65 Questions MCQ Test GATE Civil Engineering (CE) 2023 Mock Test Series - GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2
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Directions: The word pair given in the following question has a certain relationship. Select from answer choices, a word pair having the same relationship.
Watch : Look
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 1
Both are similar activities.
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 2
Directions: Select the most appropriate word/phrase among the choices to complete the sentence.
In the Indian system of government, the Prime Minister is the ________ of all power.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 3
There can be some confusion in this question regarding the blank being filled by `center` or `fountainhead` as both seem appropriate. Options (2) and (3) can be both neglected as both mark sentences factually incorrect. Now, `fountainhead` means main or original source of anything, as Prime Minster is source of all power. Center of Power shall not be that correct because it can be attributed to the post of Prime Minister not the person himself. Fountainhead is better suited for the blank.
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 4
The letters P, Q, R, S, T, U and V, not necessarily in that order, represents seven consecutive integers from 22 to 33.
(i) U is as much less than Q as R is greater than S.
(ii) V is greater than U.
(iii) Q is the middle term.
(iv) P is 3 greater than S.
Find the sequence of letters from the lowest value to the highest value.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 4
From (iii), Q is the middle term.___ ___ ___ _Q_ ___ ___ ___
From (iv), there must be exactly 2 numbers between P and S which gives two possible positions.
[1] ___ _S_ ___ _Q_ _P_ ___ ___
[2] ___ ___ _S_ _Q_ ___ _P_ ___
From (i), the number of letters between U and Q must be same as the number of letters between S and R.
Also, the number of letters between them can be 1, 2 or 3.
Using trial and error, it can be found that there must be 2 letters between them. Also, it is possible only in [2] above.
[2] ___ _U_ _S_ _Q_ _R_ _P_ ___
From (ii) V must be the highest and the remaining T must be the lowest number.
_T_ _U_ _S_ _Q_ _R_ _P_ _V_
Thus, the sequence of letters from the lowest value to the highest value is TUSQRPV.
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 5
The average age of a couple at the time of their marriage was 25 years. Now, after 8 years, they have a 3-year old daughter. What is the average age of the family now?
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 5
At the time of marriage, sum of the ages of husband and wife = 25 × 2 = 50 years
8 years later, the sum of their ages will be
50 + 8 × 2 = 66 years
The age of daughter is 3 years.
Sum of the ages of the family = 66 + 3 = 69 years
Average age of the family = 69/3 = 23 years
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 6
From the time the front of a train enters a platform, it takes 50 seconds for the back of the train to leave the platform, while traveling at a constant speed of 45 km/h. At the same speed, it takes 9 seconds to pass a man running at 9 km/h in the opposite direction of the train. What is the length of the train and that of the platform in meters, respectively?
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 6
L1 = train length, L2 = platform length
t1 = L1+L2/V1
50 = L1+L2/[45x(1000/3600)]
L1+L2 = 625 m
t2 = L1/V1+V2
9 = L1/[54x(1000/3600)]
L1 = 135 m
L2 = 490 m
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 7
Directions: Figure (x) is followed by four alternative figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) such that figure (x) is embedded in one of them. Choose the alternative figure in which figure (x) is embedded.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 9
From the above figure, it is clear that figure (x) is embedded in figure (a).
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 10
Over the past few years, the deer population in northern Maine has declined significantly. Three years ago, a large landowner began clear cutting woodlands in areas of northern Maine, destroying underbrush that the deer feed on. Stopping the clear cutting will reestablish a healthy deer population.
Which of the following, if true, weakens the argument?
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 10
Hunters' having been given more permits to hunt does five years ago would have had an effect on the number of fawns bom in the following spring. It would take a few years to return the deer population to numbers that existed before the doe permits were issued. The argument does not provide enough information to conclude that the landowner clear cut woodlands near the deer yards or interfered with the deer's ability to find enough food. Answer A is incorrect because it is outside the scope of the argument. Salt licks cannot replace a main source of food for the deer. Answer C is incorrect because it does not address the issue of clear cutting. There is not enough information in the passage to indicate that the clear cutting occurred where the deer seek food. Answer D is incorrect because the erosion of soil into a nearby river does not address the availability of food for the deer herds.
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 11
I. On a principal plane, only normal stress acts.
II. On a principal plane, both normal and shear stresses act.
III. On a principal plane, only shear stress acts.
IV. Isotropic state of stress is independent of frame of reference.
Which of the above statements is/are TRUE?
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 12
Principal plane is defined as a plane on which only normal stress acts and shear stress is equal to zero. Hence, statement (I) is correct. Isotropic state means having same properties of material in all directions ("iso" - same," tropic" - direction). Hence, isotropic state of stress is independent of frame of reference or direction or axis.
