UPSC CAPF Paper 1 Mock Test - 2 (General & Mental Ability) - CDS MCQ

Relevant Statements about the Human Rights Commission:
- (i) It is an Independent Commission set up by law in 1993.
- (ii) It is appointed by the President and includes retired Judges.
- (iii) NHRC includes all the rights granted to the citizens by the Constitution of the country.
These statements are all very much relevant to the Human Rights Commission.
- (iv) NHRC is accountable to the court for its activity.
This statement is also relevant as it highlights the accountability of the NHRC.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: only (i), (ii), and (iii).

Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders accountable for their policies and their conduct in office.

RTI stands for Right to Information. Right toInformation is a part of fundamental rights under Article 19(1) of the Constitution. Article 19 (1) says that every citizen has freedom of speech and expression. The Central Right to Information Act came into force on the 12^th October, 2005.

Milosevic's attitude towards the Albanians:
- His government was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians:
- Milosevic's government implemented discriminatory policies against the Kosovo Albanians, limiting their rights and opportunities.
- Albanian language and culture were suppressed, and Albanians were marginalized in political, social, and economic spheres.
- The government used force and repression to suppress Albanian dissent, leading to human rights abuses and violence against the Albanian population.
- He wanted Serbs to dominate the Albanians:
- Milosevic aimed to maintain Serbian dominance over Kosovo and sought to diminish Albanian influence and control in the region.
- His policies were aimed at establishing Serbian control over Kosovo's institutions, resources, and population.
- Milosevic's government supported Serb settlement in Kosovo, further exacerbating tensions between the Serbian and Albanian communities.
- He wanted to bring equality between Serbs and Albanians:
- While Milosevic claimed to advocate for equality, his actions and policies favored Serbian interests and undermined the rights and opportunities of the Albanian population.
- The level of discrimination and oppression faced by the Kosovo Albanians under his government indicates that his supposed commitment to equality was not genuine.

In summary, Milosevic's attitude towards the Albanians was hostile and aimed at maintaining Serbian dominance and control over Kosovo, rather than promoting equality between Serbs and Albanians.

The correct option is C.
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12 October, 1993. The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006.
 

Key Points

• The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on limited natural resources are exhausting.
• Resources, like fossil fuels that are used to power industrial society, are diminishing as the demand rises.
• These natural resources are in limited supply.
• While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands of years to replenish the stores.
• It has nothing to do with demand and supply but highlights the fact that there are limited resources for use and consumption.

Thus, the energy crisis means the danger of extinction of fossil fuels like coal and petrol.

Important Points

There are basically two sources of energy:

Hydrological Cycle

• The process of circulation of water within the hydrosphere of Earth in different forms such as liquid, solid and gaseous states are called the Hydrological Cycle of water.
• It starts with the Evaporation of water from the surface of the water bodies and further, it includes Transpiration, Sublimation, Condensation and Precipitation.

Key Points

'Hydrological cycle' steps

• The first step of the water cycle is evaporation from water bodies means the part of the Hydrosphere.
• The second step of the water cycle is condensation, which takes place in the atmosphere.
• The third step of the water cycle is precipitation and runoff means the part of the lithosphere.
• The final step of the water cycle is in the Biosphere. 
• It is the zone where all the spheres interact and work together.
• It includes processes like water uptake and transpiration by plants.

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Thus, in the 'Hydrological cycle' the order of the source in which they connected from each other is first Hydrosphere, second Atmosphere, third Lithosphere and fourth Biosphere.

Additional Information

Processes during a hydrological cycle:

​​Evaporation

• When waters convert from liquid to gas stage as it moves from the groundwater into the atmosphere, this phenomenon is called Evaporation.
• Mainly Solar radiation is the source of energy for evaporation. 

Transpiration

• When plant uptake of water at the roots, transport of water through plant tissues, and release of vapour by leaves is known as transpiration.

