothrombin synthesis:
- Prothrombin is a protein produced in the liver and is a precursor to thrombin, which is a key enzyme involved in blood clotting.
- Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver.
3. Vitamin K and gamma-carboxylation:
- Vitamin K plays a vital role in a process called gamma-carboxylation.
- During gamma-carboxylation, Vitamin K activates specific proteins involved in blood clotting, including prothrombin.
- This activation process adds a carboxyl group to specific amino acids in the proteins, enabling them to bind to calcium ions and function properly.
4. Vitamin K deficiency:
- A deficiency in Vitamin K can lead to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding.
- This deficiency can occur due to various reasons, such as inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption issues, or certain medical conditions.
In conclusion, Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin, which is essential for the blood clotting process. Its role in the activation of proteins involved in coagulation ensures proper blood clot formation and prevents excessive bleeding.

Deficiency of protein leads to:

1. Kwashiorkor:

• Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition.


• It occurs due to a deficiency of dietary protein.


• Symptoms include swelling of the abdomen and limbs, skin lesions, hair loss, loss of appetite, and muscle wasting.


• Kwashiorkor is more common in children and can lead to stunted growth and development if not treated.

2. Marasmus:

• Marasmus is another form of protein-energy malnutrition.


• It occurs due to a severe deficiency of both protein and calories.


• Symptoms include severe wasting of muscle and fat tissue, extreme weight loss, and a weakened immune system.


• Marasmus is characterized by a general wasting and emaciation of the body.

3. Delayed growth and development:

• Protein is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body.


• A deficiency of protein can lead to delayed growth and development in children.


• This can result in stunted growth, both physically and mentally.

4. Weakened immune system:

• Protein plays a crucial role in the functioning of the immune system.


• A deficiency of protein can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases.


• It can also impair the body's ability to heal wounds and recover from illness.

5. Edema:

• Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues.


• Protein deficiency can lead to edema, particularly in the abdomen and limbs.


• This is due to a decrease in the production of albumin, a protein responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the body.

Therefore, a deficiency of protein can have severe consequences on overall health, including growth and development, immune function, and fluid balance. Kwashiorkor is specifically associated with protein deficiency.

Vitamin that induces maturation of R.B.C.:
The correct answer is option C: B₁₂.
Explanation:
- Vitamin B₁₂ is essential for the maturation of red blood cells (RBCs).
- RBCs are responsible for carrying oxygen to different parts of the body.
- Vitamin B₁₂ plays a crucial role in the production of DNA, which is necessary for the synthesis of new RBCs.
- It also aids in the formation of myelin, a protective covering around nerves.
- Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can lead to a condition called megaloblastic anemia, where RBCs are larger than normal and do not function properly.
- Good sources of vitamin B₁₂ include animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vegetarians and vegans may need to supplement their diet with vitamin B₁₂ or consume fortified foods to meet their requirements.
In conclusion, vitamin B₁₂ is the vitamin that induces the maturation of RBCs.

Pantothenic acid and biotin are the types of vitamin B complex. They are water-soluble. Pantothenic acid and biotin are essential for growth. They help the body to break down and use food (metabolism). Pantothenic acid also plays a role in the production of hormones and cholesterol.

Explanation:
The wrong pair in the given options is:
D: Beriberi - Vitamin K
Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B1), not Vitamin K. It is characterized by symptoms like muscle weakness, nerve damage, and cardiovascular problems.
The correct pairs are:
A: Scurvy - Vitamin C
Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C. It leads to symptoms like weakness, gum disease, and poor wound healing.
B: Rickets - Vitamin D
Rickets is a disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D. It results in weak and soft bones, skeletal deformities, and stunted growth.
C: Night blindness (Xerophthalmia) - Vitamin A
Night blindness, also known as Xerophthalmia, is a condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A. It causes difficulty in seeing in low light conditions.
In summary:
- Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C.
- Rickets is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D.
- Night blindness (Xerophthalmia) is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A.
- Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B1), not Vitamin K.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Beriberi - Vitamin K.

To correctly match the vitamins with their respective names, we need to understand the correct names of the vitamins. Let's analyze each option:
A: Vit. E - Tocoferole
- Tocoferole is the correct name for Vitamin E.
B: Vit. D - Riboflavin
- Riboflavin is the incorrect name for Vitamin D. The correct name for Vitamin D is Cholecalciferol.
C: Vit. B - Calciferole
- Calciferole is the incorrect name for Vitamin B. The correct name for Vitamin B is Thiamine.
D: Vit. A - Thiamine
- Thiamine is the incorrect name for Vitamin A. The correct name for Vitamin A is Retinol.
Therefore, the correct match is:
A: Vit. E - Tocoferole
So, option A is the correct answer.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide. It is formed by the linkage of beta 1,4 linkage of the glucose unit. It is an important component of the cell wall of the plant. It is used for the production of paper. It does not have free aldehyde group so they are non reducing sugar. It is a fibrous polysaccharide as it exists in form of long chain-like structure and is mainly found in plants and most abundant organic compound on earth.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Deficiency of Vitamin K causes continuous bleeding from an injured part of the body.