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 13
A splitting tensile test is performed on a cylinder of diameter D and length L. The ultimate load is P then the splitting tensile strength of concrete is given by
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 14
T = 2P / πDL
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 15
A vehicle having a projected area of 15m2 traveling at 70km/hr experiences a resistance of 2kN out of which 60% is due to drag. Calculate the drag coefficient. Given, that the density of air is 1.25 kg/m3.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 16
CD = 0.34
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 17
Calculate the force exerted(in kN) on a vane moving with a velocity of 7m/s by a jet of water having 30m/s.The density of water is 1020kg/m3. The sectional area of the jet is given as 5m2.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 18
Force exerted on vane by water jet is given by,
F = ρA(V - u)2 = 1020 x 5 x (30 - 7)2 ≈ 2698 kN
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 19
A truck is facing in its intended direction of travel along the beam as shown below. For a truck traveling in the direction shown, the maximum live load bending moment at support C is
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 21
Construct an influence line for bending moment at support C. The line is constructed by plotting the change in response on a free body diagram of a section of beam at support C as a unit load travels across the structure.
Load position shown gives the maximum response in the beam at support C for the specified direction of travel. The maximum bending moment can be found by superposition as given below:
*Multiple options can be correct
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 22
The field capacity of a certain soil is 25% and the moisture content of the soil before irrigation is 9%. If the dry unit weight of soil is 18 KN/m³ then the depth (in mm, round off to the nearest integer) up to which soil profile will be saturated with an application of 65mm of water is _____.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 24
Moisture content before irrigation = 9%
Water is applied upto depth of 65mm.
Here, γd/γw = 18/9.81 = 1.83
Depth of Water applied(dw) = [F.C -(moisture content before irrigation)] x γd/γw x d
65 = (0.25 - 0.09) x 1.83 d
65/0.16 = 1.83 d
d = 221.99 ~ 222 mm
∴ Depth upto which the soil profile will get saturated = 222 mm
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 25
For a partially saturated soil, the increase in pore water pressure when no drainage is permitted is _________ kPa. (Take Skempton's pore pressure parameters as A = 2.5 and B = 3.5, major and minor principal stress increments as 5.5 kPa and 1.75 kPa, respectively.) (Answer up to one decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 27
Given: Δσ1 =5.5 kPa and Δσ3 = 1.75 kPa
Increasing in pore water pressure is
= 3.5[1.75 + 2.5 (5.5 - 1.75)]
= 38.9 kPa
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 28
Given that the density of earth is 7.8 kg/m3, angle of repose is 60° and height of wall is 15 m. Considering the earth retained is level, the active pressure on retaining wall is __________ Pa. (Answer up to the nearest integer)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 29
= 12222 Pa
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 30
Calculate total elongation in mm due to axial load of 250kN applied to a flat bar of length 20m and 20mm thick tapering from a width of 150mm to 60mm. Assume E = 205GPa.(round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 30
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 31
If the heights of a lighthouse and an observer in a ship above MSL respectively are 165 m and 10 m, then the horizontal distance from the ship to the lighthouse is _________ m. (Answer up to one decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 31
Given: h = 165 m, h1 = 10 m
Horizontal distance from the ship to the lighthouse is
= 61.8 m
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 32
A welded plate girder of span 20 m is laterally restrained throughout its length. It has to carry a load of 60 kN/m over the whole span including its weight. If K = 180 and fy = 250 MPa, the thickness of the web will be nearly(in mm, round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 32
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 33
If the switch angle is 75°, diamond angle is 45° and radius of slip is 38 m, then the distance between the point slip and the nose of obtuse crossing is __________ m. (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 33
Given: S = 75o, ∝ = 45o and r = 38 m
Distance between point slip and the nose of obtuse crossing is
= 24.42 m
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 34
The observations of a spot speed study are presented in the table below. The ratio (up to 3 decimal places) of the 85th and 15th percentile speeds is -
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 34
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 35
A baseball of weight 0.8N is thrown at 20m/s to a batsman and after hitting the bat the ball moves with a velocity of 40m/s at a deviation angle of 450 from its initial path. If the impact lasts for 0.035s, calculate the average force of impact in N.(round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 38
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 39
A coarse screen being used for the raw water treatment has a screen constant k = 1.43. Calculate velocity through the screen (in m/s, round up to 2 decimal places) if it is given that the velocity of approach is 3 m/s and head loss through the screen is 1.5 m.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 40
where v = velocity through screen & u = velocity of approach
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 41
An isolated 3 hour rainfall event on a small catchment produces a hydrograph peak and point of inflection on the falling limb of the hydrograph at 7 hours and 8.5 hours, respectively, after the start of the rainfall. Assuming no losses and no base flow contribution, the time of concentration (in hours) for this catchment is approximately
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 41
For small catchment, time of concentration is equal to lag time of peak flow.
