Lakhmir Singh & Manjit Kaur Test: Why do we fall ill? - UPSC MCQ

Fructose(Levulose) is the main sugar found in honey. A simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many fruits, and some vegetables as well. Honey is composed of water and fructose and glucose with trace enzymes, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Each batch is a bit different based on the nectar collected and other variables, but the essentials are water and fructose and glucose.

The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and glucose. Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate, if not available. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines.

Percentage of proteins in the fish meal:
To find the percentage of proteins in the fish meal, we can refer to the given options and determine the correct range:
Option A: 15–20%
Option B: 25–30%
Option C: 40–50%
Option D: 55–70%
Since we are looking for the percentage of proteins in the fish meal, we need to choose the option that represents the highest range, as proteins are a major component of fish meal.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: 55–70%.
Note: It is important to note that the percentage of proteins in fish meal may vary depending on the specific type and quality of the fish meal. The given options provide a general range.

Plants providing nectar and pollens to the honey bee are collectively called "Pasturage".
Explanation:
The correct answer is D: Pasturage. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Pasturage refers to the plants that provide nectar and pollens to honey bees. These plants play a crucial role in the honey bee's diet as they provide the necessary nutrients for their survival.
- Honey bees rely on nectar as a source of carbohydrates and pollen as a source of protein. They collect nectar from flowers using their long tongues and store it in their honey stomachs, while pollen sticks to their bodies and is carried back to the hive.
- Bees visit a variety of flowering plants to collect nectar and pollen. These can include wildflowers, garden plants, trees, and crops.
- The availability of diverse pasturage is important for honey bee health and productivity. It ensures that bees have a balanced diet and access to a wide range of nutrients.
- Pasturage is essential not only for honey bees but also for other pollinators like butterflies, moths, and certain species of birds. It supports the overall biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems.
- Beekeepers often consider the availability of pasturage when selecting the location for their beehives. They aim to place their hives in areas with abundant and diverse flowering plants to ensure the well-being of their bees.
In conclusion, the plants providing nectar and pollens to honey bees are collectively called "Pasturage."

Exotic breed of honey bee is:
The exotic breed of honey bee is Apis mellifera. Here is a detailed explanation:
Explanation:
- Honey bees belong to the genus Apis, which consists of several species.
- Among these species, Apis mellifera is considered an exotic breed.
- Apis mellifera is native to Europe, Africa, and the Middle East but has been introduced to various parts of the world, including North America, South America, Australia, and Asia.
- This species is commonly known as the Western honey bee.
- Apis mellifera is the most widely recognized and studied species of honey bee due to its importance in pollination and honey production.
- It is known for its ability to produce large quantities of honey and its gentle nature, making it easily manageable for beekeepers.
- The characteristics of Apis mellifera can vary depending on the subspecies, with different subspecies adapted to different climates and environments.
- Beekeepers often select specific subspecies of Apis mellifera based on their desired traits, such as honey production, resistance to diseases, and behavior.
- Overall, Apis mellifera is a highly valued and widely distributed exotic breed of honey bee.
Overall, Apis mellifera, also known as the Western honey bee, is the exotic breed of honey bee that is widely recognized and studied for its importance in pollination and honey production.

Elephantiasis disease can have long-term affects on our health.
Explanation:
Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a parasitic infection caused by filarial worms. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The disease primarily affects the lymphatic system, leading to swelling and enlargement of body parts, such as the legs, arms, breasts, and genitals.
Here are the detailed effects of elephantiasis on our health:
- Chronic swelling: Elephantiasis causes chronic and progressive swelling of affected body parts. This swelling can be severe and lead to disfigurement and disability.
- Pain and discomfort: The swelling can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty in moving or performing daily activities.
- Skin changes: The skin over the affected areas may become thickened, hardened, and ulcerated, increasing the risk of skin infections.
- Secondary infections: The damaged lymphatic system makes individuals more susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. These infections can further worsen the symptoms and lead to complications.
- Psychological impact: The physical disfigurement and disability caused by elephantiasis can have a significant psychological impact on individuals, leading to low self-esteem, depression, and social isolation.
It is important to note that elephantiasis does not have a short-term or no effect on our health. It is a chronic condition that requires long-term management and treatment to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can help minimize the long-term effects and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this disease.

