UPSC CAPF Paper 1 Mock Test - 10 (General & Mental Ability) - CDS MCQ

After the Indian Independence, when the Constitution of India came into force on 26th January, 1950, the right to property was included as a ‘fundamental right’ under Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 in Part III, making it an enforceable right.However, during the first decade of independence era, it was felt that the right to property as a fundamental right was a great impediment in ushering a just socio-economic order .In order to get rid of this hurdle, the Supreme Court in the historic case known Fundamental Rights Case held that the right to property is no part of the basic structure of the constitution.

The correct option is A.
The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions.

Concept:

• The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat is called biodiversity.
•  Biodiversity is the term popularised by sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organization. 

Explanation:

• Biodiversity and its conservation are now vital environmental issues of international concern.
• Biodiversity is not only essential for ecosystem health but imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet.
• The accelerated rates of species extinctions that the world is facing now are largely due to human activities.
• The loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to a decline in plant production, lowered resistance to environmental perturbations such as drought, and increased variability in certain ecosystem processes such as plant productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles.
• There are four major causes:
  • Habitat loss and fragmentation
  • Alien species invasions
  • Over-exploitation:
  • Co-extinctions

• Habitat loss and fragmentation: This is the most important cause of driving animals and plants to extinction.  
  • When large habitats are broken up into small fragments due to various human activities, mammals and birds requiring large territories, and certain animals with migratory habits are badly affected, leading to population declines.
• Over-exploitation: Humans have always depended on nature for food and shelter, but when ‘need’ turns to ‘greed’, it leads to over-exploitation of natural resources.
• Alien species invasions: When alien species are introduced unintentionally or deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them turn invasive, and cause the decline or extinction of indigenous species.
• Co-extinctions: When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct.

Thus, lack of rainfall is not the major cause of biodiversity losses in a geographical region.

Additional Information 

• The most dramatic examples of habitat loss come from tropical rainforests.
• Once covering more than 14 percent of the earth’s land surface, these rain forests now cover no more than 6 percent.
• Humans have always depended on nature for food and shelter, but when ‘need’ turns to ‘greed’.
• It leads to the exploitation of natural resources.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Key Points

Rainwater Harvesting Methods

Kulhs

• These are water harvesting methods used in the hilly areas of the Western Himalayas. 
• These systems are trenches that were dug to help divert water from rivers to be used for agriculture and into the villages for domestic use.
• They are used to transport melted water from glaciers to villages due to the effect of gravity.
• Under this system, water from the streams is diverted into man-made channels that carry this water to various villages.
• They serve as a source of canal irrigation for agricultural crops.
• Being a hilly area, it was not possible to build tube wells and borewells in Himachal Pradesh. That's why ';kulhs' came into existence.

Khadin and Jhodas

• This method is used in the arid areas of Rajasthan for water conservation.
• In arid areas, agricultural fields are converted into rain-fed storage structures.
• It is an indigenous construction designed to harvest surface runoff water for agriculture.
• Its main feature is a very long (100-300 m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplands.
• The khadin system is based on the principle of harvesting rainwater on farmland and subsequent use of this water-saturated land for crop production.

Madakas, Ahar, Pynes, Surangas

• Ancient rainwater harvesting methods followed in India include Madakas, Ahar, Pynes, Surangas. Hence option 4 is correct.
• They were practised majorly in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Tankas are big concrete containers which are made for rainwater harvesting.
• In this method, hilltops are cut in a way that they act like a big tank to store the water
• The Bamboo Drip Irrigation system is used in Meghalaya.
• It is a 200-year-old system of using bamboo pipes to transport.
• Bamboos are connected to the source of flowing water to the fields
• About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

Explanation:

There are basically two sources of energy:-

• Non-conventional sources and renewable sources of energy are those that can be regenerated naturally within a short time span.
• Their use does not result in their complete exhaustion and they would not take millions of years in their formation.
• Solar energy, tidal energy are non-conventional and renewable sources of energy.

Key Points

• Water is called the "universal solvent" because it is capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid.
• This is important to every living thing on earth.
• This allows the water molecule to become attracted to many other different types of molecules.
• Water has no definite shape.
• It is tasteless.
• It is odourless.
• It is colourless.
• Any colour present in water is due to the presence of dissolved or suspended impurities in it.
• Materials like air, water, and clear glass are called transparent.
• When light encounters transparent materials, almost all of it passes directly through them. 
• Pure water (solely hydrogen and oxygen atoms) has a neutral pH of 7, which is neither acidic nor basic.
• Water should be free from nitrogen organic matter.
• Density: 997 kg/m³
• Boiling point: 212°F (100°C)
• Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol
• Melting point: 32°F (0°C)
• Formula: H2O
• IUPAC ID: Water, Oxidant

Thus, pure water is tasteless, odourless, colorless.