Tc = 7 - 1.5 = 5.5 hours
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 42
The dominating microorganisms in an activated sludge process reactor are
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 43
As activated sludge process takes place in the presence of oxygen. An organism is said to be aerobic if it can only exist in the presence of free oxygen. A heterotroph is an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources (such as carbon dioxide), but uses organic carbon for growth. So, aerobic heterotrophs dominate in activated sludge process.
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 44
A 50 mm diameter siphon is drawing water from (1) to the tank (4) as shown in fig. The length of the pipe is 0.5 km. Also there is a swing valve present at location (3) with roughness coefficient, k as 2. The pressure in the tank is 20 cm of Hg. Consider friction factor as 0.16. The discharge through the pipe is_ ___ lps. (Neglect other minor losses)(round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 44
Applying Energy theorem b/w Pt 1 and Pt 4,
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 45
If the radius of the well pipe is 7 m, radius of influence is 25 m, thickness of a confined aquifer is 18 mm, then the ratio of the discharge of a well sunk up to the top of the aquifer to the discharge of the well fully penetrated is ____________. (Answer up to one decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 45
Given: rw = 7 m, R = 25 m and H = 18 mm = 0.018 m
Ratio of the discharge of a well sunk up to the top of the aquifer to the discharge of the well fully penetrated is
= 494.5
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 46
A specimen of fine dry sand when subjected to triaxial compression test, failed at a deviator stress of 200 kN/m2. It failed with a pronounced failure plane with an angle of 36 degrees to the axis of the sample. The value of lateral pressure to which the specimen would have been subjected. (in kN/m2 , round up to 1 decimal place))
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 46
σd = ∆σ = 200 kN/m2
We have
Angle of failure = 360 to the axis of the sample
θc = 90 - 36 = 54o
C = 0
σ1 = ∆σ + σ3 = 200 + σ3
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 47
The terminal velocity of a sphere of radius 25 mm and specific weight 27 kN/m3 traveling downwards in a liquid of viscosity 0.00089 Pas and specific weight 10 kN/m3 is __________ m/s. (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 47
Given: r = 25 mm = 0.025 m, Ws = 27 kN/m3 = 27,000 N/m3,
μ = 0.00089 Pas and W = 10 kN/m3 = 10000 N/m3
Terminal velocity of sphere is
= 2652.93 m/s
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 48
A soil profile at a certain location is as shown in the figure. A rigid circular foundation of 4 m diameter rests on the sand. The contact pressure at the underside of the foundation is 115 kN/m2. The average compression index of the clay is 0.3 for the stress range encountered. The ultimate settlement in mm of the foundation assuming 45° load distribution is (round up to 1 decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 48
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 49
A beam of rectangular cross-section 25 × 35 mm is subjected to a torque of 79 kN-m. The maximum torsional stress induced in the beam is ____________ MPa. (Take α = 1.87 for the beam) (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 49
Given: b = 25 mm, d = 35 mm,
T = 79 kN-m = 79,000 N-m and α = 1.87
Maximum torsional stress induced in the beam is
= 1.93 N/mm2
= 1.93 MPa
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 50
In border flooding, the average depth of water flowing over the field is 15cm and the area of the field is 0.5ha. The rate of infiltration is 10mm/day and the discharge of the canal is 300 lit/min. Calculate the time taken in days(round upto 2 decimal places) to irrigate the whole field.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 50
Time for irrigation of field,
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 51
The maximum bending moment in a purlin of length 17 m subjected to a distributed load of 1.9 MN/m is ______________ MN/m. (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 51
Given: L = 17 m and w = 1.9 MN/m
Maximum bending moments in purlin is
= 3.23 MN/m
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 52
If the distance between the centers of two parallel tracks of 2.35 m is 7.35 m with entire curved leads and equal angles of crossing, the total length of crossover is _________ m. (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 53
Given: D = 7.35 m and G = 2.35 m
R = D/2
= 7.35/2 = 3.675 m
Total length of crossover is
= 4.41 m
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 54
The quadratic equation x2-5x+5=0 is to be solved numerically starting with the initial guess x0 = 2. The Newton-Raphson method is applied once to get a new estimate and then the secant method is applied once using the initial guess and this new estimate. The estimated value of the root after the application of the secant method is (round up to 1 decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 54