Among Jellyfish, Starfish, Dogfish and Silverfish, dogfish is a true fish. Jellyfish cannot be classified as a fish because it does not fulfill the criteria of being called a fish.

A fish must have gills, fins and a vertebra, all of which a jellyfish lacks. Starfish also falls in the same criteria as a jelly fish. It is a star-shaped aquatic animal which leaves stuck to a surface.

Silverfish are also not fish rather are more of water insects. Thus among the four so-called fish, only dogfish could be classified as a fish.
 

Correct Answer :- C

Explanation:- Buffalo milk has more protein content in comparison to cow milk, which is why it takes longer to digest.

Buffalo Milk does not contain Vitamin C. it is generally found in tomatoes, lemon etc.

Globally there are more honey bees than other types of bee and pollinating insects, so it is the world's most important pollinator of food crops. It is estimated that one third of the food that we consume each day relies on pollination mainly by bees, but also by other insects, birds and bats.

The Gir or Gyr is one of the principal Zebu breeds originating in India. It has been used locally in the improvement of other breeds including the Red Sindhi and the Sahiwal. It was also one of the breeds used in the development of the Brahman breed in North America.

Ranikhet which is also known as New Castle Disease or Doyle's disease is an acute, infectious & highly contagious disease of fowls (Poultry), characterized by respiratory distress, nervous symptoms and high mortality. It is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Ranikhet disease has become a major menace to the world's poultry industry. It also affects turkeys, pigeons, grows, ducks, geese, koel pheasants, guinea-flows, partridges and doves. 
So, the correct answer is 'Poultry'.
 

Rearing silkworms to produce raw silk is known as sericulture. In this process, silkworms are reared at an appropriate temperature and humidity to get silk threads from cocoons.
Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. Silk was believed to have ten first been produced in China as early as the Neolithic period.
Sericulture has become an important cottage industry in countries such as Brazil, and China,  France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Russia.
Today, China and India are the two main producers for silk, with more than 60 % of the world's annual production.
 

Tendon connects a:
- Ligament with muscle
- Bone with muscle
- Cartilage with muscle
- Bone with bone
Answer: B: Bone with muscle
Explanation:
Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They play a crucial role in transmitting the forces generated by muscle contractions to the bones, allowing for movement and joint stability. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Tendons are primarily composed of collagen fibers, which are strong and flexible.
- Their main function is to transmit the force generated by muscle contractions to the bones, allowing the body to move.
- Tendons are located at the ends of muscles, where they connect to the periosteum (a connective tissue covering the bones).
- The attachment between a tendon and a bone is known as a tendon-bone junction.
- Tendons are responsible for transferring the force generated by muscle contractions across joints, enabling movement and providing stability.
- Tendons also help in maintaining proper alignment and balance by anchoring muscles to specific points on the bones.
- Injuries to tendons, such as strains or tears, can result in pain, limited range of motion, and functional impairment.
In conclusion, tendons connect bones with muscles, enabling the transmission of force and facilitating movement in the body.

The terms osteogenesis and ossification are often used synonymously to indicate the process of bone formation. ... Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts break down and reabsorb bone. There are two types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral.

Low levels of ATP exist within the muscle fibers and can immediately provide energy for contraction. However, the pool is very small and after a few muscle twitches will be exhausted.

Long-term muscle use requires the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the muscle fiber to allow aerobic respiration to occur, producing the ATP required for muscle contraction. If the respiratory or circulatory system cannot keep up with demand, then energy will be generated by the much less efficient anaerobic respiration.
 

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction.

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or more specific functions. There are four basic tissue types defined by their morphology and function: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Cellular Component Responsible for Antibody Production:
Lymphocyte
- Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in the blood and lymphatic system.
- They play a crucial role in the immune response, including the production of antibodies.
- Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign substances (antigens) in the body.
- Lymphocytes are further divided into two main types: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).
- B cells are primarily responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies.
- When a B cell encounters an antigen that matches its specific receptor, it undergoes activation and differentiation into plasma cells.
- Plasma cells are specialized B cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies.
- Antibodies are then released into the bloodstream, where they can recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction.
- This immune response is essential for defending the body against infections and foreign substances.
Other Cellular Components:
- Thrombocytes (platelets): They are involved in blood clotting and sealing wounds.
- Monocytes: They are involved in the immune response, including phagocytosis of pathogens and antigen presentation to other immune cells.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): They carry oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
Conclusion:
The correct cellular component responsible for the production of antibodies is the lymphocyte, specifically the B lymphocytes or B cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response by producing and secreting antibodies to fight against foreign substances in the body.