Concept-

The World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized biomedical waste into eight categories. They are:

• Infectious Waste – Any biomedical waste that is infectious or contaminated.
• Sharps – Sharps objects like needles, scalpels, broken glass, and razors.
• Pathological Waste – Body parts of humans or animals, including tissues, fluids, or blood.
• Pharmaceutical Waste – Unused drugs, medicine, or creams that are expiring.
• Genotoxic Waste – Toxic drugs and hazardous toxic waste
• Radioactive Waste – Any waste containing potentially radioactive materials
• Chemical Waste – Liquid waste from machines, batteries, and disinfectants is chemical.
• General/Other Waste – All other non-hazardous waste.

The consumer is the one who pays something to consume goods and services produced. As such, consumers play a vital role in theeconomic system of a nation. Without consumer demand, producers would lack one of the key motivations to produce: to sell to consumers. The consumer also forms part of the chain of distribution.

MU is addition to TU when an MU becomes -ive TU falls.

Absolute poverty is when household income is below a certain level, which makes it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs of life including food, shelter, safe drinking water, education, healthcare, etc

The 91st Interpol General Assembly, led by the Indian delegation comprising the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and National Investigation Agency (NIA), emphasized denying safe havens to crime. It took place in Vienna, Austria.

Mamta G Sagar, a Kannada poet, won the World Literary Prize for her significant contributions to literature, as recognized by the World Organization of Writers during the first Congress of WOW in Nigeria. This award highlights her achievements in winning international literature prizes.

Mahindra & Mahindra has collaborated with Adani Total Energies to establish a nationwide EV charging infrastructure. This partnership aims to enhance e-mobility solutions and improve customer experience in line with climate action goals.

The US House of Representatives has bolstered the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) by passing legislation to strengthen ties among the member nations – USA, Australia, India, and Japan. The bill mandates the creation of an Intra-Parliamentary Working Group for regular discussions among lawmakers, fostering political exchanges. It also instructs the Biden Administration to submit a report for enhanced governmental coordination within 180 days, urging talks with partner countries within 60 days to establish a parliamentary group.

The epiblema is the outermost epidermal layer of the root. The root hair cells are unbranched and lack cutinisation. They are responsible for absorbing water from the soil. The stem also possesses hairs but they are mostly multicellular. 

• The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency.
• Valency is the number of valence electrons in outer shell that take part in the chemical reaction.

A slinky can easily demonstrate the two basic types of waves, longitudinal & transverse. In a Longitudinal wave the particles move parallel to the direction the wave is moving. In a transverse wave the particles move at right angles to the direction of wave travel.

Many unicellular organisms remove metabolic wastes by simple diffusion from the body surface.

A geologist is a person who studies the earth. Geologists study the structure of the Earth, and they have found that it is made up of four main parts. The earth has a solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a mantle, and a crust.hence, option (D) is correct.

Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to Deva Raya's daughter.
 
At the beginning of his reign, Harihara II of the Vijayanagar Empire had advanced as far as the Raichur Doab and posed a threat to the Bahmanis. This threat was thwarted by a calculated and incisive attack by Firuz.
 
Firuz led a successful expedition against Narsingh Rai of Kherla who had to surrender forty elephants and his daughter to Firuz. In 1420, an attack on Pangal, which had been taken by Vijayanagar, proved disastrous. Firuz was trounced by Vijayanagar and Firuz retreated, surrendering the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom. This defeat had a deep impact on his morale and he was henceforth a broken man. He spends his final two years in asceticism and piety.
 

Ayushman Bharat is a health insurance scheme aimed at providing comprehensive health coverage to Indian citizens.

Narendra Modi did become Prime Minister on May 26, 2014, and his government did focus on the "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas" development plan.

During I.K. Gujral's tenure, there was a controversial decision about implementing president's rule in Uttar Pradesh.

Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.

Checking Statement I:
Using the above references, we get the following arrangement:

Clearly, A is sitting immediately left of C.
Hence data in statement I is sufficient to answer the question.
Checking Statement II:
Using the above references, we get the following arrangement:

Hence data in statement II is not sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, Option A is correct.

Checking Statement I:

As per hints, following arrangements can be formed

A > E > B > C/D > D/C

Here in the above statements, clearly A is the heaviest person.

Hence data in statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question.

Checking Statement II:

As per hints, following arrangements can be formed

A > E > B/C > C/B

Since, there is no information about D, so statement II alone is not sufficient.

Hence data in statement II is not sufficient to answer the question.

Hence, Option A is correct.