Condensation

• The Process of conversion of water vapour to liquid water droplets in the air is called Condensation.
• It is responsible for the formation of fog and clouds.

​Precipitation

• When the condensed water vapour falling to the surface of the Earth is known as Precipitation.
• It occurs in the form of rain, snow, and hail.
• It provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the earth in the form of rain.

The information and communication (ICT) services sector includes information technology activities like software development; telecommunications activities; publishing activities, including software publication; motion picture and sound recording activities; radio and TV broadcasting and programming; and other information service activities. 

The three main indicators of the Human Development Index (HDI) are life expectancy at birth, gross enrollment ratio, and per capita income. These indicators provide a comprehensive measure of a country's development, encompassing health, education, and economic well-being.

Collateral refers to an asset owned by the borrower, such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, or deposits with banks, that is offered as security to the lender until the loan is repaid. In the event of loan default, the lender has the right to sell the collateral to recover the outstanding amount. Collateral provides a level of assurance to the lender and reduces the risk associated with lending, making it a common practice in credit agreements.

Infant Mortality Rate - The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year.

The following factors have stimulated the globalisation process.

1.Improvement in transportation: In the last fifty years, there have been a lot of improvements in transportation technology. This has made faster delivery of goods across long distances possible, at lower costs.
2.Development in information and communication technology: Technology in the areas of telecommunication and computers has been advancing rapidly.
3.Telecommunication: Telecommunication facilities like telephone, telegraph, mobiles, fax are used to connect people in the world. This has been made possible due to satellite communication devices.
4.Internet: Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice mail) across the world at negligible cost. Even the payment of money from one bank to another can be made through e-banking.

The comparison of infant mortality rates between Kerala and Haryana reveals that Kerala has lower infant mortality rates compared to Haryana. This indicates that Kerala likely has better child welfare services, healthcare infrastructure, and overall well-being for infants compared to Haryana.

• Kesavananda Bharati Case is a landmark case where the Supreme Court defined the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. The judgement for this case was delivered on April 24, 1973.
• The case is also known as the Fundamental Rights Case. The Supreme Court asserted its right to strike down amendments to the constitution that were in violation of the fundamental architecture of the constitution.

Google and Qualcomm have joined forces to create wearable devices using RISC-V technology, contributing to the development of open-source hardware in consumer electronics.

Elements A and C belong to the same group because there is a difference o f 8 in the atomic number (F and Cl).

Micelle formation in detergents facilitates the emulsification of dirt and oil from surfaces. When micelles surround oily particles, they allow these particles to be suspended in water, enabling effective cleaning.

Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset : The sunrise is advanced due to atmospheric refraction of sunlight. An observer on the earth sees the sun two minutes before the sun reaches the horizon. A ray of sunlight entering the earth's atmosphere follows a curved path due to atmosphere refraction before reaching the earth.

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.

When light travel in air it is easy for light to travel easily in air because there are many few restriction but when it enters in glass it have to face a lot of restrictions and its speed is reduced so it bands towards normal.

(-1)^-1 =  - 1 / 1 = -1

Since he gains 2 hours by driving both ways (instead of walking one way) the time taken for driving would be 2 hours less than the time taken for walking.
Hence, he stands to lose another two hours by walking both ways.
Hence his total time should be 8 hrs 45 minutes.

Fish was the royal emblem of Pandya Kingdom. The Pandyas were also mentioned by Megasthanese who said that then kingdom was famous for pearls.