Answer:
In the alveoli of the lungs, the following is present:
- Simple squamous epithelium: The alveoli are lined with a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium, which is a type of epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells. This type of epithelium allows for efficient gas exchange between the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries.
Other options are incorrect:
- Simple columnar epithelium is not present in the alveoli of the lungs. This type of epithelium is typically found in the lining of the digestive tract.
- Simple cuboidal epithelium is not present in the alveoli of the lungs either. This type of epithelium is commonly found in glandular tissues and the lining of small ducts.
- Sensory epithelium is not found in the alveoli of the lungs. Sensory epithelium is specialized for detecting sensory stimuli and is found in organs such as the nose, eyes, and ears.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Simple squamous epithelium.

Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue:
Rapid Rate of Cell Division:
- Epithelial tissue has a high rate of cell division.
- This allows for the continuous renewal and repair of the tissue.
- The rapid cell division ensures that the epithelial layer remains intact and functions properly.
Importance of Cell Division in Epithelial Tissue:
- Cell division in epithelial tissue helps in the replacement of old and damaged cells.
- It allows for the growth and development of the tissue.
- The rapid division of cells also helps in the healing process of wounds and injuries.
Cell Division in Different Epithelial Tissues:
- Different types of epithelial tissues have different rates of cell division.
- For example, the epithelial cells lining the intestines have a much higher rate of cell division compared to the epithelial cells in the skin.
Regulation of Cell Division in Epithelial Tissue:
- The rate of cell division in epithelial tissue is tightly regulated.
- It is controlled by various factors such as growth factors, hormones, and signals from neighboring cells.
- This regulation ensures the proper balance between cell division and cell death, maintaining the integrity and function of the tissue.
In conclusion, the characteristic of epithelial tissue is its rapid rate of cell division. This property allows for the continuous renewal, repair, growth, and development of the tissue. Cell division in epithelial tissue is tightly regulated and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the tissue.

Blood plasma is slightly alkaline.
Blood plasma, the liquid component of blood, has a pH value that indicates its acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 considered acidic, 7 considered neutral, and values above 7 considered alkaline.
Explanation:

- Blood plasma is slightly alkaline, with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45.

- The pH of blood plasma is carefully regulated by the body's homeostatic mechanisms to maintain its normal alkaline state.

- This slightly alkaline pH is crucial for various physiological processes, including enzyme activity, oxygen transport, and maintenance of cell function.

- Acidic or alkaline imbalances in blood plasma can have detrimental effects on the body's overall health and functioning.

- The body maintains the pH balance of blood plasma through the action of various buffering systems, including bicarbonate and protein buffers.

- These buffering systems help prevent drastic changes in blood pH and maintain it within the normal range.

- Any significant deviation from the normal pH range can indicate underlying health conditions and may require medical intervention.
In summary, blood plasma is slightly alkaline with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. Maintaining this alkaline pH is essential for the body's overall health and proper functioning.

Hyaline cartilage has a clear, homogenous, translucent, bluish green matrix. It often contains a good number of very fine collagen fibres, which are difficult to observe. This cartilage is flexible, elastic and compressible.

Lacuna of bone contains:
The correct answer is A: One osteocyte.
Explanation:
- Lacuna refers to the small spaces or cavities within the bone matrix.
- These lacunae are occupied by bone cells called osteocytes. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the health and integrity of the bone tissue.
- Each lacuna typically contains only one osteocyte.
- The osteocytes are connected to each other and to the blood supply through tiny channels called canaliculi, which allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
- The lacunae and canaliculi together form a network known as the osteon or Haversian system.
- The osteocytes play a crucial role in bone remodeling, repair, and mineral homeostasis.
- They are responsible for maintaining the strength and density of the bone tissue.
- The lacunae and osteocytes can be observed under a microscope in thin sections of bone tissue.
In summary, the lacuna of bone contains one osteocyte, which is responsible for maintaining the health and integrity of the bone tissue.