Explanation:

• Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation.


• When a person gets injured, the body initiates a series of reactions to form a blood clot to stop bleeding.


• Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of certain clotting factors in the liver, including prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X.


• These clotting factors are essential for the formation of a stable blood clot at the site of injury.


• If there is a deficiency of vitamin K, the synthesis of these clotting factors is impaired, leading to delayed or inadequate blood clot formation.


• As a result, the bleeding from the injured part of the body continues for a longer duration.


• This condition is known as hypoprothrombinemia, which is characterized by prolonged bleeding time.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the continuous bleeding from an injured part of the body is due to the deficiency of Vitamin K.

Fluoride pollution mainly affects teeth. Here is a detailed explanation:
Introduction:
Fluoride pollution refers to the presence of excessive fluoride in the environment, particularly in water sources. This can have various health effects on the human body.
Effect on Teeth:
- Dental Fluorosis: Excessive fluoride intake can lead to dental fluorosis, which is a condition characterized by changes in the appearance of tooth enamel. It can cause white or brown stains, pitting, and enamel surface irregularities.
- Increased Tooth Decay: Contrary to its intended purpose of preventing tooth decay, excessive fluoride can actually increase the risk of tooth decay. This condition is known as dental caries.
Effect on Other Body Parts:
- Brain: While fluoride pollution may not directly affect the brain, some studies suggest a possible link between high fluoride exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders. Further research is needed to establish a conclusive connection.
- Heart and Kidney: There is limited evidence to suggest that high levels of fluoride may have adverse effects on the heart and kidneys. However, more research is required to understand the exact mechanisms and potential risks.
Conclusion:
In summary, fluoride pollution primarily affects teeth, leading to dental fluorosis and increased tooth decay. While there are some concerns regarding its impact on the brain, heart, and kidneys, further research is needed to establish conclusive connections. It is essential to monitor and control fluoride levels in water sources to prevent these adverse health effects.

Piperine is a compound found in:
- Turmeric
- Cardamom
- Pepper
- Cloves
Detailed
Piperine is a bioactive compound that gives pepper its characteristic pungent taste. It is a natural alkaloid and has been found to have various health benefits. Here is a detailed explanation of the compounds mentioned:
1. Turmeric:
- Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin, which is responsible for its vibrant yellow color.
- Piperine is not found in turmeric. However, consuming turmeric along with black pepper can enhance the absorption of curcumin due to the presence of piperine in black pepper.
2. Cardamom:
- Cardamom is a spice commonly used in Indian cuisine.
- Piperine is not found in cardamom.
3. Pepper:
- Piperine is primarily found in black and white pepper.
- Black pepper, also known as Piper nigrum, is the most common source of piperine.
- Piperine is responsible for the pungent and spicy taste of pepper.
4. Cloves:
- Cloves are aromatic flower buds commonly used in cooking and traditional medicine.
- Piperine is not found in cloves.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Pepper. Piperine is a compound found in pepper, specifically black and white pepper.

Molybdenum is required for nitrogen fixation in plants. Nitrate metabolism depends upon enzyme nitrate reductase. It is an activator of nitrate reductase. therefore, the element is important for nitrogen fixation.

The increase in enzyme activities correlates with highest mercury accumulation in the kidneys and liver. Mercury generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the enzyme activities increased to scavenge ROS levels produced as a result of mercury accumulation. The kidneys accumulate the highest levels of mercury compared to brain and liver.

Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) is a co-factor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for aerobic metabolism. In the absence of thiamine, the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is inhibited and pyruvate cannot enter the Kreb's cycle.

Citrus fruits have Citric acid and along with it, they also have reasonable amount of Ascorbic acid and Vitamin C.
It is destroyed by heat and is not well stored in the body. Ascorbic acid is a good reducing agent and facilitates many metabolic reaction.
Ants (also known as formicae farris in latin) have formic acid/Methanoic acid (HCOOH) in their sting.
Spinach leaves have oxalic acid in them and it can interfere with calcium absorption.Lemons have citric acid in them.
Ascorbic acid is present in citrus fruits. Hence, the correct answer is option (A).

Vitamins are categorized as fat-soluble and water-soluble. Vitamin B and C are considered as water-soluble. While, vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble vitamins, which means they are soluble in fats (lipids). 

The deficiency of vitamin A results in night-blindness, deficiency of vitamin K causes Bleeding disorders.

So, the correct option is D.