Statement: Which one of the following statements about the trade and commerce in the later Vedic period is correct?
Correct Answer: D: All of the above.
Explanation:
During the later Vedic period, trade and commerce underwent significant developments. The correct option D encompasses all the correct statements about trade and commerce in this period. Let's break down each statement:
A: Trade and industry flourished and a class of hereditary merchants came into being.
- Trade and industry saw growth and expansion during the later Vedic period.
- A new class of hereditary merchants emerged, indicating the importance and influence of trade in society.
B: Merchants were organised into guilds, as appears from references to ganas or corporations and the shreshth ins.
- There is evidence to suggest that merchants were organized into guilds or associations.
- References to ganas (corporations) and the shreshthins (leading merchants) indicate the existence of organized merchant groups.
C: They used Mishka, satamana, and krishnala as the units of value.
- Mishka, satamana, and krishnala were indeed used as units of value during the later Vedic period.
- These units were used for measuring and calculating the value of goods and services exchanged in trade.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D, as all the statements mentioned are valid and accurate in relation to trade and commerce during the later Vedic period.

Foreign Authors and Sangam Age

• Pliny, the Elder: Pliny, the Elder, was a Roman author who mentioned about the trade relations between the Roman Empire and the ancient Tamil country during the Sangam Age.



• Strabo: Strabo, a Greek geographer, also wrote about the trade connections between the Roman Empire and the Tamil kingdoms during the Sangam Age.



• Author of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea: The anonymous author of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, an ancient Greek navigation guide, provided valuable information about the maritime trade activities in the Indian Ocean region, including the Sangam Age.



• Ptolemy: Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, also mentioned about the geography and trade routes of the Indian subcontinent during the Sangam Age.

Therefore, all of the foreign authors mentioned in the options - Pliny, the Elder, Strabo, the author of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, and Ptolemy - have contributed valuable insights about the Sangam Age and its trade connections with other parts of the world.

Factors that helped Shivaji in his raids:
1. The gradual decline of the Portuguese power on the western coast:
- The Portuguese had been a dominant force on the western coast, but their power was gradually declining during Shivaji's time.
- This decline weakened their ability to resist Shivaji's raids and allowed him to exploit their weak defenses.
2. The able assistance of Bijapur and Golcunda:
- Shivaji received support from the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golcunda in his raids.
- These Sultanates were rivals of the Mughals and saw Shivaji as a valuable ally against the Mughal Empire.
- Their assistance provided Shivaji with additional resources and manpower, increasing his chances of success in his raids.
3. Mughal preoccupation with the Afghan uprising in the northwest:
- The Mughal Empire was facing a significant challenge in the form of an Afghan uprising in the northwest region.
- This preoccupation with internal conflicts diverted their attention and resources away from dealing with Shivaji's raids.
- Shivaji took advantage of this situation and launched his attacks on the Mughal provinces of Berar, Baglana, and Khandesh.
4. None of these:
- This option is incorrect as there were clear factors that helped Shivaji in his raids, as mentioned above.
In conclusion, the factors that helped Shivaji in his raids include the decline of Portuguese power, assistance from Bijapur and Golcunda, and the Mughal Empire's preoccupation with the Afghan uprising. These factors created favorable conditions for Shivaji to successfully carry out his raids.

The Elichpur clan was a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas, and during the rule of Dantidurga, it overthrew Chalukya Kirtivarman II and went on to build an empire with the Gulbarga region in modern Karnataka as its base. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, rising to power in South India in 753.

The Doctrine of Lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness in the minds of almost all ruling princes in India. The right of succession was denied for the Hindu Prince and the guarantee of adoption to the throne was disallowed.

In case of disputed interpretation the decision of the East India Company became final as there was no Supreme Court to say anything whether wrong or right. Punjab, Pegu, Sikkim had been annexed by the right of conquest. Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Bhagat, Udayapur, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed with the extension of the Doctrine of Lapse. On the allegation of the written administration, Oudh was annexed.

• The Indian Councils Act of 1892 aimed at expanding the councils to include more Indian representatives, albeit without significant power.
• The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a major political move by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, which had significant implications for the nationalist movement.
• The Indian National Congress was indeed formed in 1885, marking a significant step towards organizing a national movement against British rule.

The commercial unit of energy is a kilowatt hour. 
One kilowatt hour is defined as the amount of electrical energy consumed when an electrical appliance having a power rating of 1 kilowatt is used for 1 hour.