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 55
A wooden pile is driven by a drop hammer of weight 1500 kg and it has a free fall of 5 m. The final set is 1.75 m. The value of allowable load is _____________ kg. (Answer up to two decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 55
Given: W = 1500 kg, H = 5 m and S = 1.75 m
Allowable load is
= 294.12 kg
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 56
A simply supported rectangular RCC beam (length L = 3 m) of 250 mm width and 400 mm depth is subjected to the concentrated load as shown in figure. It is to be designed as a singly reinforced beam with 4, 16 mm dia steel bars on the tension side. Consider M20 and Fe 415 steel. The maximum value of P that can be applied safely in kN is ___.(round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 56
For the beam,
Limiting depth of neutral axis, xulim = 0.48d = 0.48 x 400 = 192 mm
For actual depth of neutral axis (xu)
C = T
Service MOR = 96.48/1.5 = 64.32 kN
Maximum BM will be at centre
BM = P/2 x l = 1.5 P
1.5 P = 64.32
P = 42.88 kN
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 57
The braking distance for a vehicle moving with 179 km/h is __________ m. (Take the coefficient of friction as 0.15.) (Answer up to the nearest integer)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 57
Given: v = 179 km/h and f = 0.15
Braking distance is
= 841 m
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 58
The magnitude of the horizontal thrust (in kNm, round off to 2 decimal places) acting on the internal hinge in the arch due to the uniformly distributed load over half of the span is :
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 58
Taking moment about point A (clockwise positive), we get,
(5 kN/m × 3 m × 1.5 m)−(VC × 6 m) = 0
⟹VC = 3.75 kN
Solving for vertical equilibrium, we get,
VA + VC = 5 kN/m × 3 m = 15 kN
⟹VA = 15 kN − VC = (15−3.75) kN
⟹VA=11.25 kN
Taking moment about point C (clockwise positive), we get,
(HC × 3 m)−(3.75 kN × 3 m) = 0
⟹ HC = 3.75 kN
From horizontal equilibrium of free body diagram of element BC, we get,
H = HC = 3.75 kN
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 59
A hollow circular section of an internal and external diameter of 80mm and 40mm and a solid circular section of diameter same as that of the outer diameter of the hollow section is subjected to eccentric loading. The ratio of kerns of the hollow section to the solid section is(round up to 2 decimal places)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 60
Kern of a section is eccentricty along which the section is never subjected to tension.
For a solid circular section subjected to eccentric loading,
For a hollow circular section subjected to eccentric loading,
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 61
Find the pressure developed (in kg/m2) due to a single load of a vehicle if the depth of top of the sewer pipe is 5.6 m, two concentrated loads of 1500 kg each and the slant-height from one of the wheel load to the midpoint between the two loads is 2.89 m. (Answer up to one decimal place)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 61
Given: H = 5.6 m, P = 1500 kg, Z = 2.89 m
Using Boussinesq's equation, the pressure developed is
= 623.9 kg/m2
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 62
A map has shrunk and the 15 cm reference line now measures 14 cm. If the original scale of the map is 1 cm = 30 m, find the volume of the reservoir(in ha-m, round up to 2 decimal places), if the measured volume of the reservoir on map is 500 m2.
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 62
Shrunk Scale = 14/15 x 1/30 = 1/32.1428
Volume = (32.1428)3 x 500 = 16604321.06 = 1660.43 ha - m
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 63
A flow at a signalised intersection is governed by the Greenshield model given by u = 80 - 0.8 k where u is the velocity in kmph and k is the density in veh per km. At the density of 14.65 veh per km, the signal turns red. After a red time of 60 seconds, a shockwave is produced as vehicles move at max flow. The magnitude of the speed of shockwave in kmph will be (round up to nearest integer value)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 64
kA = 14.65
u = 80 - 0.8 x 14.65
u = 68.28
qA = 14.65 x 68.28
= 1000 veh/ km
qb = 0
u = 0
Kb = 100
qc = 2000
u = 40
Kc = 50
Negative means backward propagation
*Answer can only contain numeric values
GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 65
The number of sleepers saved by adopting the minimum density for constructing a broad gauge railway track of 1856 m log in India is ____________. (Answer up to the nearest integer)
Detailed Solution for GATE Mock Test Civil Engineering (CE)- 2 - Question 65
Number of rails required for broad gauge track = 1856/12.8 = 145
Maximum number of sleepers per rail = 12.8 + 6 = 18.8 ≈ 19
Minimum numbers of sleepers per rail = 12.8 + 3 = 15.8 ≈ 16
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